CPDT-KA Study Guide Questions And Answers With Complete Solutions, Exams of Advanced Education

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CPDT-KA Study Guide Questions And

Answers With Complete Solutions

The dog sits and a treat is given. The dog learns to sit. - Correct Answer-Positive Reinforcement While walking on leash the dog lunges forward and feels pain associated with the tightening of a prong collar. The dog learns not to lunge against the collar. - Correct Answer-Positive Punishment The dog barks at the owner for attention and the owner leaves the room. The dog learns not to bark at the owner. - Correct Answer-Negative Punishment The puppy jumps against the owners legs and no attention is given to the puppy. The puppy learns not to jump against the owners legs. - Correct Answer-Extinction The owner feeds the dog whenever he lies down in the kitchen. The dog learns to lie down when in the kitchen. - Correct Answer-Positive Reinforcement The dog causes the leg bands on a no pull harness to loosen by walking closer to the owner. The dog learns to walk closer to the owner. - Correct Answer-Negative Reinforcement The owner hits the dog with a rolled up paper whenever the dog makes eye contact with the children. The dog learns never to look at children. - Correct Answer-Positive Punishment The dog barks in his crate for 20 to 30 minutes after the owner leaves. Nothing happens as a result of the barking. The dog learns not to bark when the owner leaves. - Correct Answer-Extinction The dog looks away from the handler during the heel free exercise and the handler abandons the dog in the training room. The dog learns to keep his eyes glued on the handler. - Correct Answer-Negative Punishment A puppy is tethered to a training wall. The handler walks away from the puppy whenever he is jumping. The do learns to keep four feet on the floor when standing by the handler.

• Correct Answer-Negative Punishment Treats are dropped on the floor in the kitchen whenever the dog stares at the cook. The dog learns to stare at anyone who is cooking. - Correct Answer-Positive Reinforcement

A dog, while chasing a deer is called. When he does not return to his handler, an electric shock is applied to his neck. The dog learns to come back when called. - Correct Answer-Positive Punishment While learning to retrieve, a lab opens his mouth and an ear pinch stops when he opens his mouth to take the dummy. The dog learns to open his mouth to accept the dummy. - Correct Answer-Negative Reinforcement The puppy jumps on the garbage can and knocks it over, and edible refuse is dumped out on the floor. The puppy learns to get into garbage cans. - Correct Answer-Positive Reinforcement The puppy jumps on the garbage can and knocks it over, and a large pile of cans falls on the puppy causing extreme fear. The puppy stops jumping on the garbage can. - Correct Answer-Positive Punishment The puppy follows children home everyday in hope of attention. The children fail to pay attention to the pup ans he eventually stops following them. - Correct Answer-Extinction A fearful pup barks at approaching people who then back off. Barking increases. - Correct Answer-Negative Reinforcement On the agility course the dog running begins to bark. The handler removes the dog from the course and puts him in his crate. The dog learns to run quietly. - Correct Answer- Negative Punishment A service dog is given a treat when he applies forward pressure on his harness. The dog learns to lead his partner. - Correct Answer-Positive Reinforcement A veterinary technician feeds the dog a treat when he is being examined by the vet. The dog learns to enjoy visiting the vet. - Correct Answer-Positive Reinforcement When training a dog to go over the A frame in agility, the trainer offers a treat to the dog when he has his back feet on the contact zone and his front feet on the ground. The dog learns to go all the way to the ground and touch the contact zone along the way. - Correct Answer-Positive Reinforcement In practice sessions, the handler uses a prong collar and a tight leash to keep the dog at her side. The dog learns to heel close to the handler to release the presser on the prong collar. - Correct Answer-Negative Reinforcement In the protection phase of Schutzhund training a puppy is allowed to take the sleeve off the arm of the agitator. The puppy learns to bite when being formally agitated. - Correct Answer-Positive Reinforcement

At the groomer's , the dog barks while in the drying crate. The groomer uses a squirt bottle to spray water in his face to "correct" the barking. The dog learns to avoid going into any crate. - Correct Answer-Positive Punishment Every morning you take your puppy to the dog play park. You approach from the south end of the park and meet your other dog walking friends. One morning you are in a rush and need to drive to the dog park in order to get your walk done. You park at the North end of the park and your puppy runs straight to the South end of the park to meet his playmates. What type of learning is happening? A. Applied Learning B. Latent Learning C. Motivated Learning D. Cognitive Learning E. All of the above - Correct Answer-B. Latent Learning Indicate which statement is false: A. The trainer will know that learning has occurred when behavior changes. B. The trainer will know that learning has occurred when the dog begins to defer to the owner. C. The trainer will know that learning has occurred when the dog responds to the owner's cues. D. None of the above. E. All of the above. - Correct Answer-B. The trainer will know that learning has occurred when the dog begins to defer to the owner. The desire to do a behavior may be contingent upon what the dog gets from doing that behavior. If the dog is sufficiently motivated by the reward, he will be likely to do the requested behavior.. If a dog is hungry what is he most likely to be motivated by? A. A ball B. The chance to chase another dog C. Touch D. A belly rub E. Food - Correct Answer-E. Food What are the four stages of learning? A. Acquisition, fluency, generalization, maintenance B. Bonding, trusting, loving, working C. Knowing, understanding, learning, playing D. Watching, mimicking, experimenting, using E. Attention, application, usefulness, working - Correct Answer-A. Acquisition, fluency, generalization, maintenance

Behavior that is not learned is called: A. Interesting B. Incredible C. Innate D. Internal E. Impossible - Correct Answer-C. Innate C. Lloyd Morgan wrote: "In no case is an animal activity to be interpreted in terms of higher psychological processes, if it can be fairly interpreted in terms of processes which stand lower in the scale of psychological evolution and development." This statement, which could be restated as "unless there is evidence to the contrary, you must account for a phenomenon with the simplest explanation available", is referred to as: A. The principle of simplicity B. The Principle of obvious answers C. The principle of Anecdotal evidence D. The principle of Parsimony E. The principle of Patriotism - Correct Answer-D. The principle of Parsimony Every trainer has a story of the unusual feats of intellect that their dog has achieved. Often these feats of behavior cannot be matched nor trained. Although interesting and evidence of the bond between dogs and people behaviorists do not accept these stories as evidence because: A. these stories are not quantified B. These stories are not true C. These stories while interesting are considered anecdotal D. The behaviors involved cannot be replicated E. All of the above - Correct Answer-C. These stories while interesting are considered anecdotal The science of behaviorism is used to help us understand how learning happens. Originally, the work done by behaviorists such as BF Skinner indicated that only the observed behavior needed to be considered when training, but now it is known that other factors may be involved with the learning. Which of the following is not considered to be a factor in training a dog: A. The Diet of the dog B. The Emotional state of the dog C. The Age of the handler D. The Color of the dog E. The Age of the dog - Correct Answer-D. The Color of the dog

Any action or event that occurs following a behavior. - Correct Answer-Consequence Any event that can be perceived by the animal - Correct Answer-Stimulus Learning - Correct Answer-Condition Any action performed that can be observed and measured - Correct Answer-Behavior/Response The statement of a dependent relationship between events - Correct Answer- Contingency An explanation of how things work - Correct Answer-Theory/principles The level of behavior that has occurred - Correct Answer-Performance Anything that the animal desires greatly - Correct Answer-Appetitive/Positive Anything that the animal considers a bad thing - Correct Answer-Aversive/Negative A stimulus that occurs after a behavior has occurred - Correct Answer-Consequence Shaping is a method used in training where: A. The animal's body is manipulated by the trainer into the desired position. B. The animal is prevented from doing anything other than the desired behavior. C. The piece of food is used to show the animal which way to move his body in order to perform the behavior. D. The animal is given feedback about when he is doing the wrong behavior. E. The animal is reinforced for closer and closer approximations of a behavior. - Correct Answer-E. The animal is reinforced for closer and closer approximations of a behavior Which of the following is a principle not a method: A. Click and treat B. Reinforce the behavior you wish to keep C. Jerk and praise D. Luring E. Mimicry - Correct Answer-Reinforce the behavior you wish to keep Anything that will increase the likelihood of the behavior being repeated. - Correct Answer-Reinforcer Anything that is added into the interaction between the trainer and the learner - Correct Answer-Positive

A closer and closer approximation towards the behavior. - Correct Answer-Shape The behavioral demand being made upon the learner - Correct Answer-Criteria Anything that is removed from the interaction between the trainer and the learner. - Correct Answer-Negative Dog pees in toilet area, handler take dog for a walk. Dog learns to pee in toilet area - Correct Answer-Positive Reinforcement Dog runs around and barks at handler whenever she puts her shoes on to go for a walk. Handler puts shoes on and takes shoes off randomly thirty to forty times a day over the course of a week, never pairing putting shoes on with taking dog out for walk. - Correct Answer-Extinction Dog is chasing a deer and runs into a fence. Dog learns not to chase deer. - Correct Answer-Positive Punishment Dog is asked to sit. Upon sitting, dog is told to stay and handler leaves. Dog stands up, and handler returns and physically repositions dog into a sit. Dog learns not to move when left in the sit. - Correct Answer-Positive Punishment Dog is presented with a pile of wooden articles. One article is smeared with peanut butter. Dog learns to choose articles that smell like peanut butter. - Correct Answer- Positive Reinforcement Dog is fitted with a no jump harness. When jumping, pressure is applied against the back of the dog's hind legs. This pressure is alleviated when the dog drops down to having all four feet on the floor. Dog learns to keep four feet on the floor. What happens when the dog jumps? - Correct Answer-Positive Punishment Dog is fitted with a no jump harness. When jumping, pressure is applied against the back of the dog's hind legs. This pressure is alleviated when the dog drops down to having all four feet on the floor. Dog learns to keep four feet on the floor. What happens when the dog chooses to land? - Correct Answer-Negative Reinforcement Dog scratches against the refrigerator door. Nothing happens following the dog's door scratching. Dog learns not to scratch the refrigerator door. - Correct Answer-Extinction Dog pulls ahead of handler and handler applies three prong corrections. Dog learns not to forge when heeling. - Correct Answer-Positive Punishment While tracking, the dog lifts his head to air scent. Handler throws car keys at dog, and directs him back to ground scenting. Dog learns not to lift head off track. - Correct Answer-Positive Punishment

Dog barks in yard during turn out. Handler brings dog in and puts him in crate. Dog learns not to bark in the yard. - Correct Answer-Negative Punishment Dog jumps on counter and grabs Sunday dinner while you are out of the kitchen. Dog learns to jump on counters when you are out of the room. - Correct Answer-Positive Reinforcement Dog touches hot wood stove and burns nose. Dog learns never to touch wood stove. - Correct Answer-Positive Punishment Puppy pulls ahead of handler while walking on leash. Handler stops moving forward. Puppy learns to walk beside owner to keep walk going. - Correct Answer-Negative Reinforcement Dog while on leash is pulled forward. When he steps forward, pressure on leash is released. Dog learns to follow the direction of pull of the leash. - Correct Answer- Negative Reinforcement Dog is restrained by trainer while handler runs away. Puppy struggles and trainer releases puppy. Puppy learns to follow handler when handler is running away. - Correct Answer-Negative Reinforcement Reinforcers can be best described to: A. Decrease the likelihood of a behavior being repeated B. Be something that the dog wants C. Increase the likelihood of a behavior being repeated D. Be something that the dog does not want E. None of the above - Correct Answer-C. Increase the likelihood of a behavior being repeated In learning theory, when we say that we are using a positive, we mean that: A. We are using something that the dog likes. B. We are adding something to the interaction. C. We approach training in an upbeat manner. D. We subscribe to a philosophy of acting in the best interest of the dog at all times. E. We are increasing the likelihood of the behavior being repeated. - Correct Answer-B. We are adding something to the interaction Choose the statement that is true. A. A positive reinforcer is always controlled by the handler. B. A positive reinforcer is always something the dog can consume. C. A positive reinforcer will result in a better relationship with your dog.

D. A positive reinforcer will increase the likelihood of a behaviour being repeated. E. A positive reinforcer is better than a positive punisher. - Correct Answer-D. A positive reinforcer will increase the likelihood of a behavior being repeated. Choose the statement that is false. A. When a subject is exposed to a stimulus and the reaction to that stimulus becomes stronger over time, sensitization has occurred. B. When a subject is exposed to a stimulus and the reaction to that stimulus becomes weaker over time, habituation has occurred. C. When a subject is exposed to a stimulus repeatedly, and the body physically tires and thus the response increases, adaptation has occurred. D. When a subject is exposed to a stimulus and a primary reinforcer is presented, classical conditioning occurs. E. When a subject exhibits a behavior and is rewarded the behavior will likely be repeated. - Correct Answer-C. When a subject is exposed to a stimulus repeatedly, and the body physically tires and thus the response increases, adaptation has occurred. Spontaneous recovery occurs when: A. A stimulus to which the subject has been habituated to is removed. B. A stimulus to which the subject has been sensitized to is removed. C. A stimulus to which the subject has adapted to is removed. D. A stimulus to which the subject has been habituated is removed and then returned later. E. A stimulus to which the subject has been sensitized to is removed and then returned later. - Correct Answer-D. A stimulus to which the subject has been habituated is removed and then returned later. Thorndike's First Law of Effect can be described as: A. Cue/Behavior/Food B. Prebehavior/Behavior/Reward C. Request/Response/Rapport D. Antecedent/Behavior/Consequence E. Any of the above - Correct Answer-D. Antecedent/Behavior/Consequence Negative Punishment is likely to: A. Decrease the likelihood of a behavior being repeated B. Increase the likelihood of a behavior being repeated C. Have no effect on the likelihood of a behavior being repeated D. Strengthen a behavioral response E. Improve the accuracy of a behavior - Correct Answer-A. Decrease the likelihood of a behavior being repeated

In operant conditioning the animal: A. Has no input into the sequence of events during training B. Has an effect on what happens next in the sequence of events during training C. Is set up to succeed D. Is rewarded on a continuous schedule of reinforcement E. Is never punished - Correct Answer-B. Has an effect on what happens next in the sequence of events during training A discriminative stimulus will: A. Elicit play B. Elicit self care behavior C. Elicit a trained response D. Elicit a specific response E. Elicit sleep - Correct Answer-C. Elicit a trained response An unconditioned stimulus is: A. Something the dog learns to like B. Something the dog does reliablly in response to a conditioned stimulus C. Something the dog does not have D. Something that will always elicit an unconditioned response E. Something that will always elicit a conditioned response - Correct Answer-D. Something that will always elicit an unconditioned response A conditioned stimulus: A. Will elicit the same response as an unconditioned stimulus after training. B. Will elicit the same response as an unconditioned stimulus before training C. Will elicit salivation D. Will elicit excitory behavior E. Will elicit a different response from an unconditioned stimulus after training. - Correct Answer-A. Will elicit the same response as an unconditioned stimulus after training. Salivation when entering a kitchen where you can smell food being cooked is an example of: A. A conditioned response B. A secondary reinforcer C. An unconditioned response D. Excitement E. Associative conditioning - Correct Answer-C. An unconditioned response Another term for operant conditioning would be:

A. Affinitive conditioning B. Instrumental conditioning C. Learning D. Premack's principle E. Classical conditioning - Correct Answer-B. Instrumental conditioning A consequence is: A. A stimulus that precedes a behavior B. A stimulus that coincides with a behavior C. A stimulus that is dependent upon a behavior D. A stimulus that follows a behavior E. A stimulus that predicts a behavior - Correct Answer-D. A stimulus that follows a behaviour A contingency is: A. A relationship between events B. A statement of a dependent relationship between events C. A sequence of training events D. A consequence that is controlled by the dog E. A plan for what you will do if your training plan fails - Correct Answer-B. A statement of a dependent relationship between events The basic training sequence comprises: A. Both classical and operant conditioning in the form of cue eliciting behavior resulting in a contingent response. B. Only classical conditioning in the form of cue eliciting response. C. Only operant conditioning in the form of behavior eliciting reward. D. Latent learning applied to specific environmental cues E. Innate behavior harnessed by rewards - Correct Answer-A. Both classical and operant conditioning in the form of cue eliciting behaviour resulting in a contingent response. Habituation tends to occur most often with: A. Intense stimuli B. Stimuli that elicit intense emotional response C. Weak stimuli D. Stimuli that elicit weak emotional response E. Randomly - Correct Answer-D. Stimuli that elicit weak emotional response Sensitization tends to occur most often with: A. Intense stimuli

B. Stimuli that elicit intense emotional response C. Weak stimuli D. Stimuli that elicit weak emotional response E. Randomly - Correct Answer-B. Stimuli that elicit intense emotional response The process of pairing a conditioned stimulus to an unconditioned stimulus could be considered: A. Instrumental conditioning B. Classical conditioning C. Operant conditioning D. Latent learning E. Innate behaviour - Correct Answer-B. Classical conditioning The dog is exposed to a stimulus that elicits great excitement. The dog learns to become excited whenever he is exposed to the stimulus. - Correct Answer-sensitization The dog is asked to jump over a series of jumps that are placed very closely together. Over time, the dog learns to shorten his stride when approaching all jumps so as to jump in a controlled manner. - Correct Answer-Adaptation The dog hears the phone ring many times every day. The dog learns that phones ringing are not important to him. - Correct Answer-Learned Irrelevance The dog is initially startled when a gun is fired. After repeated visits to a firing range, the dog stops being startled when a gun is fired. - Correct Answer-Habituation The dog is initially startled when a gun is fired. After repeated visits to a firing range, the dog becomes very reactive to all sudden loud noises. - Correct Answer-Sensitization The dog is called to come every time he runs away from the owner. In obedience class, the dog has difficulty relating the recall cue "come" to the behavior of going to the owner. - Correct Answer-Learned Irrelevance An agriculture inspection dog is sent to stay with his handler each weekend. It is noticed that over time, the dog ceases to indicate common produce such as potatoes, apples and oranges. - Correct Answer-Adaptation The agility dog is taught to walk though the rungs of a ladder. Over time, the dog learns to place his feet very precisely. - Correct Answer-Adaptation a change in behavior that lasts for a long period of time. - Correct Answer-Learning the doing of a behavior - not necessarily means something was learned - Correct Answer-Performance

Acquisition, fluency, generalization, maintenance - Correct Answer-4 stages of learning unless there is evidence to the contrary, you must account for a phenomenon with the simplest explanation available. - Correct Answer-Principle of parsimony The study of behavior - Correct Answer-Behaviorism this is learning - very simple - Correct Answer-Conditioning a.k.a Pavlovian conditioning - an association between things. Leaning that things go together. A predictable relationship that one thing is related to another. Conditioned stimulus predicts an unconditioned stimulus and causes a conditioned response. - Correct Answer-Classical Conditioning Skinnerian conditioning - an animal learns that its behavior has consequences. Discriminative stimulus (your command) - Response - Consequence. 4 possibilities: Positive Reinforcement, Negative Reinforcement, Positive Punishment, Negative Punishment - Correct Answer-Operant Conditioning learning that occurs when something happens that is not related to anything else. A stimulus causes a response. - Correct Answer-Single event learning the behavior of turning the head and attention towards a new voice or visual stimulus. - Correct Answer-Orienting Response The ability to get used to and stop reacting to meaningless stimuli. - Correct Answer- Habituation return of the pre-habituation response to the stimuli. - Correct Answer-Spontaneous Recovery opposite if habituation. The reaction to a stimulus becomes even stronger when the stimulus is being shown repeatedly. - Correct Answer-Sensitization sometimes confused with habituation. Adaptation, however, has nothing to do with learning. It is simply the tiring of the sensory neurons of the nervous system to perceive the stimulus. - Correct Answer-Adaptation aka pre-exposure effect. This is very similar to habituation. It is the learning to ignore things that have no meaning to the animal's life. I learn to ignore the doorbell when I realize that it doesn't mean people are coming. - Correct Answer-Learned Irrelevance anything the dog likes intrinsically - food, water, cuddling, etc. - Correct Answer-Primary Reinforcer

these are reinforcers that become associated with a primary reinforcer and hence become important to the dog (clicker). - Correct Answer-Secondary Reinforcer every occurrence of the response is followed with a reward. The best for first teaching a behavior. - Correct Answer-Continuous Reinforcement Schedule (CRF) aka Intermittent Reinforcement Schedule. Responding is rewarded only after certain responses have been completed. - Correct Answer-Partial Reinforcement Schedule (PRF) a reward is given after every set number of responses - on FR-5 schedule - every 5 responses receive a reward. Very high and steady response rate except for the post- reinforcement pause after the reward. - Correct Answer-Fixed ratio (FR) the number of responses for a reward changes from one reward to another - on a VR- the average will be 5 responses. Response is high and steady with minimal post reinforcement pause. You need to worry about ratio strain that happens when the variable ratio average is increased too fast. - Correct Answer-Variable ratio (VR) similar to variable ratio - Correct Answer-Random ratio (RR a reward is given only after a specific interval of time has elapsed from the previous reward. On FI-5 the reward comes only if a response occurs after 5 seconds from the last reward. Responses can be weak right after the reward - this is called the fixed interval scallop. - Correct Answer-Fixed interval (FI) the interval that is required to elapse in order to get the reward changes from one reward to another. On VI-5 the average is 5 seconds but it can be 10 seconds once and 1 second the 2nd time etc - Correct Answer-Variable interval (VI) only certain rates or certain types of responses are reinforced. - Correct Answer- Differential Reinforcement Schedule (DRF) the response has to happen within a certain time after the last response - Correct Answer-Differential reinforcement of high rates of behavior (DRH the response has to happen only after certain time has elapsed after the last response. - Correct Answer-Differential reinforcement of low rates of behavior (DRL) reward is given to behaviors that are different from one specific behavior. - Correct Answer-Differential reinforcement of other behaviors (DRO) only responses that are cannot happen while doing another (unwanted) behavior are being reinforced. - Correct Answer-Differential reinforcement of incompatible behaviors (DRI)

very important for dog training - we reward those behaviors that are better than the ones already accomplished - we reward the best sit, the best down, etc. - Correct Answer- Differential reinforcement of excellent behavior (DRE) the response must be maintained for an entire interval for a reward to be given. - Correct Answer-Duration Reinforcement Schedule maintain a behavior for a fixed time to get a reward - stay exercise is good example - Correct Answer-Fixed Duration (FD) maintain a behavior for a changed period of time - Correct Answer-Variable Duration (VD similar to variable duration - Correct Answer-Random Duration (RD) developed by David Premack in the mid 1960's. The opportunity to engage in certain behaviors is reinforcement on its own. Another way to put is in order to get item "B" you must complete item "A" - if you want to eat desert, you must eat our veggies first. If you want to chase that Frisbee, you must sit first. - Correct Answer-Premack Theory of Reinforcement the ability to respond to a specific stimulus. For example, sit only when the word 'sit' is being said. - Correct Answer-Discrimination The response has to happen in every place or time. The dog needs to learn for example that the cue 'sit' means that it has to sit regardless or location, time or distractions. - Correct Answer-Generalization Achieving great generalization by the dog. This means that the dog cal respond in the same manner to a discriminative stimulus every time, all the time. - Correct Answer- Proofing a discriminative stimulus that is very visible or noticeable. It tends to get the most attention of the dog. - Correct Answer-Salience Stimuli that are not noticed by the animal because there are more salient stimuli around. A salient stimulus overshadows many other stimuli - Correct Answer-Overshadowing The phenomenon in which a stimulus is being disregarded by an animal if presented together with an already salient and established stimulus. This is why you need to introduce the new cue before the lure and not with it. - Correct Answer-Blocking The ability to choose between two or more different things. Can be hard to teach. - Correct Answer-Discrimination

the predisposition of the animal to learn classical conditioning easier with certain unconditioned stimuli and conditioned stimuli, and not others. For example it is easier to learn a flavor with illness then a visual sign with illness. This is very adaptive. - Correct Answer-Preparedness An outcome of a dog forced to make a discrimination that is no longer possible. Dog may show great anxiety. # - Correct Answer-Experimental Neurosis what happens when rewards are no longer being given. The behavior is degraded until it is no longer offered. This is not unlearning. The dog simply learns a new rule. - Correct Answer-Extinction a behavior that happens after it was allegedly extinct. The behavior that was extinct suddenly reappears. Aka extinction burst. - Correct Answer-Spontaneous Recovery Continuing to engage in a behavior despite the fact that reward is being given anymore. Usually due to a variable ratio schedule of reinforcement. - Correct Answer-Partial Reinforcement Extinction Effect (PREE) The response to a negative reinforcement of positive punishment method of training. The dog is engaging in a behavior in order to avoid or escape a certain aversive outcome. Can be signaled or un-signaled. - Correct Answer-Escape/Avoidance Response if the aversive does not follow a signal or the dog is not allowed to escape the aversive, the dog will eventually lay down and become immobile, after learning that there is nothing it can do to stop the aversive from happening. - Correct Answer-Learned Helplessness aka shaping by successive approximations. A method of teaching a new behavior in which any behavior that begins to resemble the wanted behavior is reinforced. Gradually, the standard of the behavior that is reinforced is increased to resemble the wanted behavior. - Correct Answer-Shaping Manipulating the animal or the environment in a way that makes the dog do the behavior. There can be visual prompts as well known as lures. The problem is that the dog learns that the prompt means the behavior needs to be done and the prompt must be faded as soon as possible. - Correct Answer-Prompting A method of teaching a complex sequence of behaviors. Each behavior signals the other behavior that eventually signals a reward. Backward chaining is the most efficient way usually - in this method the last behavior is trained first followed by a reward. Then we go backwards and add behaviors. - Correct Answer-Chaining a very strong animal learning process in which the animal starts to touch or manipulate a conditioned reinforcer (clicker) in order to get the primary reinforcer. Can be a strong

training tool. For example teaching retrieve to a non retriever. Make the ball, dumbbell a conditioned reinforcer for food and the dog will start trying to manipulate it. - Correct Answer-Autoshaping establishing a classically conditioned emotional response (usually fear). This is the base for many fears and phobias in many dogs. This process is very resistant to extinction. - Correct Answer-Conditioned Emotional Response (CER) The methods use to try and eliminate CER's. Desensitization is the process in which we produce a very low level of the stimulus that produces fear and slowly work up to a full stimulus. Together with this we need to use counter conditioning which is the association if this stimulus with a positive consequence. - Correct Answer- Counterconditioning and desensitization the process in which animals learn to avoid a certain food. This happens very fast and is very adaptive. - Correct Answer-Taste Aversion Learning the process in which the fear eliciting stimulus is shown in a full blown way without the subject being able to escape. This can sometimes work but is unethical and more often then not, only makes more harm. - Correct Answer-Flooding / Response Prevention Species Designation - Correct Answer-Canis Lupis Familiaris What does "Tame" mean? - Correct Answer-(v) to domesticate; (adj) a domesticated animal which is not dangerous or frightened of people; What is "Domestication"? - Correct Answer-(v) Adapting an animal (or plant) to life in intimate association with and to the advantage of humans; (adj- "domestic") An animal that has undergone extensive behavioral and biological changes resulting from selective breeding over the course of many generations resulting in tameness What does "Neoteny" mean? - Correct Answer-The retention of immature characteristics in adulthood *Many modern dog breeds retain neotenous characteristics. What does "Phylogeny" mean? - Correct Answer-The evolutionary history of an organism What is "Phylogenetic Behavior" (in dogs)? - Correct Answer-Behaviors common to the dog as a species: *Food acquisition *Hazard avoidance, safety/comfort seeking *Reproductive behaviors What are "Fixed Action Patterns"? - Correct Answer-Innate or phylogenetic behaviors which must be completed before the animal stops;

Examples: urine marking even if the dog has no urine remaining in system or circling before laying on a blanket What is "Ontogenetic Behavior"? - Correct Answer-A response to environmental influences. It is learned, has be rewarded, and can be modified. ie. dog running to name after being fed previously when name was called Tempermant - Correct Answer-Nature v. Nurture; Learned v. Innate. Instinctive Drift - Correct Answer-The Breland Effect. The prepotency of strong instinctive behavior patterns over those which have been conditioned. Wherever an animal had strong instructive behavior, the organism will drift toward instinctive behavior to the detriment of the conditioned behavior. Critical Periods - Correct Answer-3-16 weeks. Socialization window begins to diminish by 16 weeks. Testosterone - Correct Answer-Influences behaviors such as mounting, mating, searching for females, scent marking, and aggression. If the dog has a history of being reinforced for such behaviors, that behavior now has a conditioned element and doesn't depend on testosterone. Female Hormones - Correct Answer-Estrogen and progesterone. Estrus twice a year. 20 days duration. Spaying does not reduce aggression levels in females. Instead may increase. Neuropsychology - Correct Answer-Relationship between the brain and the body. Engrams - Correct Answer-Muscle Memory. Development and storage of familiar motor action. The neural pathways. Reticular Activating System (RAS) - Correct Answer-Attention center of the brain. Where things are perceived, processed, and acted upon. Tuning out things that are unimportant. Limbic System - Correct Answer-Network of cells in the brain that integrates instinct and learning. Also involved emotions such as fear. When active Cerebral Cortex is inactive. Cerebral Cortex - Correct Answer-Cognitive Functions, such as learning and problem solving. When active, Limbic System is inactive. Oppositional Reflex - Correct Answer-If you pull one way, the dog will pull the other. Social Hierarchy - Correct Answer-Flexible. Subordinate members show submissive behaviors to dominant members, than dominant individual displays of their super rank.

Dominance is not the same as aggression. Relationships establish over time by numerous interactions. Phermones - Correct Answer-Produced by lactating females are thought to create a sense of well-being in their puppies. Baseline Posture - Correct Answer-Dog is relaxed. Muscles are fluid and move gracefully.Not too bold, not too worried. Mutual Curving Nose to Tail - Correct Answer-Greeting behavior Bow - Correct Answer-All in good fun. Hackles - Correct Answer-Piloerection. Indicates arousal. Stress Behavior - Correct Answer-Happy or unhappy state. Abstract and subjective. Good stress and bad stress. Signs: panting, drooling, trembling, sweaty paws, tense body, shedding and dandruff, change in eyes. Fearful Behavior - Correct Answer-Contextual. Release of adrenaline, cortisol, and other chemicals. Signs: tucked tail, avoids eyes, pulled back or flattened ears, may urinate or defecate, freezing, creeping, attempts to escape. Reactive, Excitable Behavior - Correct Answer-Poor impulse control. Trigger hair response: fear, aggression, friendly. Ambivalence - Correct Answer-Being in conflict. Unsure, undecided. Body shows both offensive and defensive postures at same time. Displacement Behavior - Correct Answer-Signs dog is trying to "hold it together". Dog is in conflict. Signs: yawning, lip licking, scratching, Calming Signals - Correct Answer-Yawning, tongue flick, ground sniffing, blinking, turning away, scratching, averting eyes Agonistic Behaviors - Correct Answer-Behaviors used in response to social conflict or competitive encounters. Avoidance, Appeasement, Submission Forms of Aggression - Correct Answer-Fear, Dominance, Possessive, Protective, Territorial, Pain-related, Redirected, Socially-Facilitated

Learning Theory - Correct Answer-Learn by association. An organism can experience three outcomes/consequences for its behavior: something good, something bad, or nothing at all Classical Conditioning - Correct Answer-The learned association between two events; One event is neutral and one event elicits an unconditioned response. Forms a relationship between two stimuli Operant Conditioning - Correct Answer-Learning by association with what happens after the behavior. Forms an association between a behavior and a consequence ABC - Correct Answer-Antecedent Behavior Consequence Reinforcement - Correct Answer-R Increase Behavior Positive - Correct Answer-+ Add something Negative - Correct Answer-- Take something away Punishment - Correct Answer-P Decrease Behavior Extinction - Correct Answer-Extinguish. Only applies to behaviors that have been fueled with attention, food, physical contact, freedom or other rewards Extinction Burst - Correct Answer-Behavior temporarily gets worse, not better Spontaneous Recovery - Correct Answer-Extinct behavior can recur in the future if the trigger in presented again Primary Reinforcer - Correct Answer-Something the dog values Food, play, toys, etc Secondary Reinforcer - Correct Answer-Event that marks the behavior; Verbal or clicker; aka Conditioned reinforcer, bridging stimulus, bridge, promise, predictor, marker Food rewards - Correct Answer-Activates the dog's parasympathic nervous system

Continuous Schedule of Reinforcement - Correct Answer-For acquisition; Reinforced for every correct response Variable Schedules of Reinforcement VSR - Correct Answer-Reward is absolutely random; No set pattern; Differential Reinforcement - precision Limited Hold - duration Jackpots - unusually large reward Emitted Behavior - Correct Answer-Offered Spontaneously Elicited Behavior - Correct Answer-Help performing the behavior Physical Modeling - Correct Answer-Physically manipulate into position Luring - Correct Answer-Lead the dog into performing behavior while tempting with reinforcer Target Training - Correct Answer-Applying an object the dog is already taught to interact with Capturing Behavior - Correct Answer-Observing and reinforcing a spontaneous behavior Shaping - Correct Answer-Rewarding successive approximations fora desired behavior Chaining - Correct Answer-Teaching smaller behaviors separately then combining them Backward Chaining - Correct Answer-Same as chaining but teaching the last behavior first Premack Principle - Correct Answer-A high-probability behavior, something the dog loves to do, can be sued to reward a low-probability behavior Cueing - Correct Answer-Verbal or signal; Does are visual and may respond better to signals; Environmental cues - everyday cues that illicit behavior Overshadowing - Correct Answer-The most important detail in the environment (from the dog's point of view) can cover up other details present Blocking - Correct Answer-Previously learned cue conflicts with a newly learned one Salience - Correct Answer-Noticeable Stimulus Control - Correct Answer-Several dimensions of how a dog responds to a cue; Dog is under stimulus control if it does not:

Refuse to give behavior, Give a different behavior, Give behavior for different cue, Give behavior without cue Superstitious Behavior - Correct Answer-Coincidental learning of some irrelevant behavior along with desired one; Usually the result of accidental reinforcement What is a dog's normal body temperature range? - Correct Answer-99.5 to 102.5 F When will a female dog have her first heat cycle? - Correct Answer-Between 6 months to 1.5 years of age depending on breed When are puppies weaned? - Correct Answer-4 to 8 weeks; Puppies should not be removed from mother earlier than 8 weeks; Ideal time with mom is 12 weeks When do maternal antibodies fade from a puppy's system? - Correct Answer-Between 6 to 16 weeks of age When is the socialization window? - Correct Answer-3 to 14 -16 weeks; Pups' brains can make long-term changes in response to social input When should a puppy begin puppy classes? - Correct Answer-8 weeks Puppies can start class one to two weeks after their first vaccine for distemper, parvo and adenovirus When should puppies start their vaccination schedule? - Correct Answer-6 to 8 weeks of age What happens if you wait to start puppy class until after all vaccines are complete (16 weeks)? - Correct Answer-Limits socialization and risks development of unwanted and even dangerous behaviors What are attenuated vaccines? - Correct Answer-Vaccines altered in some way to prevent inducing serious disease What does DHLPP stand for? - Correct Answer-Distemper, Hepatitis, Leptospirosis, Parainfluenza, & Parvovirus Distemper - Correct Answer-Airborne viral disease of the lungs, intestines and brain; Vaccinations at 6-8wks, 11-12wks, and 15-16wks with yearly boosters Hepatitis - Correct Answer-Viral disease of the liver; Vaccinations at 6-8wks, 11-12wks, and 15-16wks with yearly boosters Leptospirosis - Correct Answer-Bacterial disease of the urinary tract; Vaccinations at 6- 8wks, 11-12wks, and 15-16wks with yearly boosters

Parainfluenza - Correct Answer-Infectious bronchitis; Vaccinations at 6-8wks, 11-12wks, and 15-16wks with yearly boosters Parvovirus - Correct Answer-Viral disease of the intestines; Vaccinations at 6-8wks, 11- 12wks, and 15-16wks with yearly boosters Corona - Correct Answer-Viral disease of the intestines; Vaccinations at 6-8wks, 11- 12wks, and 15-16wks Bordatella - Correct Answer-Bacterial infection of the upper respiratory system (kennel cough); Yearly vaccinations after 1 year of age Rabies - Correct Answer-Viral disease fatal to humans and other animals; First vaccination at 16 weeks with booster 1 year later and boosters every 3 years after Heartworm - Correct Answer-Internal Parasite Mosquito born/transmitted; Attacks the heart; Active ingredient in medication- ivermectin When should puppies receive their first heartworm test? - Correct Answer-7 to 9 months of age What are gastrointestinal parasites? - Correct Answer-Parasites which damage the gastrointestinal tract and steal nutrients; Often found in puppies; Include roundworms, tapeworms and hookworms What are whipworms? - Correct Answer-Internal parasites contracted from ingesting contaminated matter (food, water, feces, flesh, etc.); Symptoms: large bowel inflammation, bloody diarrhea, dehydration, anemia, and weight loss What are hookworms? - Correct Answer-Intestinal parasites which feed on blood in the lining of the small intestine; Contracted from contact with contaminated soil/feces or an infected mother; Symptoms: dark feces, lethargy, anemia, pale gums Capable of being contracted by humans but don't inhabit human intestines; Migrate under skin and cause itch red rash that often goes away by itself What are roundworms? - Correct Answer-Intestinal parasites contracted in utero, through nursing, or through contact with contaminated soil or feces. Symptoms: vomiting, diarrhea, poor coat, enlarged abdomen What are tapeworms? - Correct Answer-Internal parasites contracted by ingesting contaminated hosts (fleas/small animals); Symptoms: Itchy bottom, scooting, white segments resembling grains of rice around anus or in feces

What are external parasites? - Correct Answer-Parasites which feed on blood and potentially cause anemia; Include fleas and ticks; Ticks can cause Lyme Disease and Anaplasmosis while ingesting fleas can infect a dog with tapeworms What are the risks of obesity in dogs? - Correct Answer-Cardiovascular disease and metabolic illnesses such as pancreatitis and diabetes along with stress on joints and limbs that contributes to lameness; Should be able to feel ribs (without seeing them) and the dog's body should have hourglass shape When should a dog be spayed/neutered? - Correct Answer-The procedure can be done as early as 6 weeks of age (for shelter animals); More commonly done after 16 weeks to promote full immune system development; Physical growth rate/outcome affected if done before fully physically developed (1 to 2.5 years of age); Spaying/neutering may prevent sexually dimorphic behaviors and protects against uterine cancer, pyometra, prostate cancer, mammary cancer, testicular cancer, and unwanted pregnancy Hydrocephalus - Correct Answer-Excessive cerebrospinal fluid accumulated in the brain; Learning delays or failures; Slow or absent to housebreak, irritability or aggression; More common in smaller breeds or brachycephalic breeds Epilepsy - Correct Answer-Seizures; Can be as big as convulsions or as small as behaviors changes Hypoglycemia - Correct Answer-Brain doesn't get sugar; Cause weakness, disoriented, irritable, failure to process information Hypothyroidism - Correct Answer-Underactive thyroid gland; Can cause aggression, irritability, and anxiety Cushing's Disease - Correct Answer-Too much cortisone production; Cause irritability and reactivity CDS - Correct Answer-Cognitive Dysfunction Syndrome; Older dog problem; Disorientation, disruption in sleep/wake cycle, house soiling Psychotropic Medications - Correct Answer-Prescribed by veterinarians; Treat anxiety and aggression Coppinger's theory is that dogs evolved by ________ ___________, not ________ _________ - Correct Answer-natural selection, artifical selection According to Coppinger, proto-wolves genetically predisposed to show _______________. - Correct Answer-less flight distance than regular wolves

New niche wolves gained _________ ________ for living with humans over regular wolves - Correct Answer-selective advantage Wild animals can be tamed by patient handling and socialization but they can't be considered domesticated until _____________. - Correct Answer-they undergo extensive biological and behavioral changes resulting from selective breeding over many generations. The foxes "tamed" in the Russian experiment retained care soliciting behaviors, T or F?

• Correct Answer-true, barking increased, play increased. Neoteny is the retention of _________ - Correct Answer-juvenile traits in adults The effectiveness of rabies vaccine on wolf hybrids is not clear, T or F? - Correct Answer-True, this might be reason not to allow wolf-dog hybrid into your classes. Phylogeny is the _____________. - Correct Answer-evolutionary history of an organism. Phylogenic behaviors are behaviors ________. - Correct Answer-common to the dog as a species, they have developed over generations Examples of phylogenic behaviors in dogs - Correct Answer-fear of fire, fear of loud noises Coppinger maintains that all dog behavior can be put into one of three different motivations: - Correct Answer-food acquisition, hazard avoidance, reproductive behaviors Phylogenic behavior can or cannot be modified? - Correct Answer-it can A FAP is a stereotypic ______ ________ that is relatively _______ ___ _____. - Correct Answer-movement pattern, constant in form A trigger is needed to start an FAP, T or F? - Correct Answer-true Ontogenetic behaviors ____________. - Correct Answer-develop over the lifetime of an individual dog Ontogenetic behavior is a response to ______ influences, in other words, it is _______.
• Correct Answer-environmental, learned Coppinger says dog is the result of nature/nurture plus experiences that ________. - Correct Answer-occur between the onset and offset of critical periods

Instinctive drift coined by ______. Principle that whenever an animal has strong instinctive behavior, organism will ____ to toward the ____ behavior to the detriment of the conditioned behavior. - Correct Answer-Brelands; drift Dogs become capable of breeding as early as ____ months but they may not be behaviorially mature until _______ years. - Correct Answer-six, one or two years Spaying reduces the aggression level in females, T or F? - Correct Answer-False, it may actually increase it. Heat cycles in female dogs occur ____; and are ____ in duration. - Correct Answer- twice a year; 20 days Movement is learned through the development and storage of familiar motor actions called ________. - Correct Answer-engrams Neuromuscular programming is established by _______. - Correct Answer-repetition A conscious action becomes ________ action. - Correct Answer-an automatic In learning new movement, dogs need to practice movement ____ until it becomes ____. - Correct Answer-long period of time; automatic _____ _____ _____ is the attention center of the brain. It is part of the brain where activities in the world are _____, ____, and ____. - Correct Answer-Reticular activating center (RAS); perceived, processed and acted upon Limbic system is a ________ of ____ in the brain that integrates ____ and ____. - Correct Answer-network of cells; instinct and learning The conflict between what the dog wants to do and what we teach her to do takes place in the dog's ________ ______. - Correct Answer-limbic system The ____ ___ is involved with cognitive functions such as learning and problem solving.

• Correct Answer-cerebral cortex If the limbic system is activated, the ___ __ is inhibited. - Correct Answer-cerebral cortex The limbic system is involved with emotions such as ______. - Correct Answer-fear If the cerebral cortex is engaged, the ___ ___ is likely to be inhibited. - Correct Answer- limbic system Social hierarchy is ____. - Correct Answer-flexible