CPESC EXAMS 2024 WITH ACTUAL CORRECT QUESTIONS AND VERIFIED DETAILED ANSWERS BY EXPERTS, Exams of Nursing

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CPESC EXAMS 2024 WITH ACTUAL

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DETAILED ANSWERS BY EXPERTS

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What are the 5 factors that influence erosion? Soil erodibility, topography, vegetative cover, season, climate (rainfall) What influences soil erodibility? Soil texture, structure and % of OM How does vegetative cover influence erodibility? Top growth reduces raindrop impact, filters sediment and slows down runoff velocity; roots hold mass particles together How can you decrease erodibility in relation to topography? Increase slope roughness What climate characteristics affect erodibility? Rainfall intensity, duration and frequency Why does frequent rainfall increase erodibility? The soil becomes saturated and no more water can infiltrate which increases runoff volume Why is erosion potential high in the spring if it rains? Water can't infiltrate the frozen subsoil which increases runoff volume What are some ways urban development impacts erosion hazards? Changes hydrology (GW flow, drainage), disturbs large amounts of soil, removes plant cover BMP considerations for clearing and grubbing?

Preserve existing vegetation; clear only what is required for immediate construction activity BMP considerations for mass grading? Create principle basins, traps, barriers, diversions and channels; temporary stabilization; manage concentrated runon and runoff (water bars) BMP considerations for site access & off-hauling? Stabilize with gravel and temporary vegetation; limit ingress and egress points What are the 3 stages of inlet construction? Pipe installation, inlet construction, inlet backfill BMP considerations of channel construction? Monitor weather, install grade controls, stabilize streambanks early; consider time of year (weather) to start construction (phasing) BMP considerations of final stabilization? Immediately apply temp or permanent stabilization of disturbed areas; don't allow surface area to dry out for a few days before seeding (affects germination) BMP considerations of vertical construction? Protect inlets; modify plan to show new conditions and updated measures What would have to be updated as construction progressed on the SWPPP? Installation and removal dates, changes in plan designs, and changes in BMPs When are outlet protectors used? Examples? To control runoff; wattles, check dams (energy dissipaters) or thick/matted veg, riprap (ground cover) What is the RUSLE equation? A = R K L S C P What are the units for A in RUSLE? Ton/ha/year What kind of erosion does RUSLE cover? Sheet and rill erosion only Define soil erodibility The ease with which soil is detached by splash during rainfall Why is sediment yield different from erosion rate?

Sediment yield is the amount of eroded soil that is delivered to a certain point whereas erosion rate is the rate of soil wearing away from an area What is the formula for MUSLE? T=11.8(V.Qp)^0.56 K LS C P What is V and Qp in MUSLE? V = volume of storm runoff in mm Qp = Peak flow for storm in m3/s How many; mm in 1 m? m in 1 km? m2 in 1 ha? kg in 1 tonne? 1,000 mm in 1m 1,000 m in 1 km 10,000 m2 in 1 ha 1,000 kg in 1 tonne What are the types of wind erosion? Surface creep; heavy particles rolling around surface Saltation; particles lifted into air and quickly fall (most common...think dust behind vehicle) Suspension; particles lifted into air and transported away What factors affect soil loss from wind erosion? Compaction, soil moisture, cover, wind speed What are some ways to form a less erodible surface from wind? Increase soil moisture (water trucks), chemical binders, and vegetation (best one) How can you reduce surface wind speed? Surface cover (vegetation, plastic), orientation of surface (stockpiles perpendicular to wind), windscreen (hedge rows) Define hydrology The study of the movement, distribution and quality of surface water What is shallow concentration flow? When waterflow begins to form rills What are two components of surface runoff you need to predict to design management for ES?

Runoff volume Peak rate of discharge How are hydrological soil groups listed? ABCD from most permeable to least permeable (gravel/sand to clay) What are the two time parameters for determining lengths of time of flow? Time of Concentration (Tc): time it takes runoff to travel from most distant point to design point Travel Time (Tt): time it takes runoff to travel from one location to another in a watershed What is initial abstracation? Sum of losses before runoff begins such as interception, evaporation, and infiltration When velocity of water increases by 2x, what happens to:

1. Erosive energy
2. Particle size
3. Soil mass being carried
4. Increases by 4
5. Increases by 64
6. Increases by 32 What are some ways to divert runoff? Dikes, swales, water bars, check dams, ditches/channels What are the two main ways to convey runoff? Through waterways and enclosed drainage What are some ways to manage water with open runoff conveyance? Grassed waterways, rock lined waterways, concrete paved channel, geotextiles (linings), rip rap What are some enclosed drainage ways to convey runoff and intercept ground water? Pipe slope drains (need to direct water in them), sumps, subsurface drains (slotted PVC) What are some ways to stabilize runoff outlets? Rip rap, paved flume, level spreader, linings, concrete slope paving What are some examples of scour protection? Plunge pools, rip rap, paved outlets, levelers What are some examples of non-vegetative cover? Mulching, riprap, soil stabilizers What are some biotechnical ways to strengthen subsurface?

Wattling, fiber roll, live cribwall, branch packing, willow staking Formula for % of pure live seed? % of germination x % purity Formula for fertilizer amendments? Kg of pure live seed = %nutrient/100 x (kg. mix) What is the best stabilization technique you can have? Preserving existing vegetation The process in which, by the actions of wind or water, soil particles are detached and transported. Erosion Eroded material suspended in wind or water. Sediment The deposition of eroded material. Sedimentation What bears the impact of quantity and quality degradation from erosion? Receiving Waters Raindrop impact energy is enough to dislodge surface sediment. Splash Erosion Rain splash detaching soil particles lifting them up and removing them by shallow "sheets" of water flowing down the sloped soil surface. Sheet Erosion As flow concentrates, small channels begin to form in the soil surface. Rill Erosion Runoff cuts rills deeper and wider or several rills join to form a large channel. Gully Erosion Channels become unstable due to increased flows or changes in upstream sediment load. Channel Erosion Can happen when erosion left unattended. Slope Failure Erosion due to the influence of climatic forces on the surface of the earth.

Natural Erosion Natural Erosion + Human Activities Accelerated Erosion

1. Unrestricted development
2. Removal of surface cover
3. Increased Imperviousness
4. Poor stewardship What can accelerate erosion?
5. problems for downslope property owners
6. problems on adjacent streets
7. clog streams and storm drains
8. cause turbidity blumes in downstream water bodies
9. cumulative toll on the environment can be devastating Construction related erosion can cause what problems? Nutrients, pesticides, bacteria, toxic substances, etc. transported with eroded sediment

Uncontrolled construction site sediment loads exceed hundreds of tons per acre per year Pollutant exports during construction

1. Destruction of spawning areas, food sources, habitat
2. Direct toxicity to wildlife
3. Lake degradation
4. Filling of channels
5. Commercial fishery impacts
6. Reduced water storage capacity Damages to streams caused by erosion To restore and maintain the beneficial uses of out Nation's waters. Stormwater Regulations purpose? EPA Who has ultimate regulatory authority? -Federal regulation -Purpose -> restore and maintain the chemical, physical, and biological integrity of our nations waters -Goal -> eliminate pollutants to Nations water -> restore Nations waters to their designated use Clean Water Act

Water Quality Certification required for any applicant for a federal permit to conduct an activity which may result in the discharge of any pollutant

Certification granted by state CWA Section 401 NPDES (National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System)

-agriculture, silviculture, and oil & gas exampt CWA Section 402 Regulated discharge of dredged or fill material into the waters of the US

Administered by Army Corp CWA Section 404 Coastal Zone Act Reauthorization Amendments CZARA All waters (including tribs) and wetlands used for interstate or commerce Waters of the US CWA section stating states must adopt water quality standards ---> define designated uses and TMDLs CWA Section 303 Amount of a particular pollutant that a water can absorb on a daily basis without violating WQ standards TMDL Portion of TMDL is allocated to each source of pollutant within a particular watershed Waste Load Allocation -ES controls -stabilize slopes -manage dewater activities -implement pollution prevention measures -prohibit certain details -utilize surface outlets for discharges from basins and impoundments Effluent Limitations Guidelines (ELGs) Requirements -Administrative Orders -Civil Actions -Criminal ProsecutionsMa Types of EPA Enforcements

$37,

Max Civil Penalty $250,000-$1,000, Criminal Penalty -Industrial, Construction, or Multi-sector Activities -Requires a SWPP and NOI General NPDES -Specific activity at specific location -Required NOI Individual NPDES -Rainfall Characteristics -Soil Erodibility -Topography -Vegetative Cover -Season -Climate Factors effecting erosion -Site evaluation -practice and plan development -specification -certification and notification -construction and plan implementation What does a SWPP include The rate of wearing away of natural (earth) and unnatural (embankment, slope protection, structures, etc.) surfaces by the action of external forces. Erosion Rate Erosion rate includes all erosion from sheet, rill, gully, channel, and slope failure What does erosion rate include? The amount of sediment reaching or passing a point of interest in a given period of time. Sediment Yield Sediment yield includes all erosion minus sediment that is deposited before it reaches the point of interest What does sediment yield include?

Sheet and rill erosion + other erosion Gross Erosion Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation What does RUSLE stand for -predicts longtime average annual soil loss What does the RULSE Equation predict Sheet and rill erosion only What does the RUSLE Equation predict soil loss from tons/acre/year RUSLE units A=R K LS C P RUSLE equation Soil loss (ton/acre/year) A (RUSLE) Rainfall runoff erosivity factor R (RUSLE) Soil Erodibily Factor K (RUSLE) Slope length factor L (RUSLE) Slope steepness factor S (RUSLE) Cover management factor C (RUSLE) Support practice factor P (RUSLE) Modified Universal Soil Loss Equation MUSLE T=95(V Qp)^0.56 K LS C*P

MUSCLE Equation Sediment yield in tons for a storm event T (MUSLE) Volume of runoff for the storm event (CFS) V (MUSLE) Peak flow for the storm event (CFS) Q (MUSLE) Use when calculating SOIL YIELD for a specific rainfall event at a specific location When to use the MUSLE equation The process in which, by actions of the wind, a soil particle is detached and removed from its location Wind Erosion -Surface creep -Saltation -Suspension Types of wind erosion Soil particles begin to roll along the surface Surface Creep Soil particles being to be lifted into the air but fall quickly back to the surface, bouncing and possible dislodging other particles Saltation Soil particles are lifted into the air and are blown by the wind to a location from their orgin Suspension -compaction -moisture -cover -wind speed Factors affecting soil loss from wind erosion -forming less erodible surface (increase soil moisture, chemical binders, vegetation) -Reducing surface wind speed (surface cover, orientation of surface, windscreen) How to manage wind erosion The study of the movement, distribution, and the quality of surface runoff

Hydrology -Precipitation -watershed area -soil permeability -ground cover -antecedent moisture -storage in watershed -time parameters Factors Affecting Runoff -diversion practices -slowing practices -infiltrating practices -armoring practices -pumping Managing Water Practices Expression of the surface runoff flowing through a given point with respect to time Hydrograph Time it takes runoff to travel from the hydraulically most distant point in a watershed to the design point Time of concentration Time it takes runoff to travel from one point to another point down slope along a hydraulic segment in a watershed Travel Time -Utilize pumped filtration systems to remove suspended sediment from turbid runoff. -incorporate the use of chemical treatment with flocculants (including chitosan and polycrylamides) Active Treatment Systems -visual monitoring -influent and effluent monitoring -toxicity or chemical residual testing -qualified designers and operators AST Monitoring Requirements -DIvert runoff -Convey Runoff -Intercept Ground Water -Stabilize outlet

Runoff Management -Soil roughening (scarifying soil, imprinting) -Temporary armoring -temp cover -temp vegetation -temp slope length reduction Temporary Surface Stabilization -perm vegetation -hard armoring -flexible armoring -soil roughening -bioengineering -perm slope length reduction Permanent Surface Stabilization =%germination * % purity %Pure live seed =lb mix (%germ/100) * (% pure/100) lb pure live seed nitrogen-phosphorus-potash Fertilizer = %nutrient/100 * lb mix lb. pure nutrient Definition of soil A soil is described as a natural body consisting of layers or horizons of mineral and/or organic constituents of variable thicknesses, which differ from the parent material in their morphological, physical, chemical, and mineralogical properties and their biological characteristics; at least some of these properties are pedogenic. Smallest soil particle Clay

<0.002mm Largest soil particle

sand

0.05mm to 2mm Silt 0.002mm to 0.05mm Soil horizons O, A, E, B, C, and R O horizon The upper part of the soil profile and typically consists of organic material with little mineral material and mainly comprised of decomposing leaves. The layer is generally dark in color. It is noted that in some soils, the O horizon is not present. A horizon Normally found at the surface and consists mainly of minerals from the parent material and organic matter. Many roots and organisms are visible within this layer. Like the O horizon, this layer is generally dark in color. E horizon Typically found in forest landscapes or older soils and is located below either the O or A horizons, but above the B horizon. Organic matter, clay particles, and other minerals are typically leached from the E horizon to the B horizon below, leaving a high concentration of sand and silt particles (e.g., quartz mineral) within the E horizon. This layer is generally lighter in color than the horizon above or the B horizon below. B horizon Typically referred to as a zone of accumulation as this horizon accumulates clay, organic matter, and other minerals leached from above or translocated from below. The color of the B horizon depends on the accumulation of minerals and soil formation processes. In soils with a deep-water table and iron constituents, the B horizon may be a reddish color(rust); however, in soils with a shallow-water table and iron constituents, the B horizon may be grayer(steel). C horizon Consists of the deposits at the Earth's surface from which the soil was developed and typically has little structure or development. This horizon is either considered the parent material or is very similar to the parent material (weathered bedrock, glacial till, alluvium, etc.). R horizon Typically made of rock or parent material that consist of three (3)major classifications of rock, igneous rock, metamorphic rock, and sedimentary rock.