CPDT Test Study Questions and Answers 100% Verified, Exams of Training and Development

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The dog sits and a treat is given. The dog learns to sit. - ANSWER-Positive Reinforcement While walking on leash the dog lunges forward and feels pain associated with the tightening of a prong collar. The dog learns not to lunge against the collar. - ANSWER- Positive Punishment The dog barks at the owner for attention and the owner leaves the room. The dog learns not to bark at the owner. - ANSWER-Negative Punishment The puppy jumps against the owners legs and no attention is given to the puppy. The puppy learns not to jump against the owners legs. - ANSWER-Extinction The owner feeds the dog whenever he lies down in the kitchen. The dog learns to lie down when in the kitchen. - ANSWER-Positive Reinforcement The dog causes the leg bands on a no pull harness to loosen by walking closer to the owner. The dog learns to walk closer to the owner. - ANSWER-Negative Reinforcement The owner hits the dog with a rolled up paper whenever the dog makes eye contact with the children. The dog learns never to look at children. - ANSWER-Positive Punishment The dog barks in his crate for 20 to 30 minutes after the owner leaves. Nothing happens as a result of the barking. The dog learns not to bark when the owner leaves. - ANSWER-Extinction The dog looks away from the handler during the heel free exercise and the handler abandons the dog in the training room. The dog learns to keep his eyes glued on the handler. - ANSWER-Negative Punishment A puppy is tethered to a training wall. The handler walks away from the puppy whenever he is jumping. The do learns to keep four feet on the floor when standing by the handler.

• ANSWER-Negative Punishment Treats are dropped on the floor in the kitchen whenever the dog stares at the cook. The dog learns to stare at anyone who is cooking. - ANSWER-Positive Reinforcement

A dog, while chasing a deer is called. When he does not return to his handler, an electric shock is applied to his neck. The dog learns to come back when called. - ANSWER-Positive Punishment While learning to retrieve, a lab opens his mouth and an ear pinch stops when he opens his mouth to take the dummy. The dog learns to open his mouth to accept the dummy. - ANSWER-Negative Reinforcement The puppy jumps on the garbage can and knocks it over, and edible refuse is dumped out on the floor. The puppy learns to get into garbage cans. - ANSWER-Positive Reinforcement The puppy jumps on the garbage can and knocks it over, and a large pile of cans falls on the puppy causing extreme fear. The puppy stops jumping on the garbage can. - ANSWER-Positive Punishment The puppy follows children home everyday in hope of attention. The children fail to pay attention to the pup ans he eventually stops following them. - ANSWER-Extinction A fearful pup barks at approaching people who then back off. Barking increases. - ANSWER-Negative Reinforcement On the agility course the dog running begins to bark. The handler removes the dog from the course and puts him in his crate. The dog learns to run quietly. - ANSWER-Negative Punishment A service dog is given a treat when he applies forward pressure on his harness. The dog learns to lead his partner. - ANSWER-Positive Reinforcement A veterinary technician feeds the dog a treat when he is being examined by the vet. The dog learns to enjoy visiting the vet. - ANSWER-Positive Reinforcement When training a dog to go over the A frame in agility, the trainer offers a treat to the dog when he has his back feet on the contact zone and his front feet on the ground. The dog learns to go all the way to the ground and touch the contact zone along the way. - ANSWER-Positive Reinforcement In practice sessions, the handler uses a prong collar and a tight leash to keep the dog at her side. The dog learns to heel close to the handler to release the presser on the prong collar. - ANSWER-Negative Reinforcement In the protection phase of Schutzhund training a puppy is allowed to take the sleeve off the arm of the agitator. The puppy learns to bite when being formally agitated. - ANSWER-Positive Reinforcement

At the groomer's , the dog barks while in the drying crate. The groomer uses a squirt bottle to spray water in his face to "correct" the barking. The dog learns to avoid going into any crate. - ANSWER-Positive Punishment Every morning you take your puppy to the dog play park. You approach from the south end of the park and meet your other dog walking friends. One morning you are in a rush and need to drive to the dog park in order to get your walk done. You park at the North end of the park and your puppy runs straight to the South end of the park to meet his playmates. What type of learning is happening? A. Applied Learning B. Latent Learning C. Motivated Learning D. Cognitive Learning E. All of the above - ANSWER-B. Latent Learning Indicate which statement is false: A. The trainer will know that learning has occurred when behavior changes. B. The trainer will know that learning has occurred when the dog begins to defer to the owner. C. The trainer will know that learning has occurred when the dog responds to the owner's cues. D. None of the above. E. All of the above. - ANSWER-B. The trainer will know that learning has occurred when the dog begins to defer to the owner. The desire to do a behavior may be contingent upon what the dog gets from doing that behavior. If the dog is sufficiently motivated by the reward, he will be likely to do the requested behavior.. If a dog is hungry what is he most likely to be motivated by? A. A ball B. The chance to chase another dog C. Touch D. A belly rub E. Food - ANSWER-E. Food What are the four stages of learning? A. Acquisition, fluency, generalization, maintenance B. Bonding, trusting, loving, working C. Knowing, understanding, learning, playing D. Watching, mimicking, experimenting, using E. Attention, application, usefulness, working - ANSWER-A. Acquisition, fluency, generalization, maintenance

Behavior that is not learned is called: A. Interesting B. Incredible C. Innate D. Internal E. Impossible - ANSWER-C. Innate C. Lloyd Morgan wrote: "In no case is an animal activity to be interpreted in terms of higher psychological processes, if it can be fairly interpreted in terms of processes which stand lower in the scale of psychological evolution and development." This statement, which could be restated as "unless there is evidence to the contrary, you must account for a phenomenon with the simplest explanation available", is referred to as: A. The principle of simplicity B. The Principle of obvious answers C. The principle of Anecdotal evidence D. The principle of Parsimony E. The principle of Patriotism - ANSWER-D. The principle of Parsimony Every trainer has a story of the unusual feats of intellect that their dog has achieved. Often these feats of behavior cannot be matched nor trained. Although interesting and evidence of the bond between dogs and people behaviorists do not accept these stories as evidence because: A. these stories are not quantified B. These stories are not true C. These stories while interesting are considered anecdotal D. The behaviors involved cannot be replicated E. All of the above - ANSWER-C. These stories while interesting are considered anecdotal The science of behaviorism is used to help us understand how learning happens. Originally, the work done by behaviorists such as BF Skinner indicated that only the observed behavior needed to be considered when training, but now it is known that other factors may be involved with the learning. Which of the following is not considered to be a factor in training a dog: A. The Diet of the dog B. The Emotional state of the dog C. The Age of the handler D. The Color of the dog E. The Age of the dog - ANSWER-D. The Color of the dog

Any action or event that occurs following a behavior. - ANSWER-Consequence Any event that can be perceived by the animal - ANSWER-Stimulus Learning - ANSWER-Condition Any action performed that can be observed and measured - ANSWER-Behavior/Response The statement of a dependent relationship between events - ANSWER-Contingency An explanation of how things work - ANSWER-Theory/principles The level of behavior that has occurred - ANSWER-Performance Anything that the animal desires greatly - ANSWER-Appetitive/Positive Anything that the animal considers a bad thing - ANSWER-Aversive/Negative A stimulus that occurs after a behavior has occurred - ANSWER-Consequence Shaping is a method used in training where: A. The animal's body is manipulated by the trainer into the desired position. B. The animal is prevented from doing anything other than the desired behavior. C. The piece of food is used to show the animal which way to move his body in order to perform the behavior. D. The animal is given feedback about when he is doing the wrong behavior. E. The animal is reinforced for closer and closer approximations of a behavior. - ANSWER-E. The animal is reinforced for closer and closer approximations of a behavior Which of the following is a principle not a method: A. Click and treat B. Reinforce the behavior you wish to keep C. Jerk and praise D. Luring E. Mimicry - ANSWER-Reinforce the behavior you wish to keep Anything that will increase the likelihood of the behavior being repeated. - ANSWER- Reinforcer Anything that is added into the interaction between the trainer and the learner - ANSWER-Positive

A closer and closer approximation towards the behavior. - ANSWER-Shape The behavioral demand being made upon the learner - ANSWER-Criteria Anything that is removed from the interaction between the trainer and the learner. - ANSWER-Negative Dog pees in toilet area, handler take dog for a walk. Dog learns to pee in toilet area - ANSWER-Positive Reinforcement Dog runs around and barks at handler whenever she puts her shoes on to go for a walk. Handler puts shoes on and takes shoes off randomly thirty to forty times a day over the course of a week, never pairing putting shoes on with taking dog out for walk. - ANSWER-Extinction Dog is chasing a deer and runs into a fence. Dog learns not to chase deer. - ANSWER- Positive Punishment Dog is asked to sit. Upon sitting, dog is told to stay and handler leaves. Dog stands up, and handler returns and physically repositions dog into a sit. Dog learns not to move when left in the sit. - ANSWER-Positive Punishment Dog is presented with a pile of wooden articles. One article is smeared with peanut butter. Dog learns to choose articles that smell like peanut butter. - ANSWER-Positive Reinforcement Dog is fitted with a no jump harness. When jumping, pressure is applied against the back of the dog's hind legs. This pressure is alleviated when the dog drops down to having all four feet on the floor. Dog learns to keep four feet on the floor. What happens when the dog jumps? - ANSWER-Positive Punishment Dog is fitted with a no jump harness. When jumping, pressure is applied against the back of the dog's hind legs. This pressure is alleviated when the dog drops down to having all four feet on the floor. Dog learns to keep four feet on the floor. What happens when the dog chooses to land? - ANSWER-Negative Reinforcement Dog scratches against the refrigerator door. Nothing happens following the dog's door scratching. Dog learns not to scratch the refrigerator door. - ANSWER-Extinction Dog pulls ahead of handler and handler applies three prong corrections. Dog learns not to forge when heeling. - ANSWER-Positive Punishment While tracking, the dog lifts his head to air scent. Handler throws car keys at dog, and directs him back to ground scenting. Dog learns not to lift head off track. - ANSWER- Positive Punishment

Dog barks in yard during turn out. Handler brings dog in and puts him in crate. Dog learns not to bark in the yard. - ANSWER-Negative Punishment Dog jumps on counter and grabs Sunday dinner while you are out of the kitchen. Dog learns to jump on counters when you are out of the room. - ANSWER-Positive Reinforcement Dog touches hot wood stove and burns nose. Dog learns never to touch wood stove. - ANSWER-Positive Punishment Puppy pulls ahead of handler while walking on leash. Handler stops moving forward. Puppy learns to walk beside owner to keep walk going. - ANSWER-Negative Reinforcement Dog while on leash is pulled forward. When he steps forward, pressure on leash is released. Dog learns to follow the direction of pull of the leash. - ANSWER-Negative Reinforcement Dog is restrained by trainer while handler runs away. Puppy struggles and trainer releases puppy. Puppy learns to follow handler when handler is running away. - ANSWER-Negative Reinforcement Reinforcers can be best described to: A. Decrease the likelihood of a behavior being repeated B. Be something that the dog wants C. Increase the likelihood of a behavior being repeated D. Be something that the dog does not want E. None of the above - ANSWER-C. Increase the likelihood of a behavior being repeated In learning theory, when we say that we are using a positive, we mean that: A. We are using something that the dog likes. B. We are adding something to the interaction. C. We approach training in an upbeat manner. D. We subscribe to a philosophy of acting in the best interest of the dog at all times. E. We are increasing the likelihood of the behavior being repeated. - ANSWER-B. We are adding something to the interaction Choose the statement that is true. A. A positive reinforcer is always controlled by the handler. B. A positive reinforcer is always something the dog can consume. C. A positive reinforcer will result in a better relationship with your dog.

D. A positive reinforcer will increase the likelihood of a behaviour being repeated. E. A positive reinforcer is better than a positive punisher. - ANSWER-D. A positive reinforcer will increase the likelihood of a behavior being repeated. Choose the statement that is false. A. When a subject is exposed to a stimulus and the reaction to that stimulus becomes stronger over time, sensitization has occurred. B. When a subject is exposed to a stimulus and the reaction to that stimulus becomes weaker over time, habituation has occurred. C. When a subject is exposed to a stimulus repeatedly, and the body physically tires and thus the response increases, adaptation has occurred. D. When a subject is exposed to a stimulus and a primary reinforcer is presented, classical conditioning occurs. E. When a subject exhibits a behavior and is rewarded the behavior will likely be repeated. - ANSWER-C. When a subject is exposed to a stimulus repeatedly, and the body physically tires and thus the response increases, adaptation has occurred. Spontaneous recovery occurs when: A. A stimulus to which the subject has been habituated to is removed. B. A stimulus to which the subject has been sensitized to is removed. C. A stimulus to which the subject has adapted to is removed. D. A stimulus to which the subject has been habituated is removed and then returned later. E. A stimulus to which the subject has been sensitized to is removed and then returned later. - ANSWER-D. A stimulus to which the subject has been habituated is removed and then returned later. Thorndike's First Law of Effect can be described as: A. Cue/Behavior/Food B. Prebehavior/Behavior/Reward C. Request/Response/Rapport D. Antecedent/Behavior/Consequence E. Any of the above - ANSWER-D. Antecedent/Behavior/Consequence Negative Punishment is likely to: A. Decrease the likelihood of a behavior being repeated B. Increase the likelihood of a behavior being repeated C. Have no effect on the likelihood of a behavior being repeated D. Strengthen a behavioral response E. Improve the accuracy of a behavior - ANSWER-A. Decrease the likelihood of a behavior being repeated

In operant conditioning the animal: A. Has no input into the sequence of events during training B. Has an effect on what happens next in the sequence of events during training C. Is set up to succeed D. Is rewarded on a continuous schedule of reinforcement E. Is never punished - ANSWER-B. Has an effect on what happens next in the sequence of events during training A discriminative stimulus will: A. Elicit play B. Elicit self care behavior C. Elicit a trained response D. Elicit a specific response E. Elicit sleep - ANSWER-C. Elicit a trained response An unconditioned stimulus is: A. Something the dog learns to like B. Something the dog does reliablly in response to a conditioned stimulus C. Something the dog does not have D. Something that will always elicit an unconditioned response E. Something that will always elicit a conditioned response - ANSWER-D. Something that will always elicit an unconditioned response A conditioned stimulus: A. Will elicit the same response as an unconditioned stimulus after training. B. Will elicit the same response as an unconditioned stimulus before training C. Will elicit salivation D. Will elicit excitory behavior E. Will elicit a different response from an unconditioned stimulus after training. - ANSWER-A. Will elicit the same response as an unconditioned stimulus after training. Salivation when entering a kitchen where you can smell food being cooked is an example of: A. A conditioned response B. A secondary reinforcer C. An unconditioned response D. Excitement E. Associative conditioning - ANSWER-C. An unconditioned response Another term for operant conditioning would be:

A. Affinitive conditioning B. Instrumental conditioning C. Learning D. Premack's principle E. Classical conditioning - ANSWER-B. Instrumental conditioning A consequence is: A. A stimulus that precedes a behavior B. A stimulus that coincides with a behavior C. A stimulus that is dependent upon a behavior D. A stimulus that follows a behavior E. A stimulus that predicts a behavior - ANSWER-D. A stimulus that follows a behaviour A contingency is: A. A relationship between events B. A statement of a dependent relationship between events C. A sequence of training events D. A consequence that is controlled by the dog E. A plan for what you will do if your training plan fails - ANSWER-B. A statement of a dependent relationship between events The basic training sequence comprises: A. Both classical and operant conditioning in the form of cue eliciting behavior resulting in a contingent response. B. Only classical conditioning in the form of cue eliciting response. C. Only operant conditioning in the form of behavior eliciting reward. D. Latent learning applied to specific environmental cues E. Innate behavior harnessed by rewards - ANSWER-A. Both classical and operant conditioning in the form of cue eliciting behaviour resulting in a contingent response. Habituation tends to occur most often with: A. Intense stimuli B. Stimuli that elicit intense emotional response C. Weak stimuli D. Stimuli that elicit weak emotional response E. Randomly - ANSWER-D. Stimuli that elicit weak emotional response Sensitization tends to occur most often with: A. Intense stimuli B. Stimuli that elicit intense emotional response C. Weak stimuli

D. Stimuli that elicit weak emotional response E. Randomly - ANSWER-B. Stimuli that elicit intense emotional response The process of pairing a conditioned stimulus to an unconditioned stimulus could be considered: A. Instrumental conditioning B. Classical conditioning C. Operant conditioning D. Latent learning E. Innate behaviour - ANSWER-B. Classical conditioning The dog is exposed to a stimulus that elicits great excitement. The dog learns to become excited whenever he is exposed to the stimulus. - ANSWER-sensitization The dog is asked to jump over a series of jumps that are placed very closely together. Over time, the dog learns to shorten his stride when approaching all jumps so as to jump in a controlled manner. - ANSWER-Adaptation The dog hears the phone ring many times every day. The dog learns that phones ringing are not important to him. - ANSWER-Learned Irrelevance The dog is initially startled when a gun is fired. After repeated visits to a firing range, the dog stops being startled when a gun is fired. - ANSWER-Habituation The dog is initially startled when a gun is fired. After repeated visits to a firing range, the dog becomes very reactive to all sudden loud noises. - ANSWER-Sensitization The dog is called to come every time he runs away from the owner. In obedience class, the dog has difficulty relating the recall cue "come" to the behavior of going to the owner. - ANSWER-Learned Irrelevance An agriculture inspection dog is sent to stay with his handler each weekend. It is noticed that over time, the dog ceases to indicate common produce such as potatoes, apples and oranges. - ANSWER-Adaptation The agility dog is taught to walk though the rungs of a ladder. Over time, the dog learns to place his feet very precisely. - ANSWER-Adaptation a change in behavior that lasts for a long period of time. - ANSWER-Learning the doing of a behavior - not necessarily means something was learned - ANSWER- Performance Acquisition, fluency, generalization, maintenance - ANSWER-4 stages of learning

unless there is evidence to the contrary, you must account for a phenomenon with the simplest explanation available. - ANSWER-Principle of parsimony The study of behavior - ANSWER-Behaviorism this is learning - very simple - ANSWER-Conditioning a.k.a Pavlovian conditioning - an association between things. Leaning that things go together. A predictable relationship that one thing is related to another. Conditioned stimulus predicts an unconditioned stimulus and causes a conditioned response. - ANSWER-Classical Conditioning Skinnerian conditioning - an animal learns that its behavior has consequences. Discriminative stimulus (your command) - Response - Consequence. 4 possibilities: Positive Reinforcement, Negative Reinforcement, Positive Punishment, Negative Punishment - ANSWER-Operant Conditioning learning that occurs when something happens that is not related to anything else. A stimulus causes a response. - ANSWER-Single event learning the behavior of turning the head and attention towards a new voice or visual stimulus. - ANSWER-Orienting Response The ability to get used to and stop reacting to meaningless stimuli. - ANSWER- Habituation return of the pre-habituation response to the stimuli. - ANSWER-Spontaneous Recovery opposite if habituation. The reaction to a stimulus becomes even stronger when the stimulus is being shown repeatedly. - ANSWER-Sensitization sometimes confused with habituation. Adaptation, however, has nothing to do with learning. It is simply the tiring of the sensory neurons of the nervous system to perceive the stimulus. - ANSWER-Adaptation aka pre-exposure effect. This is very similar to habituation. It is the learning to ignore things that have no meaning to the animal's life. I learn to ignore the doorbell when I realize that it doesn't mean people are coming. - ANSWER-Learned Irrelevance anything the dog likes intrinsically - food, water, cuddling, etc. - ANSWER-Primary Reinforcer these are reinforcers that become associated with a primary reinforcer and hence become important to the dog (clicker). - ANSWER-Secondary Reinforcer

every occurrence of the response is followed with a reward. The best for first teaching a behavior. - ANSWER-Continuous Reinforcement Schedule (CRF) aka Intermittent Reinforcement Schedule. Responding is rewarded only after certain responses have been completed. - ANSWER-Partial Reinforcement Schedule (PRF) a reward is given after every set number of responses - on FR-5 schedule - every 5 responses receive a reward. Very high and steady response rate except for the post- reinforcement pause after the reward. - ANSWER-Fixed ratio (FR) the number of responses for a reward changes from one reward to another - on a VR- the average will be 5 responses. Response is high and steady with minimal post reinforcement pause. You need to worry about ratio strain that happens when the variable ratio average is increased too fast. - ANSWER-Variable ratio (VR) similar to variable ratio - ANSWER-Random ratio (RR a reward is given only after a specific interval of time has elapsed from the previous reward. On FI-5 the reward comes only if a response occurs after 5 seconds from the last reward. Responses can be weak right after the reward - this is called the fixed interval scallop. - ANSWER-Fixed interval (FI) the interval that is required to elapse in order to get the reward changes from one reward to another. On VI-5 the average is 5 seconds but it can be 10 seconds once and 1 second the 2nd time etc - ANSWER-Variable interval (VI) only certain rates or certain types of responses are reinforced. - ANSWER-Differential Reinforcement Schedule (DRF) the response has to happen within a certain time after the last response - ANSWER- Differential reinforcement of high rates of behavior (DRH the response has to happen only after certain time has elapsed after the last response. - ANSWER-Differential reinforcement of low rates of behavior (DRL) reward is given to behaviors that are different from one specific behavior. - ANSWER- Differential reinforcement of other behaviors (DRO) only responses that are cannot happen while doing another (unwanted) behavior are being reinforced. - ANSWER-Differential reinforcement of incompatible behaviors (DRI) very important for dog training - we reward those behaviors that are better than the ones already accomplished - we reward the best sit, the best down, etc. - ANSWER- Differential reinforcement of excellent behavior (DRE)

the response must be maintained for an entire interval for a reward to be given. - ANSWER-Duration Reinforcement Schedule maintain a behavior for a fixed time to get a reward - stay exercise is good example - ANSWER-Fixed Duration (FD) maintain a behavior for a changed period of time - ANSWER-Variable Duration (VD similar to variable duration - ANSWER-Random Duration (RD) developed by David Premack in the mid 1960's. The opportunity to engage in certain behaviors is reinforcement on its own. Another way to put is in order to get item "B" you must complete item "A" - if you want to eat desert, you must eat our veggies first. If you want to chase that Frisbee, you must sit first. - ANSWER-Premack Theory of Reinforcement the ability to respond to a specific stimulus. For example, sit only when the word 'sit' is being said. - ANSWER-Discrimination The response has to happen in every place or time. The dog needs to learn for example that the cue 'sit' means that it has to sit regardless or location, time or distractions. - ANSWER-Generalization Achieving great generalization by the dog. This means that the dog cal respond in the same manner to a discriminative stimulus every time, all the time. - ANSWER-Proofing a discriminative stimulus that is very visible or noticeable. It tends to get the most attention of the dog. - ANSWER-Salience Stimuli that are not noticed by the animal because there are more salient stimuli around. A salient stimulus overshadows many other stimuli - ANSWER-Overshadowing The phenomenon in which a stimulus is being disregarded by an animal if presented together with an already salient and established stimulus. This is why you need to introduce the new cue before the lure and not with it. - ANSWER-Blocking The ability to choose between two or more different things. Can be hard to teach. - ANSWER-Discrimination the predisposition of the animal to learn classical conditioning easier with certain unconditioned stimuli and conditioned stimuli, and not others. For example it is easier to learn a flavor with illness then a visual sign with illness. This is very adaptive. - ANSWER-Preparedness An outcome of a dog forced to make a discrimination that is no longer possible. Dog may show great anxiety. # - ANSWER-Experimental Neurosis

what happens when rewards are no longer being given. The behavior is degraded until it is no longer offered. This is not unlearning. The dog simply learns a new rule. - ANSWER-Extinction a behavior that happens after it was allegedly extinct. The behavior that was extinct suddenly reappears. Aka extinction burst. - ANSWER-Spontaneous Recovery Continuing to engage in a behavior despite the fact that reward is being given anymore. Usually due to a variable ratio schedule of reinforcement. - ANSWER-Partial Reinforcement Extinction Effect (PREE) The response to a negative reinforcement of positive punishment method of training. The dog is engaging in a behavior in order to avoid or escape a certain aversive outcome. Can be signaled or un-signaled. - ANSWER-Escape/Avoidance Response if the aversive does not follow a signal or the dog is not allowed to escape the aversive, the dog will eventually lay down and become immobile, after learning that there is nothing it can do to stop the aversive from happening. - ANSWER-Learned Helplessness aka shaping by successive approximations. A method of teaching a new behavior in which any behavior that begins to resemble the wanted behavior is reinforced. Gradually, the standard of the behavior that is reinforced is increased to resemble the wanted behavior. - ANSWER-Shaping Manipulating the animal or the environment in a way that makes the dog do the behavior. There can be visual prompts as well known as lures. The problem is that the dog learns that the prompt means the behavior needs to be done and the prompt must be faded as soon as possible. - ANSWER-Prompting A method of teaching a complex sequence of behaviors. Each behavior signals the other behavior that eventually signals a reward. Backward chaining is the most efficient way usually - in this method the last behavior is trained first followed by a reward. Then we go backwards and add behaviors. - ANSWER-Chaining a very strong animal learning process in which the animal starts to touch or manipulate a conditioned reinforcer (clicker) in order to get the primary reinforcer. Can be a strong training tool. For example teaching retrieve to a non retriever. Make the ball, dumbbell a conditioned reinforcer for food and the dog will start trying to manipulate it. - ANSWER- Autoshaping establishing a classically conditioned emotional response (usually fear). This is the base for many fears and phobias in many dogs. This process is very resistant to extinction. - ANSWER-Conditioned Emotional Response (CER)

The methods use to try and eliminate CER's. Desensitization is the process in which we produce a very low level of the stimulus that produces fear and slowly work up to a full stimulus. Together with this we need to use counter conditioning which is the association if this stimulus with a positive consequence. - ANSWER- Counterconditioning and desensitization the process in which animals learn to avoid a certain food. This happens very fast and is very adaptive. - ANSWER-Taste Aversion Learning the process in which the fear eliciting stimulus is shown in a full blown way without the subject being able to escape. This can sometimes work but is unethical and more often then not, only makes more harm. - ANSWER-Flooding / Response Prevention