CPSY706: Week 11 – Resilience questions well answered already passed, Exams of Nursing

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CPSY706: Week 11 – Resilience

questions well answered already passed

What are some physical indicators of high stress levels? - correct answer ✔✔Physical indicators of high stress levels include tense or painful muscles, digestive issues, changes in sexual health, and increased heart rate and blood pressure. https://positivepsychology.com/stress-management-techniques-tips-burn-out/ What are some common "thinking traps" that can occur during periods of stress? - correct answer ✔✔Jumping to conclusions: Making assumptions without evidence. Tunnel vision: Focusing solely on the negative aspects of a situation. Catastrophizing: Exaggerating the potential negative consequences. Blame: Attributing fault to oneself or others. Overgeneralization: Applying a single negative event to a broader context. Emotional reasoning: Letting emotions dictate thoughts and actions. What is the difference between stress and burnout? - correct answer ✔✔Stress is a common response to challenges and demands, often temporary and can be managed effectively. Burnout is a more serious condition resulting from prolonged or excessive stress, leading to emotional exhaustion, cynicism, and reduced professional efficacy. To reduce psychological stress, consider these strategies: - correct answer ✔✔Build Resilience: Recovery: Return to pre-stress levels of functioning. Resistance: Show little impact from stressors. Reconfiguration: Adapt to a new normal. Enhance Sense of Coherence (SOC): Comprehensibility: Understand your situation and resources. Manageability: Believe you can handle challenges.

Meaningfulness: Find purpose and motivation. Cultivate Hope and Optimism: Maintain a positive outlook on the future. Believe in your ability to overcome challenges. (Martin Selgiman quote here on hope and optimism) How can understanding our reactions to stress and anxiety help us manage them better? - correct answer ✔✔Recognizing our personal reactions to stress and anxiety allows us to identify specific coping mechanisms and behaviors. This self-awareness empowers us to develop healthier strategies for managing stress and anxiety, leading to improved overall well-being. How do you typically respond to stress and anxiety? Do you avoid stressful situations, suppress feelings, distract yourself, try to think positively, seek help, or use a combination of these strategies? - correct answer ✔✔Reflect on these strategies: Which ones provide short-term relief but may not address the underlying issue? Which ones offer long-term support and promote overall well-being? Consider this: What might you be missing out on in life by relying on less effective coping mechanisms? What are the three main steps in Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) for managing anxiety and stress? - correct answer ✔✔Accept: Let go of struggles and accept current experiences. Choose: Decide the direction you want your life to take. Take Action: Act to achieve your valued life goals. This approach helps clients cultivate peace of mind and focus on what works rather than struggling to reduce stress and anxiety What is radical acceptance and how is it used in therapy? - correct answer ✔✔Radical acceptance, practiced in Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT), teaches clients to accept their experiences without trying to control them. Setting goals for radical acceptance helps clients understand its benefits in their lives (Linehan, 2015). Share Rewrite What is the significance of challenging core beliefs in cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT)? - correct answer ✔✔Challenging core beliefs is essential in CBT as these beliefs shape how individuals interpret

experiences and respond to stress. The Core Beliefs Worksheet helps clients reflect on their self- perception and the experiences that influence their beliefs, enabling them to reframe stressful situations through a new belief set, which can lead to healthier emotional responses (Beck, 2011). What is the goal of Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) regarding thoughts and feelings? - correct answer ✔✔The goal of ACT is to encourage clients to accept what they cannot control and commit to actions that enhance their lives. The "Thoughts and Feelings: Struggle or Acceptance?" worksheet helps clients understand their control over thoughts and feelings, promoting insight into managing them effectively (Harris, 2008). What techniques can help manage anxiety and stress effectively? - correct answer ✔✔Techniques such as grounding, meditation, and breathing exercises are effective for managing anxiety and stress. Grounding and centering techniques help regulate bodily responses, while meditation, like the "Leaves on a Stream" exercise, aids in accepting difficult emotions. These practices promote a sense of calm and prepare individuals for challenging situations (Williams & Penman, 2016; Forsyth & Eifert, 2016; Levine, 2008). What are essential self-care tips for managing stress effectively? - correct answer ✔✔Self-care is crucial for overall well-being and stress management. Consider these key aspects: Sleep: Ensure you are getting sufficient rest to think clearly. Exercise: Prioritize physical activity as it is one of the best stress relievers. Nutrition: Maintain a balanced and varied diet to support brain health. Relationships: Make time for loved ones, as healthy relationships enhance well-being. Self-Expression: Focus on activities that ignite your passions. Community and Spirituality: Explore ways to engage with your community and spiritual practices to ground yourself (Bush, 2015; Boniwell & Tunariu, 2019). What strategies can workplaces implement to reduce stress and improve employee well-being? - correct answer ✔✔To effectively manage workplace stress, organizations should consider the following strategies: Increase Psychological Safety: Foster an environment of trust and collaboration to reduce feelings of threat.

Build Regular Break Times: Schedule breaks every 120 minutes to enhance focus and productivity. Encourage Private Workspaces: Provide quiet areas to minimize distractions in open office settings.Set Boundaries Around Work Time: Establish clear expectations for work-life balance, especially with remote work. Create Flexible Work Policies: Allow flexibility to help employees juggle work and family responsibilities. Ensure Proper Role Fit: Align employees with roles they enjoy and excel in for better performance. Encourage Autonomy: Empower teams to manage their own projects without micromanagement (HBR guide to beating burnout, 2021). What are three effective activities to relieve stress and enhance positive emotions? - correct answer ✔✔Build An Emotions Portfolio: Encourage clients to cultivate positive emotions like gratitude, joy, and inspiration by creating a portfolio that highlights uplifting experiences (Fredrickson, 2010). Complete the "What is Hope?" Worksheet: This activity helps clients explore their relationship with hope, fostering a positive mindset that aids in resilience during tough times (Seligman, 2011; Fredrickson, 2010). Engage in Mindful Reflection: Use the "Who Am I Beyond My Anxiety?" activity to help clients focus on their strengths and preferences, promoting self-awareness and grounding during stressful moments (Forsyth & Eifert, 2016). What resources does PositivePsychology.com offer for stress management? - correct answer ✔✔Strengthening The Work-Private Life Barrier: Identifies behaviors that blur the line between work and personal life. The Stress-Related Growth Scale: Assesses perceived positive outcomes from stressful events. 'STOP' - Distress Tolerance: Aids in managing strong emotions and difficult situations. Reactions to Stress: Captures stressful events and reactions to identify patterns. Stress as a Stimulus for Change: Encourages reflection on necessary life changes due to stress.Additional tools available with a subscription include the 5-4-3-2-1 Stress Reduction Technique and Valued Living

During Challenging Times, which help individuals reconnect with their values during stress (PositivePsychology.com). Share Rewrite Why is embracing accountability and personal responsibility crucial for overcoming challenges and fostering resilience? - correct answer ✔✔Embracing accountability is essential for personal growth as it involves taking ownership of one's actions and decisions, which fosters self-awareness and empowerment. Acknowledging personal responsibility helps individuals learn from their experiences, build resilience, and reduce dependence on external validation. This process encourages self-reflection, allowing individuals to identify areas for improvement and take proactive steps towards change. Ultimately, accepting responsibility leads to greater self-confidence, improved relationships, and a more fulfilling life (Seligman, 2011; Padesky & Mooney, 2012; Happiness Co). Share Rewrite Put down the self-help books. Resilience is not a DIY endeavour What are some criticisms of the self-help industry? - correct answer ✔✔The self-help industry often places the burden of change on individuals, suggesting that failure to achieve desired outcomes is due to personal shortcomings, such as lack of will or motivation. This perspective can lead to feelings of shame and inadequacy, as many people find that self-help advice does not produce lasting results. Critics argue that self-help marketing creates unrealistic expectations and reinforces negative self-perceptions, making individuals feel worse when they do not succeed (Manson, 2019; Tov, 2022). Furthermore, the notion that one must solely rely on personal transformation can be overwhelming, as many struggle to maintain changes in their lives, such as weight loss or improving relationships (Manson, 2019; Seligman, 2011). What are the main criticisms of the self-help industry and its impact on personal responsibility? - correct answer ✔✔The self-help industry often promotes the idea that personal success and happiness can be achieved through simple traits and quick fixes, which can mislead individuals into believing they are solely responsible for their struggles. This perspective fosters feelings of shame and inadequacy when

outcomes do not meet expectations. Critics argue that self-help advice frequently lacks scientific backing, leading to unrealistic expectations and superficial solutions that fail to address underlying issues (Manson, 2019; Kraaijenbrink, 2019). Furthermore, resilience is not merely a personal endeavor; external stressors remain unchanged despite individual efforts, suggesting that support systems and environmental resources play a crucial role in achieving lasting change (Tov, 2022; Manson, 2019). What types of resources are essential for managing life's crises and building resilience? - correct answer ✔✔Support Networks: Having a bank of sick days, savings, or an extended family can provide immediate assistance during tough times. Community Support: Neighbors, friends, or local organizations can offer practical help, such as meals or childcare, during crises. Professional Services: Access to social workers, healthcare providers, and emergency services is crucial for navigating challenges. Financial Safety Nets: Employment insurance, pension plans, and financial advisors can assist during job loss or financial hardship. Social Support Systems: Strong social networks improve mental well-being and resilience by providing emotional support and practical help (UB School of Social Work; Ontario Psychological Association).These resources highlight that personal transformation is often insufficient without a nurturing environment that offers the necessary support and care (Tov, 2022). What is the main point the author is trying to convey about Akiko's resilience? - correct answer ✔✔The author highlights Akiko's remarkable resilience in the face of immense tragedy. Despite experiencing the devastating tsunami and losing loved ones, Akiko has shown an extraordinary ability to cope with adversity. Her determination to continue her education and rebuild her life demonstrates the strength of the human spirit and the power of community support. What is the key takeaway from Akiko's story and the author's observations about the Japanese response to the tsunami? - correct answer ✔✔The key takeaway is that cultural context and community support are crucial factors in resilience. Akiko's ability to cope with the trauma was significantly influenced by the continuity of her daily life, her connection to her community, and the culturally relevant support she received. The Japanese response, focused on practical support and maintaining normalcy, proved effective in helping individuals recover from the disaster. What is the main research question that the author and their team explored in their international study?

• correct answer ✔✔The research team explored whether the availability and quality of health, social, and educational services, as well as informal community support, contribute to the resilience of young people living in stressed environments.

What key findings emerged from a study on resilience among adolescents facing multiple challenges? - correct answer ✔✔Service Satisfaction Over Quantity: Resilience is more closely related to satisfaction with services than the number of services used, indicating that perceived quality is crucial for positive outcomes. Impact of External Support: Youth who received meaningful support from their environments—such as educational and social services—were more likely to avoid negative behaviors like drug addiction and truancy. Focus on Resources: The research emphasizes that external resources, such as community support and effective service delivery, play a critical role in helping youth navigate their challenges successfully, rather than relying solely on personal transformation What key insights were gained regarding the effectiveness of support services for at-risk youth? - correct answer ✔✔Resource Availability Matters: Individuals with access to resources significantly outperform those without, regardless of personal resilience. Service Accessibility Issues: Many vulnerable families do not utilize available services because programs are not tailored to their needs, such as requiring parents to attend meetings during work hours. Responsibility of Services: If children are not responding to treatment, it often reflects a failure of the services rather than the children's lack of motivation or ability. Environment Shapes Outcomes: Creating a supportive environment with appropriate resources can lead to positive changes in troubled children, even if they initially lack motivation (source: ). How does the speed of insurance claims settlement impact recovery after a crisis? - correct answer ✔✔Quick settlement of insurance claims significantly enhances recovery after disasters. Key points include: Faster Recovery: Individuals whose claims are settled promptly are more likely to recover quickly and experience less stress compared to those facing delays. Restoration of Purpose: Quick settlements enable people to rebuild their homes and re-engage with their communities, providing a sense of purpose and focus. Reduced Daily Stress: Timely financial support decreases the uncertainty and daily stress associated with prolonged displacement and financial insecurity. Community Support: Initiatives like mobile banking services during crises, as seen after the Fort McMurray wildfires, facilitate access to funds and expedite recovery efforts, leading to better emotional outcomes for affected residents (source: ).

What is the hierarchy of responders needed in a major disaster, and what factors contribute to effective recovery? - correct answer ✔✔In a major disaster, the hierarchy of responders is as follows: First Responders: Fire departments and paramedics are the primary responders, providing immediate medical assistance and rescue operations. Insurance Adjusters and Bankers: Quick claims settlement by insurance adjusters is crucial for recovery, as it enables individuals to rebuild their lives and reduces stress associated with financial uncertainty. Mental Health Professionals: Psychologists play a supportive role but are less critical than immediate financial and physical assistance; they help individuals cope with emotional distress after basic needs are met. Key factors contributing to effective recovery include: Community Integration: Socially integrated communities with strong relationships and support systems are better equipped to prevent mental illness and promote resilience. Timely Assistance: Rapid response from financial institutions and insurance companies significantly impacts emotional outcomes and recovery speed. Governance and Policies: Healthy communities result from good governance, progressive taxation, and social welfare policies, which create supportive environments for individuals facing crises (source: ). How do environmental factors and support systems influence resilience in the workplace and beyond? - correct answer ✔✔Resilience is significantly influenced by external factors rather than solely individual traits. Key insights include: Workplace Environment: No amount of personal development can compensate for a lack of support in the workplace. Factors like unrealistic deadlines, understaffing, and poor management contribute to employee burnout and failure. Importance of Social Justice: Fair treatment and social justice are crucial; individuals who experience fairness tend to have better physical and mental health outcomes, leading to increased productivity and happiness. Community Support: Socially integrated communities with strong relationships and resources foster resilience, demonstrating that environments play a critical role in well-being. Need for Quick Support: In crises, timely assistance from financial institutions and service providers can significantly enhance recovery, indicating that supportive environments are essential for resilience (source: 145). Collective Capacity: Improving the functioning of families, peer groups, and work teams enhances individual resilience, especially in volatile environments (source

How is culture typically understood, and what is its deeper significance? - correct answer ✔✔Culture is often seen as the customary practices and language associated with a particular racial or ethnic group. It is also conceived as a way of perceiving the world based on shared social beliefs and values. At a deeper level, culture is a complex construct, socially constructed and transmitted through language, conventions, socialization, and social institutions. Cultures are created to enhance physical survival and creature comforts, as well as to meet deeper psychological needs for meaning and significance through shared cultural metaphors and symbols. Wong, P. T. P., Wong, L. C. J., & Scott, C. (2006). Beyond stress and coping: The positive psychology of transformation. (pp. 1-26). Boston, MA: Springer US. doi:10.1007/0-387-26238-5_ p. 1- How are cultures expressions of human nature, and why do cultural differences exist? - correct answer ✔✔Cultures are expressions of human nature in all its complexity and duality, including fears and hopes, cravings and aspirations, selfishness and generosity, cruelty and compassion. They are manifestations of human imagination, creativity, intellection, and adaptation. Cultural differences exist because each culture is shaped by its unique set of physical environments, historical context, political events, and dominant religions and philosophies. These differences may gradually diminish when the hegemony of one culture dominates the global village. p. 2 Why is culture important, and how does it influence human behavior? - correct answer ✔✔Culture is important because it shapes all behaviors, even those largely determined by genetics. Cultural influences affect the manifestation of behaviors, and we also shape and create the culture in which we live. Culture influences every aspect of our existence and prescribes ways for living. Human behavior is meaningful only when viewed in the sociocultural context in which it occurs. However, psychology has long ignored culture as a source of human behavior and still takes little account of theories or data from non- EuroAmerican cultures. p. 2 How are cultures fluid and dynamic, and what responsibilities do leaders and citizens have regarding cultural changes? - correct answer ✔✔Cultures are fluid and dynamic, subject to the impact of epochal

events and frequent encounters with other cultures. A culture's likelihood of survival is reduced if it is resistant to change. However, cultural changes need not follow the path of least resistance. Both leaders and ordinary citizens have the responsibility to safeguard their cultural treasures and protect their civilization from pathological elements. This awareness and vigilance are necessary because culture is a powerful change agent, both for good and evil. p. 2 What is the concept of internalized culture proposed by Ho (1995)? - correct answer ✔✔The concept of internalized culture describes the psychological process of enculturation rather than culture as a reality external to the person. Internalized culture functions as a cognitive map for our social world and influences the formation of our worldviews. Ho suggests that human beings are both the products and creators of culture, and the relation between individual behavior and culture is best conceived as one of continuous interaction. Chun, Moos, and Cronkite also emphasize the constant interplay between culture and individuals. p 2 What fundamental questions should be asked when studying stress and coping in the context of cultural transformation? - correct answer ✔✔We should ask about the toxic and healthy elements in a culture, the socio-economic, political, and behavioral factors contributing to stress, and what can be done to transform a toxic culture. p. 3 How does cultural transformation differ from situational coping, and what skills are required for it? - correct answer ✔✔Cultural transformation is a meta-coping strategy that requires leadership skills like teamwork, shared vision, transparency, and treating people with dignity. It may also involve multicultural competencies and is aimed at overhauling the entire environment rather than solving specific problems. p. 3 What is required to alleviate suffering in communities with chronic poverty, terror, and suffering, and how long might it take? - correct answer ✔✔Significant changes such as regime-change and cultural

transformation are required, which may take more than one generation. Addressing these issues demands national or communal leadership and cultural transformation, beyond individual efforts. p. 3 What does personal transformation involve, and where is it more developed and practiced? - correct answer ✔✔Personal transformation involves changing one's meaning-value system, worldview, lifestyle, and aspects of personality through enlightenment, spiritual conversion, transcendence, duality, personal growth, and restructuring. It is more developed and practiced in Asia and has received limited attention in Euro-American psychology. p. 3 How does personal transformation differ from cognitive reframing, and why is it important in chronic, uncontrollable stress? - correct answer ✔✔Personal transformation is proactive and holistic, involving ongoing changes to one's meaning-value system, worldview, and lifestyle. It is important in chronic, uncontrollable stress because it makes stress less threatening and pain more bearable, unlike cognitive reframing, which is reactive and situation-specific. p. 3 What is multiculturalism, and how does it relate to multicultural counseling according to Leong and Wong (2003)? - correct answer ✔✔Multiculturalism is part of the global human rights movement, promoting diversity, inclusiveness, and equality while valuing ethnic differences and cultural heritage. Multicultural counseling, which stems from this movement, involves counseling across different cultures and emphasizes embracing diversity and challenging majority values. p. 4 According to Ibrahim (1991) and Ho (1995), why is it important for counselors to understand worldviews, and how do ethnicity and culture differ? - correct answer ✔✔Ibrahim (1991) emphasizes that understanding worldviews is crucial because multicultural encounters depend on the ethnicity, cultures, and sociopolitical histories of those involved. Ho (1995) distinguishes between ethnicity and culture, noting that a person may belong to an ethnic group but internalize multiple cultures from different backgrounds.

p. 4 What is the main criticism of Euro-American psychology according to Leong and Wong (2003), and how should cross-cultural psychology address this issue? - correct answer ✔✔The main criticism is that Euro- American psychology fails to recognize its own Eurocentrism. Cross-cultural psychology should adopt a multicultural perspective to avoid ethnocentrism and appreciate the complexity of indigenous psychologies. p. 4 What is a major criticism of Euro-American stress research, and what is lacking in recent reviews of stress and coping? - correct answer ✔✔A major criticism is the lack of contextualization, ignoring the cultural and situational contexts of stressful events. Recent reviews show a deficiency in research on stress and coping within cultural contexts. p. 5 What does Snyder (1999) criticize about the current state of stress and coping research, and what is seen as unhealthy for the field? - correct answer ✔✔Snyder criticizes the reliance on Western paradigms and the status quo mentality in psychology, which he believes is insufficient for addressing complex coping questions. The dominance of Euro-American psychology, especially the Lazarus and Folkman model, is seen as unhealthy for the field as it limits diverse perspectives. p. 5 What are the limitations of current stress and coping research, and what needs to be explored further? - correct answer ✔✔Current research is limited by theoretical and methodological constraints and the dominance of Euro-American psychology. There is a need to explore culturally specific coping strategies and the adaptive functions of personal transformation. p. 5

What does Stevan Hobfoll's ecological emphasis focus on, and why is it important for cross-cultural research? - correct answer ✔✔Hobfoll's ecological emphasis focuses on cultural resources and the fit between demands and coping resources, which determines the occurrence of stress and the ability to cope successfully. This approach is important for developing cross-cultural research methodologies. p. 6 What does Wong's (1993) resource-congruence model propose about effective coping, and what are the future directions for cross-cultural research? - correct answer ✔✔The model proposes that coping is effective when appropriate resources are available and congruent coping strategies are used. Future research should focus on coping schemas and implicit theories of coping, involving partners from other cultures and indigenous psychologists, and combining emic and etic research procedures. two-stage model of appraisal: primary appraisal assesses the potential stressfulness of a situation, and secondary appraisal evaluates coping options based on one's coping schema, which is rooted in cultural knowledge. p. 6 Why is construct equivalence important in cross-cultural psychology, and what cultural values are often researched? - correct answer ✔✔Construct equivalence is important because theoretical constructs reflect cultural values, worldviews, and ideologies. Cross-cultural psychology often researches individualism versus collectivism, but other cultural values also need attention, especially regarding stress and coping. Euro-American psychology often emphasizes constructs like self-efficacy and internal locus of control, reflecting liberal democratic values p. 7 According to Kluckhohn and Strodtbeck (1961), cultural values can be inferred from how people in every society answer five crucial human questions: - correct answer ✔✔(a) What is the basic nature of people? (b) What is the proper relationship to nature? (c) What is the proper focus in terms of the temporal dimension of life? (d) What is the proper mode of human activity? (e) What is the proper way of relating to one another?

p. 7 What elements do value-orientations incorporate within a culture, and why is this model important? - correct answer ✔✔Value-orientations incorporate normative cognitive (thoughts about life), conative (inclinations towards a particular course of action), and affective (feelings about what is desirable or preferable) elements. This model is important because it addresses basic existential assumptions and worldviews of different cultures, influencing concrete choices in everyday life. p. 7 What are the three types of responses to the question of human nature, and how might the belief that human nature is evil influence societal structures? - correct answer ✔✔The three types of responses to the question of human nature are: Evil, Good, or Both Good-and-Evil. Believing that human nature is evil suggests that people are inherently bad and need to be controlled by some form of authority. This belief may contribute to hierarchical, authoritarian states and collectivistic cultures where individual freedoms and rights are subservient to the needs and desires of the group and its leader. p. 7 How do different beliefs about human nature influence cultural values and societal structures? - correct answer ✔✔Believing people are born good aligns with individualistic cultures that emphasize freedom and personal responsibility. In contemporary American culture, this belief has led to a focus on empathy and viewing wrongdoers as victims of circumstances. Believing people are capable of both good and evil supports cultures that protect individual rights and freedoms while emphasizing the government's role in protecting society, as seen in the "Asian values" model exemplified by Singapore. p. 7 What are the three dominant responses to the man-nature orientation, and how do they differ? - correct answer ✔✔The three dominant responses are: Subjugation-to-Nature: Belief that life is determined by forces beyond one's control, common in primitive or poor societies. Harmony-with-Nature: Emphasizes oneness with people and nature, consistent with Taoism and North American Indian attitudes.

Mastery-over-Nature: Focuses on dominating and controlling nature, prevalent in individualistic cultures like North America and Western Europe, leading to technological progress but also environmental pollution. p. 7- What are the three temporal orientations of human life, and how do they differ across cultures? - correct answer ✔✔Past Orientation: Emphasizes traditional customs and cultural heritage, associated with traditionalism and conservatism. Examples include traditional Chinese culture and Aboriginal cultures. Present Orientation: Focuses on the current moment and immediate experiences (not detailed in the provided text but implied as a contrast). Future Orientation: Prioritizes working hard and making sacrifices for a better future, common in American culture, driving material progress but sometimes at the expense of character development. p. 8 How did Confucius' future orientation differ from the typical American future orientation, and what was its downside? - correct answer ✔✔Confucius' future orientation focused on social order and world peace through personal development and serving others. He emphasized developing oneself and helping others achieve their goals. The downside was that an education focused solely on propriety and moral virtues did not prepare China militarily against Western imperial powers. p. 8 What are the benefits and drawbacks of future and present orientations? - correct answer ✔✔Future Orientation: Benefits include successful adaptation through imagination, projection, and planning, enabling proactive coping. The drawback is the risk of a narrow focus that excludes broader humanitarian concerns. Present Orientation: Benefits include enriching life enjoyment, appreciating fleeting moments, and valuing current possessions. The drawback is that a sole focus on the present may hinder full adaptive potential and the ability to meet societal challenges. p. 8-

What are the three types of activity orientations, and how do they differ? - correct answer ✔✔Being Orientation: Focuses on spontaneous expression of desires, emotions, and personality. Example: Fiesta activities in Mexico. Related to present orientation. Being-in-Becoming Orientation: Emphasizes personal development and integration of personality through self-control. Favors personal transformation. Doing Orientation: Prominent in American society, focuses on measurable accomplishments and external standards. Example: "Let's do it" or "Let's get it done." May not be adaptive in uncontrollable situations. p. 9 What are the three types of relational orientations, and how do they differ? - correct answer ✔✔Individualistic Orientation: Values individual autonomy and personal agenda over group needs. Common in capitalistic societies, it emphasizes self-efficacy, competition, and economic success but may lead to dehumanization and weakened human bonds. Collateral Orientation: Emphasizes individuals as part of a social group, including extended family, community, and nation. It involves expanding the self to include others in one's consciousness and interactions, leading to collectivistic cultures and collective coping. Lineal Orientation: Focuses on biological and cultural relationships through time, emphasizing continuity of group goals and leadership succession. It favors a clear line of authority and cultural continuity, making it resistant to change. Examples include the aristocracy of England and the caste system in India. p. 10 What are the three basic types of religious orientations, and how do they differ? - correct answer ✔✔Atheistic Orientation: Belief that God does not exist, common in secular or communist societies. Agnostic Orientation: Belief that the existence of God cannot be proved or disproved, often found in highly educated and technologically advanced nations. Theistic Orientation: Belief that God exists, with varying conceptions such as Hindu pantheism, Christian monotheism, and the belief in a divine spirit in nature. Cultural differences exist in beliefs about God's role in human lives, with some cultures, like America, commonly believing in a personal God who answers prayers.

p. 10 What are the three alternative responses to existential questions about the meaning of life? - correct answer ✔✔There is no meaning in life. There is no inherent meaning in life, but one can create meaning through one's own efforts. There is inherent and ultimate meaning to be discovered. p. 10 What are the potential consequences of denying the possibility of meaning in life for individuals and nations? - correct answer ✔✔Denying the possibility of meaning can lead to hedonism or nihilism, resulting in self-handicapping and self-destructive behaviors. It is related to substance abuse, suicidal ideation, and psychopathology. At the national level, the absence of a clearly articulated purpose can lead to stagnation, decay, and internal strife, making it difficult to unite and mobilize people without a shared vision or goal. p. 11 What are the benefits and limitations of creating meaning through achieving personal goals? - correct answer ✔✔Benefits: Those who believe they can create meaning through achieving personal goals are likely to live very productive lives. Limitations: There are limits to self-efforts in creating meaning, especially when individuals can no longer fully function due to health problems. Self-efficacy and instrumental activities cannot always be relied upon as the sole paths to meaning. p. 11 Why is the belief in intrinsic and ultimate meaning considered the most adaptive response in catastrophic circumstances? - correct answer ✔✔The belief in intrinsic and ultimate meaning is considered the most adaptive because it helps individuals affirm the value of human existence even in the worst situations. This belief, often associated with religious faith, enables people to endure suffering with dignity and optimism, as demonstrated by Dr. Viktor Frankl. Research shows that faith and meaning

help people adjust to traumas and tragedies, addressing fundamental questions about life and core cultural values. p. 11 What does the contingency model of cultural competence predict about successful adaptation, and what is the main challenge for cross-cultural psychology of stress and coping? - correct answer ✔✔The contingency model of cultural competence predicts that successful adaptation occurs when it considers the preferred values of different cultures and the unique demands of various life situations. The main challenge for cross-cultural psychology of stress and coping is to develop constructs and instruments that reflect the preferred values of other cultures, addressing the lack of construct equivalence in the current Euro-American approach. p. 11 Why is construct equivalence important in cross-cultural research, and what challenges does it present? - correct answer ✔✔Construct equivalence is important because cultural differences in values and beliefs mean that Euro-American constructs cannot simply be generalized to other cultures. Challenges include the need to research indigenous coping constructs and the fact that the same construct might manifest differently across cultures. This neglect of construct equivalence has hindered the progress of cross- cultural psychology, making it difficult to draw valid inferences about cultural similarities and differences. p. 11- Why is stress a challenging concept for psychologists, and how is it defined and managed? - correct answer ✔✔Stress is a challenging concept for psychologists because it is dynamic and multidimensional. Originally an engineering term, stress refers to the external pressure applied to a material. In Euro- American psychology, stress is defined as external and/or internal demands that are perceived as taxing or exceeding an individual's resources (Lazarus & Folkman, 1984). The coping process, as defined by Folkman and Moskowitz (2004), involves the thoughts and behaviors used to manage these stressful demands. Stress is often seen as originating from external situations, such as major life events or everyday hassles. p. 12

How do Antonovsky (1990) and Wong (1993) expand the understanding of stress, and what is the common starting point in their definitions? - correct answer ✔✔Antonovsky (1990) highlights that stress research often overlooks the prevalence of chronic life strains and frustrations, not just daily hassles and major events. He defines a stressor as a stimulus that demands a response for which one has no immediate, adequate solution. Similarly, Wong (1993) describes stress as an internal or external condition that creates tension or upset, necessitating coping. Both definitions emphasize that the stress process begins with the cognitive appraisal of a specific situation or condition. p. 12 How do existential psychologists expand the understanding of stress beyond immediate situations? - correct answer ✔✔Existential psychologists, such as Yalom (1981) and Wong (2005), recognize that anxieties and stress can arise from an inner awareness of the vulnerable, impermanent, and unfulfilling nature of the human condition, even without any immediate stressful situation. For instance, despite living well materially, the realization that death will ultimately end all pursuits can lead to existential angst. This inner agony is not fully captured by the traditional concept of stress. p. 12 How do Buddhist and Taoist perspectives on coping with stress differ from Western views, according to Professor Chen? - correct answer ✔✔Professor Chen highlights that in Chinese culture, suffering ("shou ku") encompasses pain, hardship, adversity, and difficult times, which are externally oriented. In Buddhist psychology, suffering is linked to clinging, rejection, craving, aversion, and ignorance. Ending suffering involves overcoming ignorance and gaining insight. Conversely, the Chinese concept of stress is seen as "tension and pressure," which can be alleviated through relaxation of mind and body, and is distinct from suffering. Professor Chen questions why American academic psychology does not differentiate between stress and suffering, and how the two concepts are often conflated. p. 12- Why does Euro-American psychology prefer the concept of stress over suffering, and how do Buddhist perspectives differ? - correct answer ✔✔Euro-American psychology favors the concept of stress because it can be objectively manipulated and measured, fitting the scientific approach of the discipline. However, from a cross-cultural perspective, there is a lack of construct equivalence between stress and suffering. According to Chen, Buddhism identifies the primary source of stress and suffering within individuals, attributing it to the psychological mechanisms of craving, aversion, and ignorance. The first Noble Truth of dukkha (suffering) suggests that life can be unsatisfactory and unfulfilling even when not painful, with "unsatisfactoriness" often capturing the essence of dukkha better than "suffering" (Keown, 1996).

p. 13 How has the concept of coping evolved to include relational and collectivistic strategies? - correct answer ✔✔Lazarus (2000) emphasizes the "relational meaning" in the stress process, leading to research on relation-focused coping, which acknowledges that coping cannot be entirely based on individual efforts. This concept has been extended to collective and collectivistic coping. Chun et al. distinguish between collective coping strategies (mobilizing group resources) and collectivistic coping styles (normative coping styles of collectivistic individuals). Yeh et al. developed a collectivistic coping scale (CCS) based on East Asian values, identifying seven factors: Respect for Authority, Forbearance, Social Activity, Intracultural Coping, Relational Universality, Fatalism, and Family Support. These strategies rely on social resources within one's family and ethnic-cultural community. p. 13- How do Zhang and Long's collective coping scale and Wong's differentiation between collective coping and social support contribute to our understanding of coping strategies? - correct answer ✔✔Zhang and Long developed a collective coping scale based on strategies like support seeking, rooted in collectivistic cultural values. Collective coping involves group members rallying behind an individual with a problem, reflecting the idea that "one's business is also the business of the group" (Ho & Chiu, 1994). They incorporated items from O'Brien and DeLongi's relationship-focused coping scale, which emphasizes empathic and social support. However, Wong (1993) differentiates between collective coping and social support, noting that collective coping involves a concerted effort by all group members to tackle the same problem. This means the family or group takes on a member's problem as their own and works together to find a solution, unlike an individual seeking social support based on personal relationships. p. 14 How do cultural differences impact the use of social support and coping strategies? - correct answer ✔✔Liang and Bogat (1994) found that Chinese individuals had less functional social support compared to Anglos, attributing this to potential biases in measures developed for Western populations, which may not accurately reflect Chinese support patterns. Taylor et al. (2004) also observed that Asian Americans were less likely to utilize social support than European Americans. However, it is overly simplistic to assume that individuals from collectivistic cultures are more likely to seek social support. Yeh et al. noted that Asians prefer not to seek social support from professionals, colleagues, or strangers, and are

reluctant to reveal personal problems to outsiders, relying instead on their in-groups for collective coping. Both collectivistic and collective coping reflect an interdependent self-construal, raising the question of whether collective coping is more effective than problem-focused coping in situations beyond an individual's capacity. p. 14 How do Rothbaum and colleagues differentiate between primary and secondary control in coping strategies? - correct answer ✔✔Rothbaum and colleagues (1982) describe primary control as problem- focused coping, which involves directly addressing and attempting to change a stressful situation. In contrast, secondary control involves altering one's own feelings, thoughts, or behaviors when direct control over the situation is not possible. Secondary control aims to restore a sense of primary control in uncontrollable situations. They identify four types of secondary control: vicarious control (aligning with powerful others), illusionary control (believing in luck for a positive outcome), predictive control (anticipating future events), and interpretative control (reinterpreting the situation to regain a sense of control). p. 14-15 How do Morling and Fiske's (1999) concept of harmony control and secondary control differ from primary control, and what cultural differences exist in their use? - correct answer ✔✔Morling and Fiske's (1999) concept of harmony control is similar to secondary control, where individuals align themselves with luck, fate, or a higher being when they cannot change their environment. This contrasts with primary control, which involves directly addressing and attempting to change a stressful situation. Studies indicate that individuals from Asian cultures are more likely to engage in secondary control coping, such as harmony control, compared to those from Western cultures, who tend to favor primary control coping strategies (Yeh et al., Chapter 3). p. 15 What are the motivations behind secondary control strategies, and what are the potential downsides of focusing on control in coping theories? - correct answer ✔✔Secondary control strategies are motivated by the desire to restore a sense of control. Euro-American psychologists emphasize control in their coping theories, but Wong (1992) warns that control can be a double-edged sword, impacting well-being both positively and negatively. He suggests that psychology should also focus on the negative effects of control and prevent misuse of power. Additionally, a narrow focus on control may overlook transformational coping, a strategy widely used in Asia to handle situations beyond individual control.

p. 15 How does the Buddhist transformational approach to coping with stress and suffering work, according to Chen? - correct answer ✔✔Chen (Chapter 4) describes the Buddhist transformational approach to coping with stress and suffering, which involves developing the pathway of enlightenment and mental disciplines. This approach focuses on building inner resources such as wisdom and compassion, enabling individuals to face life's challenges with equanimity and compassion. Effective coping not only frees individuals from the negative effects of stress but also addresses the source of suffering. Chen explains that by transforming craving and aversion, or dispelling ignorance with liberating wisdom, one can be freed from suffering. Buddhism, appealing to the Chinese who have faced many hardships, offers a way to overcome cravings and suffering, providing serenity even amidst uncontrollable evils. p. 15 How does Taoism propose coping with stress and suffering, according to Chen? - correct answer ✔✔Chen (Chapter 5) explains that Taoism offers a pathway to personal transformation through the way of the Tao, which emphasizes living authentically, spontaneously, and naturally. By practicing "wu wei" (doing nothing) and letting go of the impulse to strive, individuals can achieve serenity, wisdom, and enlightenment. This approach suggests flowing like water around problems rather than actively attacking them, leading to an authentic and fulfilling life. Taoist teachings help individuals accept life's harsh realities and transcend troubles with serenity and courage. Unlike secondary control or cognitive reframing, Taoism prescribes a way of life that remains relatively unaffected by life's ups and downs. p. 15 How does Lee's bio-socio-existential model of posttraumatic response explain personality transformation in traumatized individuals? - correct answer ✔✔Lee (Chapter 8) describes a bio-socio-existential model of posttraumatic response, demonstrating that the personality structure of Koreans without prior trauma aligns with the psychobiological model (Cloninger, Svrakic, & Przybeck, 1993). However, for traumatized Koreans, their personality structure aligns with the bio-social-existential model. The Existential Factor includes subscales such as Self-transcendence, Sentimentality, Self-acceptance, Exploratory excitability, and Persistence. These subscales are similar to Wong's model of tragic optimism (Wong, 2005). Lee's findings suggest that personality transformation through these existential factors can be seen as a form of transformative coping. p. 16

How do Maddi and Harvey define hardiness, and what role does existential courage play in it? - correct answer ✔✔Maddi and Harvey define hardiness as the existential courage to face stressful circumstances openly and directly, along with the motivation to cope with them constructively. Hardiness, also known as transformational coping (Maddi & Kobasa, 1984), involves transforming stressful situations into solvable problems through commitment, control, and challenge. Rooted in existentialism, hardiness emphasizes finding meaning through the courage to make commitments and face challenges using one's resourcefulness. While primarily based on problem-focused coping, hardiness also involves the existential courage to confront ontological anxiety (Tillich, 1952). This transformation often affects one's subjective reaction to problems rather than fundamentally changing attitudes, values, or life philosophy. However, through intentional hardiness training or surviving difficult experiences, individuals can become hardy persons. p. 16 What role does meaning play in coping and survival according to Frankl and Antonovsky? - correct answer ✔✔Frankl (1986) argues that the "Will to Meaning" is a fundamental human need and a key motive for survival. In times of pain and suffering, it is this drive for meaning that helps individuals endure with dignity and hope. Antonovsky (1990) adds that a sense of coherence—where individuals perceive the world as comprehensible, manageable, and meaningful—is crucial in shaping coping responses and positively impacts health status. p. 16-17 What are the adaptive functions of religion and spirituality in coping, according to Klaassen, McDonald, and James? - correct answer ✔✔Klaassen, McDonald, and James document the wide range of adaptive functions of religion and spirituality, which have garnered increasing research attention. Pargament (1997) defines coping as "a search for significance in times of stress" and outlines eight assumptions about the coping process: (1) people seek significance; (2) events are constructed based on their significance to individuals; (3) people bring an orienting system to the coping process; (4) this system is translated into specific coping methods; (5) people seek significance through conservation and transformation; (6) coping methods are compelling to individuals; (7) coping is embedded in culture; and (8) effective coping is determined by outcomes and the process. These assumptions highlight the roles of meaning-seeking, meaning-making, and often include religious faith as part of the orienting system. p. 17 What are the existential and transformational functions of religious coping, according to Pargament, Koenig, and Perez? - correct answer ✔✔Pargament, Koenig, and Perez (2000) identify five main

functions of religious coping, as represented by the RCOPE Questionnaire: (1) Finding meaning in unexplainable and often horrific circumstances, (2) Gaining control through religious means, (3) Gaining comfort by achieving closeness to God, (4) Seeking intimacy with others and closeness with God, and (5) Experiencing life transformation. Klaassen et al. (Chapter 6) highlight studies demonstrating the existential function of religious/spiritual coping in finding positive meaning and purpose in adverse circumstances, such as HIV infection (Siegel & Schrimshaw, 2002) and breast cancer (Gall & Cornblat, 2002). p. 17 Why is acculturative stress important in the study of stress and coping, and what unique insights does acculturation research offer? - correct answer ✔✔Acculturative stress underscores the need for a multicultural approach to studying stress and coping, highlighting cultural uprootedness and minority status as unique stress sources not covered by traditional paradigms. Acculturation research is unique because it allows the study of how different ethnic or cultural groups in the same host country adjust to acculturation stress, rather than comparing different countries. This research can reveal cultural differences in values, attitudes, and resilience, offering both practical and scientific benefits, especially given the diverse ethnocultural populations in many countries. p. 16-17 Why is it important to study acculturation in its cultural contexts, and what are the key aspects of long- term adaptation to cultural change according to Berry? - correct answer ✔✔Berry (Chapter 12) emphasizes the importance of studying acculturation within its cultural contexts from a cross-cultural psychology perspective. This involves linking the acculturation of an ethnic group with the psychological acculturation of individuals within that group. Berry highlights that long-term adaptation to cultural change is multifaceted, distinguishing between psychological adaptation (involving psychological and physical well-being) and sociocultural adaptation (how well individuals manage daily life in a new cultural context). Both aspects are crucial in research on acculturative stress. p. 18 What are some examples of the effects of acculturative stress on different groups, as discussed in various chapters? - correct answer ✔✔Acculturative stress affects various groups in different ways. Padilla and Borrero (Chapter 13) highlight how traditional Hispanic family values, such as defined gender roles, intergenerational interdependence, and the importance of religion, are undermined by the individualistic culture of the host country, leading to marriage and family conflicts due to different rates of acculturation among family members.

Takano (Chapter 14) documents the challenges faced by Japanese-Canadian women coping with domestic violence. These women, far from their support networks, face numerous acculturative stressors and become vulnerable to abusive husbands. Lilian Wong (Chapter 15) examines the stress experienced by visible minority students in clinical supervision. These students, often immigrants or sojourners, face triple-acculturative stress: adjusting to a host culture, a new university, and coping with clinical supervisors who lack multicultural sensitivity. Their cultural values can make them overly sensitive to stress, but they also show resilience through endurance, persistence, and family support. p. 18 How do Vietnamese refugee women and Aboriginal people in Canada demonstrate resilience in the face of acculturative stress, according to Tan Phan and McCormick and Wong? - correct answer ✔✔Tan Phan (Chapter 18) highlights the resilience of Vietnamese refugee women who cope with uprootedness and acculturative stress by finding meaning and purpose in their sacrifices, aiming for their children's success and a better future in Canada. These women use diverse coping strategies, including collective support from extended families, friends, and the Vietnamese ethno-cultural community, to achieve their goals and live meaningful lives under difficult circumstances. McCormick and Wong (Chapter 22) report on the resilience of Aboriginal people in Canada, who draw strength and support from their cultural heritage and community despite a history of discrimination. Spiritual and collective coping strategies are crucial to their resilience and optimism. p. 18 How do McCreary et al.'s IMPACT Program and Matsumoto et al.'s ICAPS contribute to our understanding of coping and resilience in multicultural contexts? - correct answer ✔✔McCreary, Cunningham, Ingram, and Fife (Chapter 21) describe the IMPACT Program, a family-based psycho- educational intervention designed to address acculturation and stress in African American communities. This program leverages adaptive childrearing strategies, such as restricting play, keeping children indoors, and relying on prayer, spirituality, and religious support, highlighting the importance of multicultural perspectives on coping and resilience. Matsumoto, Hirayama, and LeRoux (Chapter 16) developed the Intercultural Adjustment Potential Scale (ICAPS), which identifies specific psychological skills crucial for successful intercultural adjustment: emotion regulation, openness, flexibility, and critical thinking. While these skills are effective, they are based on Euro-American individualistic models and do not include collective and transformational coping skills commonly used in Asia.