CPH Exam Practice QUESTIONS WITH COMPLETE VERIFIED SOLUTIONS 2024/2025, Exams of Health sciences

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CPH Exam Practice QUESTIONS WITH

COMPLETE VERIFIED SOLUTIONS 2024/

Public health laws approved by city or county boards must be approved by referendum Sensitivity true positive rate; proportion of positives correctly identified as such; A/A+C Specificity true negative rate; probability of testing negative if the disease is truly absent; D/B+D A confounding variable is associated with exposure; it can strengthen or weaken Rate data such as the number of events occurring in a specified period of time are often described by which probability distribution? The Poisson distribution is often used to describe count data and can be used to describe rate data by including an offset term for the denominator of the rate. The number of independent events needed for selecting the appropriate probability model is specified by the: Probability distributions are based on the number of independent events. Degrees of freedom (to vary) are used as the specification of the number of events that can vary. If we are predicting a parameter (which is a fixed value), only the number of events minus 1 can vary and the final event would then have to be a specific value, it cannot vary and is thus not an independent event. Enteric pathogens bacteria of the intestines traditional indicator of microbiological water quality fecal coliform bacteria Health Impact Assessment a combination of procedures, methods, and tools by which a policy, program or project may be judged as to its potential effects on the health of a population, and the distribution of those effected within the population Case fatality proportion of deaths within a designated population of "cases"; # of deaths/ #of diagnosed within time period Risk communication

building and maintaining trust between spokespeople and audience is a cornerstone of effective risk communication; two-awy process with active participants on both sides Pearson correlation coefficien The Pearson's correlation coefficient is a measure of association that indicates the degrees to which two variables have a lineal relationship. The coefficient, r, can vary between - 1 and +1. When r = +1, there is a perfect positive linear relationship in which one variable varies directly with the other. When r = - 1, there is a perfect negative linear relationship between the variables. The measure can be generalized to quantify the degree of linear relationship between one variable to another. By definition, a Pearson correlation coefficient value is always between - 1 and 1. Public health emergency preparedness training key decision makers and first responders for coordinate actions; identifying surge capacity in the infrastructure; develop channels for real-time interagency communication precautionary principle philosophy or approach advocating the prevention and/or control of potential environmental hazards before there is scientific proof or consensus about the potential harm Medical care Thought to have the smallest impact on the health of the population; only 10% of America's population health is attributable to medical care Salmonella spp. First microorganism to test for when poultry is suspected to be source of foodborne outbreak Faulty organizational system primary source for medical errors, according to IOM Environmental controls that do the most to reduce the incidence of food born illness.. employing knowledgeable food handlers who do not work when they are ill and using proper temperature control Essential Public Health Services provide fundamental framework for public health activities; Core Public Health Functions Steering committee developed essential services in 1994 Threshold dose a dose below which no change in biological response occurs. Does not indicate adverse change Robust statistical procedure that is not sensitive to departures from the conditions on which it is based Complete care includes health promotion, disease prevention, early detection, appropriate diagnostic and treatment measures, follow up care and rehab. Only one of 10 basic requirements to include public health Target organ dose most relevant for determining the toxicity of an agent

PDCA

Plan Do Check Act cycle for quality improvement cryptosporidium parvum waterborne disease resulting from fecal contamination Goals of national health policy achieve an optimal balance of access to, cost and quality of care Chi square goodness of fit test always conducted as an upper tailed test; One sample for categorical or ordinal outcome; Observed- expected frequency positive predictive value number of true positives/(number of true positives + number of false positives) Malaria primary cause of illness resulting in death in developing countries of the tropical and subtropical regions utilization of medical resources influenced by unmet demand; both demand and need tend to be greater than utilizatio P value probability of obtaining the observed data or data that are more extreme if the null hypothesis were true sensitivity and specificity of screening test refer to its validity Process measure evaluation provides feedback on how well you are performing a process designed to impact the outcome structural measure evaluation assess your infrastructure or capacity Outcome measure evaluation shows whether you made progress in reaching your ultimate goal Epidemiologic triangle host, agent, environment Trihalomethanes the chlorination of drinking water can result in contamination Point Source Outbreak persons are exposed to the same source over a brief time, such as through a single meal or event. The number of cases rises rapidly to a peak and falls gradually. most cases occur within one incubation period Under the Toxic Substance Control Act the most important way that toxic substances are controlled to limit human exposure is by requiring chemical inventory, chemical testing and reporting, and pre-manufacturing notice Equation for health risk assessment risk= hazard x exposure

Intrinsic parameters for evaluating food sample pH, moisture content, oxidation reduction potential (Eh), nutrient content, antimicrobial constituents, biology structures Extrinsic parameters for evaluating food sample temperature of storage, relative humidity, presence/concentration of gases, presence of other mircroorganisms Five major incident command management functions Command, Operations, Planning, Logistics, Finance, and Administration; applies to routing an emergency, organizing for a major non-emergency event, managing a response to major disaster Incident Command sets incident objective, strategies, and priorities and has overall responsibility Incident Operations develops tactical objectives, conducts operations to carry out the plan and directs all tactical resources Incident Planning prepares Incident Action Plan to meet objectives, collected and evaluates information, and maintains both resource status and documentation Logistics provides support, resources, and all services to meet operational objectives Diffusion of Innovation Relative Advantage being better than what it will replace Propagated (progressive source) epidemic one or more of the first wave of cases serves as a source of infection for subsequent cases Continuing source outbreak group of people are exposed to single noxious influence but the exposure continues over a longer period of time. Ex. contaminated water supply. Relatively abrupt beginning of outbreak; cases don't typically arise beyond one Intermittent outbreak Could be person to person or common source that is not well controlled; could be seasonal or weather related