Rehabilitation Counseling and Disability Management: A Comprehensive Guide, Exams of Psychology

Download Rehabilitation Counseling and Disability Management: A Comprehensive Guide and more Exams Psychology in PDF only on Docsity! CRC Prep For Mom Questions And Answers. Explain the importance of The Smith-Hughes Act of 1917 - \Federal Funding to states was authorized on a matching basis for vocational education programs Summarize the Rehabilitation Act of 1973 - \Services were mandated for people with the most severe disabilities. Client Assistance Programs were implemented. Increased funding for Rehabilitation and disability research. Mandated program evaluation and employment rights for people with disabilities through Title V What are the Rehabilitation Act of 1973 Title V Sections 501-504? - \Section 501 - Affirmative Action in Federal Hiring Section 502- Enforcement of Accessibility Standards for Federal Buildings Sections 503- Affirmative Action by Federal Contact Recipient Section 504- Equal Opportunities Summarize the Rehabilitation Act Amendments of 1992 - \The idea of empowerment, self-determination, and informed choice at individual and agency levels was implemented. State VR agencies has to establish the standards for "qualified personnel" and ensure an emphasis on master's degree and counselor certification. State-federal funding match was set at 78.7%. Rehabilitation engineering services are to be provided, as well as training of rehabilitation counselors from minority backgrounds. Summarize the Workforce Investment Act of 1998 - \State-federal VR programs were linked with workforce investment systems. Development of the one-stop centers. Summarize the Rehabilitation Act Amendments of 1998 - \Established automatic eligibility for people receiving SSI or SSDI benefits. Emphasized outreach and services for transition-age youth minorities. Describe the impact on the Americans with Disabilities Act Amendments of 2008 - \The definition of disibilty was revised and broadened the scope of coverage Summarize the Workforce Innovation and Opportunity Act and the Rehabilitation Act Amendments of 2014 - \Replaced the Workforce Investment Act of 1998. State VR agencies must set aside 15% of their federal funds to provide pre-employment transition services to student with disabilities who are eligible or potentially eligible for services, Local labor market analysis, employer engagements and customized training were emphasized. Primary performance indicators identified for employment outcomes, including youth with the most significant disabilites. Summarize the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 - \A civil rights law enacted to prevent discrimination and enable individuals with disabilities to participate in all aspects of society. Equal opportunity is guaranteed through employment (Title I), public services, (Title II), public accommodations (Title III), telecommunications (Title (IV), and other miscellaneous provisions (Title V) Define rehabilitation counseling - \A systematic process that assists individuals with disabilities to achieve their personal, career, and independent living goals in the most integrated setting possible through applying the counseling process Define vocational rehabilitation as identified in the Rehabilitation Act of 1973 - \A comprehensive sequence of service planned by the consumer and rehabilitation counselor to maximize employability, independent, integration, and participation of people with disabilities in the workplace and community For state vocational rehabilitation agencies, what is the criteria to be eligible for services? - \Have a physical or mental impairment that results in a substantial impediment to employment and can benefit from in terms of an employment outcome for VR services Explain the order of selection - \A plan developed by state VR agencies to prioritize services for people with several significant disabilities, or most significant disabilities, such that they receive the highest priority; individuals with less need may be placed on a waiting list Explain the primary goal of private-sector rehabilitiation - \For individuals receiving workers' compensation services, this ensures an early return to work and a minimization of loss of earnings capacity by the injured worker to help ease insurer and employer losses Describe the role of a rehabilitation counselor in forensic rehabilitation - \Often referred to as a vocational expert, the rehabilitation counselor is retained by an organization, individuals, or company to present information on work and earning capacities. May also do life-care planning Define ethics - \A set of moral principles or values that governs the conduct of an individual or a group Identify early intervention for first-episode psychosis (6) - \Cognitive behavioral therapy, low-dose medication treatment, psychoeducation, family intervention, problem-solving skill, and crisis and case management services as part of a holistic approach. Describe evidence-based practices for dual diagnosis - \Integrative Dual Diagnosis Treatment (IDDT) offers a co-location of mental health and substance use disorder services with services provided by the same treatment team utilizing a recovery-oriented approach. IDDT emphasizes that clients make small steps to their sobriety and mental health management. Describe the eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) evidence-based intervention. - \A controversial technique in which an external stimuli is used to help an individual access traumatic memories with the goals of the individual developing new insight and learning related to the traumatic memory Describe trauma-focused cognitive therapy (TF-CBT) evidence-based intervention. - \A short-term intervention using cognitive and behavioral principles. It was used initially with children and adolescents who needed emotional regulation and the ability to cope with traumatic experiences. It is now an intervention aimed at parents of children who experienced a traumatic event Describe motivational interviewing in evidence-based practices - \A counseling method used to address the ambivalent feeling an individual may have regarding changes needed to make behavioral changes What is a treatment plan? - \A plan that details the individual's behavioral change process developed after case conceptualization and assessment of the individual's needs and issues Describe solution-focused brief therapy. - \Therapy in which the individual subjective experiences are examined within the individual's sociocultural content, with the future being determined by the individual and not past events Describe culturally competent counseling - \Previously know as multicultural counseling, it is an approach that the counselor must be aware of their own biases, prejudices, values, and preconceived ideas while working with a client. The counseling process requires the counselor to have the skills and knowledge to work within the context of the client's culture What is the social-justice paradigm? - \Advocacy and activism are used to address unjust and unequal conditions that impact an individual in all aspects of their lives Define empowerment as it relates to an approach in counseling - \This approach focuses on the strengths, capabilities and opportunities of an individual rather than their shortfalls Define the role of clinical supervision - \Supervisors use clinical techniques to provide supervision, focus on the individual's professional and personal development, and direct the clinical work of frontline staff so that client services meet the goals and standards of the organization Define the role of clinical supervision for rehabilitation professionals - \Clinical supervision for rehabilitation professionals fosters skill development in psychosocial interventions, encourages personal growth and self-efficacy, and establishes supervisees' case conceptualization skills around health, mental health, and disability issues Clinical supervision includes five activities. Describe each activity - \Support: supervisors create a safe environment for their supervisee Consultation: supervisors and supervisees work collaboratively Counseling: supervisors utilize skills, such as empathy and positive regard, when working with supervisees Training and Instruction: supervisors determine the best approach when educating supervises on skills, knowledge and theories Evaluation: supervisor provides constructive feedback and professional development for the supervisee Describe the 5 basic formats of clinical supervision - \1. Self-supervision: counselors review their own work, assess for needs, and intervene when necessary 2. Individual supervision: experienced professionals monitor, evaluate, and mentor counselors-in-training 3. Team supervision: professional from multiple disciplines consult about clients 4, Group supervision: professionals consult with others in the same profession 5. Peer supervision: consultation and evaluation of clinical work with peers with whom no power differential exists Describe person-centered theory - \Often referred to as client-centered theory. Main goal is to facilitate growth and movement toward self-actualization, which can be hindered by the individual's view of themselves. An individual's self-image, self-esteem, and ideal self-comprise the way they see themself Describe the three conditions that shape self-concept according to person-centered theory. - \Genuineness- counselor must be genuine, open, and authentic during client-counselor interactions Unconditional positive regard- counselors' acceptance, caring, and valuing of the client Accurate empathic understanding- counselors' ability to understand sensitively and accurately a client's experiences and feelings Describe Existential Theory. - \Based on the fundamental issues of the human condition, with the focus on facilitating meaning and purpose in one's life Identify the goal and techniques of Existential Theory - \Awareness is the primary goal. Counselors facilitate empathy by entering the client's world to understand their world view. Describe Gestalt theory. - \Founded by Fritz Perls, this theory refers to the unified whole: meaning the whole is greater than the sum of the parts. The understanding of a human by the product of the interrelationship between thoughts, feelings, perceptions, mind, soul, and sensations as opposed to understanding each separate part of an individual. Identify the goals and techniques of Gestalt Theory - \Gestalt techniques focus on the here and now. Common techniques used in Gestalt are empty chair, pronouns, sharing hunches, and dreamwork Describe behavioral therapy - \A compilation of approaches and techniques used to address current behavior. Counselors provide multiple assessment while working with an individual and see behavioral problems as the consequence of learnt negative behaviors Identify and describe the 2 major underpinnings of behavioral therapy. - \Classical conditioning is the learning process that occurs through associations between an environmental stimulus and a naturally occurring stimulus. Operant conditioning based on reinforcement (anything that increases the frequency of a behavior) and punishment (anything that decreases the frequency of a behavior). Reinforcement and punishment can be negative or positive Identify the goals of behavioral therapy - \Helping increase person choice and create new conditions for learning. Define caseload managment - \The practices and processes involved in the management of a total caseload. This includes establishing a system to monitor, prioritize, and select which cases to work on, estimating amount of time to work on each case, and moving between cases Define records as it pertains to caseload management - \The physical recording(s) made by a counselor related to their work. This can include case notes, financial documentation, copies of correspondence, releases of information, signed plans and forms Describe the purpose of records in caseload management - \In addition to ethical, legal, and professional reasons, caseloads management is to assist counselors in providing individuals with disabilities the best services. Records are subjected to being subpoenaed and can be used when ethical complaints are filed or counselors' decisions are challenged Explain the role of clinical case notes in record keeping. - \Are documentation that contains specific, sensitive, and personal information. Counselors summarize the information and the content and form being subjective. Clinical case notes are open to clinical interpretation and not a counselor's personal notes. Explain the handling and storing of records - \Each agency should have a clear, detailed, written policy that outlines how records are to be handled, This includes how long records are the be maintained before being destroyed. Describe the Biopsychosocial Model of Disability - \A holistic approach that asserts that disability results from the interaction of biological, psychological, social, environmental factors Describe the Clinical Case Management Model - \Involving assessment and care coordination designed around the individuals' rehabilitation or care plan with the counselor/case manager provides counseling, therapy, or education Describe the Strengths-Based Case Management Model - \Involves the encouragement of the individual and counselor/case manager to focus on strengths and abilities instead of limitation or pathology Describe how collaboration is an effective technique in caseload management - \A counselor needs to be open and flexible in the collaborations. Collaborators need to be be aware of their own limitations and be willing to learn about other's perspectives Identify How conflicts can arise between a counselor and client - \Can be the result of a client's perception of a wrong done by the counselor against them. The wrongdoing may be intentional, unintentional, or a result of lack of competency of the counselor Identify ways in which a counselor can avoid unnecessary conflicts and ethical problems (9) - \Practice only in the areas of competence, do not sue clients for unpaid fees, utilize thorough and completes disclosure statements and informed consent forms, never guarantee or imply a guarantee of an outcome, establish and maintain professional boundaries, always use supervision, monitor self-disclosure forms, stay up to date on ethical codes and laws, and monitor your own effectiveness as a counselor Define the term advocacy - \According to the CRCC Code of Professional Ethics for Rehabilitation Counselors, advocacy is promoting well-being of individuals, groups and the profession within systems and organization by seeking fair and equal treatment and access for clients, and the removal of barriers or obstacles that inhibit access, growth, and development Describe the risk assessment process - \The process by which hazards and risk factors that may cause harm are identified. An assessment of the risks associated with the identified hazards is conducted and ways to manage or eliminate the hazard completely are identified. In a rehabilitation counseling, this most often occurs in the identification, assessment. and plan for reducing suicide and homicide risk. Define a mental health crisis - \Any situation in which a person's behavior puts them at risk of harm to self or others and/or inability to care for self or others What is involved in risk assessments? - \Risk assessment involve structured questionnaires or open-ended conversations so the counselor can gain insight into the individual's thoughts, behaviors, and risk factors Define trauma - \A cognitive, emotional, and physical response to powerful negative event or series of events in which the individual perceives themselves or a loved one as experiencing serious harm What is involved in a trauma assessment? - \The gathering and organizing of client and crisis-related information so a treatment plan can be developed and implemented Describe a safety plan for an individual with a mental health crisis - \Also known as psychiatric advance directives, the plan is developed by the individual and a professional during a time of psychiatric stabilization to determine the preferred plan for care during a potential mental health crisis Define polytrauma - \2 or more injuries to the physical regions or organ systems, with one of the injuries potentially being life-threatening, resulting in impairments and functional disability Define polytrauma injuries - \Injuries that impact an array of body systems with the impact categorized a mild, moderate, or severe Describe the Individualized Placement and Support (IPS) model of services - \An evidence-based model with employment services designed specifically to improve employment outcome for individuals with serious mental illness Describe transitional employment services - \Employment services that place an individual on the job with the goal of increasing job readiness and professional work behaviors. May not lead toward competitive employment but it s pathway to competitive employment Describe customized employment services - \Employment is individualized to benefit the job seeker and employer. Can include task reassignment or development of new job to meet employer needs, job carving, and job sharing. The job seeker does not include clinical team collaboration Describe supported self-employment services. - \An adaption of Individualized Plan and Support (IPS) for individuals seeking self- employment Define motivational interviewing - \A client-centered approach that requires client to resolve ambivalence and encourages behavioral change Identify the difference between crisis and disasters - \Disasters are a type of crisis that causes significant damage, harm, or injury to a community or society A crisis may not be a disaster. A crisis can occur at the individual or group level; it is a matter of perception and dependent on personal and environmental resources Define crisis-intervention - \Short-term care that occurs immediately after a crisis, disaster, or trauma-causing event Identify the goals of crisis intervention - \Relieving crisis symptoms, resorting prior levels of functioning, identifying factors leading to the crisis, identifying and applying remedial measures connection current stressors with prior life experiences, and developing adaptive coping strategies Describe communication limitations in a group setting - \Group members will need to be able to express themselves in various ways. Utilization of assistive technology and alternative communication methods may encourage all members to participate In a group counseling, describe attention/ behavioral difficulties and fatigue - \Group sessions may need to be modified to address attention and/or fatigue experienced by group members. This includes behavioral; and physical fatigue. Group engagement will need to be addressed to ensure all members are able to participate Describe how physical and sensory impairment may impact group counseling - \Group members may rely on various mobility aides, communication devices, or alternative communication methods to participate in a group session. Group members and leaders need to accommodate all participants by providing support to ensure full engagement Describe authoritarian group leadership style - \The group leadership and control is maintained by group leader, as they are seen as the experts. Communication can be direct. Group members may experience little responsibility for their accomplishments. Describe the democratic leadership style - \This group leadership involves a leader that is more group-centered and less directive. Leaders are more of a facilitator in this setting. There is collaboration between the leader and members. A problem-solving framework is created so that members can express members have more ownership in the group Describe laissez-faire group leadership - \Leadership is maintained among the group members, with the groups leader allowing the group to flow. The leader is more of a resource and may be a member of the group. Group norms, direction and goals may be difficult to establish in this leadership style Identify core set of skills that is required for successful group leadership (12) - \Active listening, restating, clarifying, summarizing, questioning, interpreting, confronting, reflecting feelings, supporting members, emphasizing, facilitating, and goal setting are some of the skills a leader will need In family counseling, describe the individual and systems dynamics - \In family counseling, the family is viewed as a single identity instead of the individual family members. The behavior of individual is viewed in context of the family Describe circular causality in family counseling - \The idea that everyone's behavior affects everyone else's behavior is circular causality. Self-perpetuating cycles are examined rather than individual relationships Describe content versus process dynamics in family counseling - \Content is the issue being addressed, while process is how the issue occurs in family interactions. The focus should be on process and not content Define family systems theory - \The conceptualizing of group as related elements that interact to identify the entire group identity Describe the concepts of intergenerational family therapy - \Differentiation of self- the idea that the social group influences the way individuals think, feels, and act. Triangulation - when a two-person system is unstable and becomes as three-person system due to stress. The third person replaces the conversation between the first two individuals or acts as a messenger Describe psychoanalytic family therapy - \Therapy based on the theory that identifying basic wants and needs impact the individual's ability to interact with others' problems are identified within people instead of between people Describe humanistic and experiential family therapy - \The therapist and family have mutually shared experiences, which is the focus. The therapist helps family members explore the turmoil that is created by coaching them on how to address it. Describe behavioral and cognitive behavioral family therapy - \Therapists focus on the discrete problem areas. The problem areas are defined by behaviors patterns and the goal is to modify specific behavior or thought patterns. Describe structural family therapy - \The interactions between family members are investigated to understand family structure. The therapist attempts to create clear boundaries for family members, increase flexibility and modify a dysfunctional family structure Describe strategic family therapy - \The focus is on solving problems by focusing on behaviors. All family members are responsible for change and outcomes Describe narrative and constructivist family therapy - \The focus is on understanding the meaning that each family member attributes to familial problems or events rather than the interaction between family members. The family members are viewed as shaping how they understand the world, explain the world, and how those meanings are constructed. Describe solution-focused family therapy - \The goal is solution-focused and encourages individuals to talk about solutions instead of problems. It is seems as a positive approach since it focuses on solutions What are family characteristics that influence a family's response to disabilities? - \Risk factors, protective factors, belief systems, access to coping resources family history, family relationships and communication systems, and who in the family had the disability What are the five-levels of guidance for an intervention to conceptualize the intensity of counselor interface with families? - \1 - focus on the client 2 - provide information for the family 3- provide emotional support for the family 4- provide structured assessment and intervention 5 - provide family therapy In group and family counseling, describe how informed consent could be handled. - \The therapist of leader should provide information to all individuals on confidentiality, services to be provided, roles and responsibilities of members, how to withdraw from the group, and the potential risks and benefits of participating How does Social Security Administration define disability? - \The inability engage in any substantial gainful activity (SGA) due to any medically determinable physical or mental impairment that can be expected to result in death or has lasted or can be expected to less for a continuous period of no less than 12 months Describe Social Security disability insurance - \Known as SSDI, it provides eligible people with disabilities with monthly income benefits and Medicare insurance. It us ab eligibility program, so the person must have worked a significant period while paying Social Security taxes, be permanently disabled, and earn less than significant gainful activity Define Substantial Gainful Activity (SGA) - \Refers to specific amount of monthly earnings. The Social Security Administration specifies amount for SGA Describe Social Security Income - \a program in which cash assistance payments and Medicaid eligibility is given to qualifying adults and children who meet the SSA disability criteria and have limited income and resources and are under the age of 65 or blind Describe Ticket to Work - \An employment program designed to provide individuals receiving social security benefits with the support needed to enter or reenter the workforce, maintain employment, and become self-sufficient \Basic career services- available to all individuals seeking employment and training services Individualized career services- intensive service that can be provided when it has determined that basic career services are not enough Follow-up services - services for individuals who are placed in unsubsidized employment for up to 12 months after their start date Define life-care planning - \Is a specialty area that involves healthcare and legal professionals. Is used to access the medical needs and document an individual's current functioning while identifying long-term needs, includes social, education, and vocational needs Describe the different health care benefits and coverage found in the U.S. - \Primary care - routine, general and ongoing health care services for those seeking services for a new medical concern Preventative care- services to maintain health and prevent the development of illness, includes annual examinations, health education and counseling Catastrophic health insurance- also known as major medical insurance, it is used for the treatment of a severe or lengthy injury or illness and is designed to avoid financial hardship or catastrophe Mental healthcare- to treat or support individuals with psychiatric, emotional, or behavioral health conditions Chronic healthcare- care for ongoing, continuing health problems or conditions Long-term care- health services, personal care, social services, and other services needed by those who have permanent or long-term functional impairments Describe COBRA Health insurance - \COBRA mandates the right of temporarily continue health coverage at group rates for former employees, retirees, spouses, former spouses, and dependent children Describe HIPAA - \The Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act limits the ability of health plans to deny insurance based on health status of individuals who were previously insured for 18 months or more. HIPAA excludes coverage of preexisting conditions Describe the Family and Medical Leave Act (FMLA) - \Mandates that employer continue to provide health benefits for qualifying individuals who require time off from work due to serious illness or injury in order to care for another family member or to have to adopt a child What are defined benefits under healthcare benefits? - \The medical goods and services designed as covered under the insurance plane - and the circumstances under which coverage applies What is a defined contribution plan? - \A plan that defines a fixed of money that may be put toward a benefit, regardless of the cost Explain the Affordable Care Act - \The act expanded coverage provisions and comprehensive reforms for individuals and small group insurance plans are defined. Preventative and wellness services are required to be covered Explain managed care - \A healthcare management and delivery system designed to manage healthcare cost. Cost is reduced through financial incentives for physicians and patients to choose less expensive from of care. There is an emphasis on preventative care, conducting formal reviews of medical necessity and cost of medical services, and limiting inpatient admissions and length of stay Describe the 3 most common forms of managed care health insurance plan - \HMOs- Health Maintenance Organization that negotiate with medical providers to provide designated health services for a fixed, prepaid premium. Patients select from a list of approved primary car physicians and must receive a referral to see a specialist PPOs - Preferred Provider Organizations that contract with providers to provide care at a discounted rate but allows patients to select PCPs outside of the network. Member have more flexibility in selecting specialists POS - a combination of HMOS and PPOs, patients can receive in-network care at a lower cost or select out-of-networks and pay higher out-of-pocket-cost Explain Medicaid - \Authorized by Titles XIX of Social Security Act, it is a public insurance program the provides health care coverage to eligible low-income families and individuals receiving SSI can qualify for Medicaid Explain Medicare - \Authorized by Title XVIII of the Social Security Act, it is a federal health insurance program for individuals aged 65 or older regardless of income or health, and individuals with disabilities who are under 65 years of age. It is financed by payroll taxes and monthly premiums deducted from Social Security Checks Identify the different parts of Medicare - \Part A is hospital insurance. Part B is Supplementary Medical Insurance. Individuals covered under Parts A and B are covered under what is known as original Medicare. Medicare Part C are plans offered through private companies that are approved by Medicare. Part D is prescription coverage. Explain short-term group disability insurance - \It is group insurance provided often time's by an employer, and it provides benefits on a short-term basis for total or partial disabled individuals. Benefits are to replace a portion of the employee's regular income. Explain group long-term insurance - \Starts after short-term disability coverage ends. Benefits are awarded until the employee returns to work or reaches a certain age or until a certain amount of time had passed Describe individual short-term and long-term insurance - \Short-term insurance for individuals that lasts 1 to 12 months. Long-term insurance is when individuals have a portion of their monthly income paid due to being unable to work due to a covered total disability Insurance is acquired by the individual and not through an employer or organization for short-term and long-term insurance Explain personal injury insurance - \Also known as no-fault insurance, this type of insurance pays for medical cost and out- of-pocket expenses following an injury or disability - regardless of who is at fault for the accident or injury Describe how disability impacts an individual's health - \An individual with a disability does not mean an individual is in poor health, but it does mean the individual has a higher risk for experiencing chronic illness and disability Explain the difference between health and wellness - \Health includes environmental and personal factors, while wellness is a desired state and an active process of striving for health and well-being Identify the meaning of wellness - \A construct that includes physical, emotional, social, occupational, spiritual, intellectual, and environmental dimensions Define self-management - \Developing and utilizing the skills necessary to have an active and satisfying life in the face of a chronic condition Explain the Theory of Reasoned Action - Describe the INCOME framework of career development - \A culturally inclusive and disability-sensitive framework that conceptualizes the career development of people with disabilities, INCOME stands for Imagining, iNforming, Choosing, Obtaining, Maintaining, and Exiting Describe the social learning theory of career development - \Individuals make career decision based on cognition and behavior. There are four categories that influence career development: genetic endowment and special attributes, environmental conditions, and events, learning experiences and task approach skills Describe social cognitive career theory - \This theory describes how individuals develop their career interests, set goals, develop competence, and persist in achieve career goals. There is an emphasis on self-efficacy outcome expectations, and goal setting as essential Describe Super's life-span theory - \This theory describes the career development stages individuals go through in their life span. Individuals view work differently at different at different stages of their lives. Life roles and life stages are key components. Identify the six life stages and life roles used in Super's lifespan theory - \Life stages with age range are: growth (birth to 14), exploration (15-24), establishment (25-44), maintenance (45-65), and decline (65+) Life roles are categorized as child, student, leisurite citizen, worker, and homemaker or parent Individuals can experience any stage during their lifetime Define labor market analysis - \The practice of conducting an analysis that influences labor market information by organizations, employers, disability, service providers, and job seekers. This includes job market size, openings, supply and demand for labor, labor requirements for jobs and characteristics of the workforce by industry, occupation, education and training requirements, and wages What is the Dictionary of Occupational Titles? - \Published in 1991, the DOT is a comprehensive occupational information resource covering the occupations in the U.S. Labor market Describe the Dictionary of Occupational TItles coding structure - \First three digits describe the category, division, group of the occupation Middle three digits describes tasks in the occupation by data-people-thing Last three digits are the order of titles within the six digit code How are jobs analyzed for the Dictionary of Occupational Titles? - \Worker functions, vocational aptitudes, temperaments, interects, physical, demands, working conditions, general educational development, and specific vocational preparation What is the Occupational Information Network? - \Also known as O*NET, this network, developed in 1998, is a database of occupational and worker characteristics/attributes. Occupations are described in terms of skills and knowledge requirements, ways in which work is performed, and typical work setting What is the Standard Occupational Classification system? - \Developed in 2018, the SOC is used by federal statistical agencies to classify occupational categories for the purpose of collecting, calculating, or disseminating data, All workers are classified intro one of the 867 detailed occupations What is the North American Industry Classification System? - \The NAICS is used by federal statistical agencies in classifying businesses for the purpose of collecting, calculating, or disseminating data related to the U.S. business economy. It was adopted in 1997 to replace the Standard Industrial Classification System (SIC) What is the Occupational Outlook Handbook? - \A resource that provides detailed information on 561 occupations that provide most jobs in the U.S. Information included is nature of work, typical functions, working conditions, employment prospect, education and other qualifications, employment outlook, wage or salary levels, related occupations, and sources of additional information Describe job analysis - \A systematic study of the worker in terms of job duties, methods, techniques used to do the job, the resulting products or services produced, and traits necessary to accomplish the job Define a transferable skills analysis - \An analysis of an individual's past employment history, education, and experience used to identify skills that may be transferable to new job task or opportunities Define a reasonable job accommodation - \A modification to a job, work environment, or the way work is performed that allows an individual with a disability to apply and perform a job, including equal access available to others in the workplace Define job restructuring - \A form of reasonable accommodation that allows qualified individuals with disabilities to perform their job effectively. This may include reallocating or redistributing the marginal functions of a job to another employee What is the job accommodation network? - \JAN is on online free website information on accommodation and employment issues. Define job placement - \Job placement is the process in which individuals complete a set of activities with the goals of locating a suitable job Define employability skills - \Specific employability skill are job specific and vary from one job class to another; examples include intelligence, aptitudes, knowledge, and skills General employability skills are not job specific and are skills required in every job. Examples include grooming and hygiene, attendance, and productivity Define placeability - \The degree of sophistication in job-acquiring skills. It addressessed a person's ability to obtain a job. Define job seeking skills training - \Training designed to teach individuals with disabilities to determines job suitability vocational strengths,, and limitations, as well as how to prepare a resume, perform at the job interview, and secure job leads. Job clubs is an example of job seeking skills training Define selective placement - \The precise and detailed matching of the individuals' abilities with the work environment and job requirements Describe direct placement interventions - \The marketing of the benefits of hiring people with disabilities to employers and the ability to supply employers with qualified candidates with disabilities using selective placements Define client center placement - \An intervention in which clients are supported in becoming self-directed, self-motivated individuals who can take charge of their own lives and develop the attitudes and skills needed to obtaining and maintaining employment Define supported employment - \A competitive employment in the integrated setting with ongoing support for individuals with the most significant disabilities for whom competitive employment has not \Raw score is the performance on the test, but this information is meaningless without information about the test instrument. Standard score is the score used to make norm- referenced interpretation of the test results in comparison to a comparison group Examine how percentiles are used in assessment - \Not to be confused with the percentage of questions correct on assessment (raw score), it is the percentage of individuals in the comparison group that scored lower than the individual. Describe the ways to interpret scores - \Self-reference interpretation - an individual's score compared to an internal frame of reference (individual's test performance over time on a single instrument) Criterion-referenced interpretation- comparing an individual's score to an external requirement (individual's test score meeting an employer requirement) Norm-reference interpretation - comparing an. individual's scores with those of other individuals, usually done with percentiles against against the normal group Identify how rehabilitation counselors can prepare individuals for assessments - \Communicate the importance of the individuals input throughout the assessment process and the individual knows what to anticipate during the assessment process Describe the Wide Range Achievement Test, Fifth Edition - \An achievement test that measures fundamental academic skills. Best for individuals that have not been in an educational setting recently. It can be used to determine basic reading and mathematical skills. Consists of four subtest that measure sentence comprehension, word reading, spelling, and math computation. Scores are reported as raw scores, grade equivalents, standard scores, and percentile ranks. Describe the Peabody Individual Achievement Test-Revised - \An achievement test that assesses mathematics, reading, reading comprehension, spelling, general information, and a total score Describe the Adult Basic Learning Examination, Second Edition - \An achievement test used to determine the general educational level of adults who have not completed a formal 8th grade education, to identify strengths, and used for educational planning. Scores are presented as Vocabulary, Reading Spelling, computation, and Problem-solving. There are three different levels of the test. A screening battery may be administered if time is limited Describe the O*Net Ability Profiler - \A free aptitude test based on the General Aptitude Test Battery. Consists of 11 timed tests to measure basic abilities needed in employment: Verbal Ability, Arithmetic Reasoning, Computation, Spatial Ability, form Perception, Clerical Perception, Motor Coordination, Manual Dexterity, and Finger Dexterity. Not all subtests must be administered Describe the Armed Services Vocational Aptitude Battery (ASVAB) - \An aptitude test used to classify and select potential military recruits. Consists of 10 subtests: General Science, Work Knowledge, Paragraph Comprehension, Electronics Information, Code Speed, Arithmetic Reasoning, Mathematics Knowledge, Mechanical Comprehension, Auto and Shop Information, and Numeral Operations Describe the Differential Aptitude Test Fifth Edition, Forms C and D - \An aptitude test that is used for vocational and educational counseling guidance. Level 1 is for students in grades 7-9, and level 2 is for Grades 10-12, but both can be used with adults. Test consist of eight subtests: Verbal Reasoning, Numerical Reasoning, Abstract Reasoning, Perceptual Speed and Accuracy, Mechanical Reasoning, Space Relations, Spelling, and Language Use. Describe the role of interest inventories in assessment - \Interest inventories are used to assist individuals with identifying jobs in which they will experience greater job satisfaction. The match is between an individual's aptitudes, abilities, and skills and the job requirements. Describe the Strong Interest Inventory - \An interest inventory used to give individuals information about themselves and preferences in relation to careers. Consists of six categories: Occupations, School Subjects, Activities, Leisure Activities, Types of People, and Your Characteristics. Scores and scales based on Holland RIASEC typology Describe the Self-Directed Search - \An interest inventory that is self-adminstered, self-recorded, and self- interpreted. Has two forms with Form R requiring at least a 7th or 8th- grade reading level, while Form E requires at least a 4th-grade reading levels. Developed to help individuals find occupations that best suit their interests and abilities. Highest three scores determine a three-digit personality type reported using Holland's RIASEC typology Describe the O*Net Interest Profiler - \An interest inventory that is self-administered and self-interpreted. Measures occupational interest based on Holland's RIASEC typology Describe the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS), Fourth Edition - \An intelligence test used to summarize general intellectual abilities with scores reported a full-scale IQ and general ability index (GAI). Full-scale IQ is the total combined performance of the four indices. GAI is the results of the six subtests of the verbal comprehension and perceptual reasoning indexes. Indexes and full-scale scores based on a mean of 100 and standard deviation of 15 Describe the Reading-Free Vocational Interest Inventory, Third Edition - \An interest inventory developed for individuals with cognitive and learning disabilities to determine vocational preferences. Consist of 80 illustrated depictions of occupations. Results are aligned with the 16 Career Clusters as defined by the U.S. Department of Education and U.S. Department of Labor What is the purpose of personality assessments in rehabilitation counseling? - \Focus is on behaviors necessary for employment as personality strengths and weaknesses are examined Describe the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory, Second Edition - \MMPI-2 is a personality assessment used to assess personality traits and psychopathology. Test consists of 567 true/-false statements. Test provides information on 4 validity scales and 10 clinical scales Describe the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator - \A personality assessment that measures a person's preference on four dimensions; Extroversion vs. Introversion; Sensing vs. Intuition; Thinking vs Feeling; Judgement vs Perception. There are no good or bad scores, as results are reported for each dimension based on the person's preference of the dimension Describe how psychopathology disorder are identified in the U.S. - \THE DSM-5, classified mental disorders using a developmental and life-span approach. Criteria includes making diagnoses and the number and duration of symptoms that must be present for a diagnosis. This includes the ruling out of conditions and symptoms. Describe the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-5 - \A structured interview guide that involves rating the client's social and occupational functioning on a 100-point scale to make diagnosis. A lower score indicates more impaired functioning. Describe work samples assessment in rehabilitation counseling - \An assessment in which the evaluee is observed performing simulated or actual work activities Describe the McCarron-Dial Evaluation Systems - \A work sample assessment that is used to predict an individual's ability for community- based employment. Consist of eight separate instruments that assess Verbal-Cognitive, Sensory, Motor, Emotional, and Integration factors Describe VALPAR - \A provider of work samples assessment that uses the Methods Time-Management standards. Task ar analyzed based on how long it would take an experienced employee to repeatedly perform the tasks over an 8-hour workday Describe Situational assessments - influence of research artifacts are analyzed with the goals of reaching a global conclusion about research in a given area Describe the seven levels of the hierarchy of evidence - \Level 1 -evidence from a systematic review or a meta-analysis of all relevant randomized controlled trials (RCTs) or evidence-based clinical practice guidelines based on systematic reviews of RCTs or three or more RCTs of three or more RCTs of good quality that have similar results Level 2 - evidence from at least one well-designed RCT of an appropriate sample size (e.g., a large multisite RCT) Level 3 -evidence from well-designed controlled trials without randomization (i.e., quasi- experimental designs) Level 4- evidence from well-designed case control or cohort studies Level 5- evidence from systematic reviews of descriptive and qualitative studies Level 6- evidence from a single descriptive or qualitative study Level 7- evidence from the opinion of authorities and/or reports of expert committees Describe research validity - \The degree to which information gathered from a study can be attributed to the study. It is an affirmative answer to the question: does the study measure what is says it does? Name the types of research validity - \Internal validity, external validity, construct validity, and statistical conclusion validity Internal Validity - \The confidence that the independent and dependent variables have a cause-and-effect relationship External validity - \The extent to which a study can be generalizable to other populations, settings, and conditions Construct validity - \The degree to which variables in a study are defined and measured in a manner that most represents the variable statistical conclusion validity - \The appropriateness and accuracy of research conclusions about the variable relationship based on the test used in the study What are the four levels of measurement and their defining characteristics? - \Nominal scales- are use to identify an individuals or a class by names or labels, Nominal categories cannot be ordered Ordinal scales are used to rank participants or scores with the distance between scores or ranking is not equal units; the ranking or order of the sata is most important Interval scales- the most common type of scales used in research, have no real zero value, so the numbers cannot be interpreted as ratios Ratio scales- have ordered, equal intervals, an have absolute, true zero point that represents none of whatever is being measured. Therefore, numbers in ratio scales can be added, subtracted, multiplied and divided What is reliability? - \How consistently and precisely a method measures something. The consistency and precision equate the extent to which the test score is free from measurement What is the standard error of measurement? - \Estimates how repeated scores of the same participants on the same measure are consistently close to their "true" score. What is interrater reliability? - \Also known as corer reliability, it is the measurement to which raters agree on their observations. This reliability indicator is Cohen's kappa. What is test-retest reliability? - \The reliability estimates that scores will remain consistent over time. The strength of the relationship between two obtained scores is the test-retest reliability coefficient. What is split-half reliability? - \Also known as alternate-form reliability, it is the measurement used to estimate the degree to which the content of two measures the same construct are correlated. High split-half reliability estimates suggest better reliability What is coefficient alpha? - \Also known as Cronbach's alpha, it is the measurement used to estimate inter-item consistency. The measurement is higher when the number of items is increased and when the ratio of item score variance to total test score variance is decreased. What are the 7 types of validity? - \Construct validity, face validity, content validity, predictive validity, concurrent validity, convergent validity, and discriminant validity Construct validity - \The extent to which the underlying constructs, dimensions, or attributes being measured (by means of measurement) are correlated Face Validity - \Refers to the content of the measurement reflecting the construct it is intended to measure Content Validity - \Refers to the extent to which the construct being measured is representative of the larger universe of content reflective of the construct being measured Predictive validity - \The degree to which scores on a measure predict an outcome measured in the future Concurrent validity - \Refers to the extent to which scores on a measure are related to a criterion measured at the same time Convergent validity - \Refers to the extent to which scores on a measure are related to a criterion measured at the same time Discriminant validity - \Refers to the extent to which scores on a measure are not significantly correlated, or inversely correlated, with measures to which they should not theoretically be linked Define the meaning of central tendency - \The measurement indicating where most data falls in a data set Define mean, median, and mode in descriptive statistics - \Mean refers to adding all the total scores in a distribution and dividing by the number of total scores. Median refers to the middle score in a data set when the scores are in order from lowest to highest Mode is the most frequent score in the data set. Define variability - \The degree to which scores scatter or disperse within a distribution Define range, variance, and standard deviation - \Range refers to the distance between the highest and lowest scores. Variance is the average sum of the squared deviation values. What is factorial design? - \A experimental design used when there is more than one independent variable Describe quasi-experimental designs - \They do not eliminate confounding variables through randomization, so they are subject to various confounding effects Describe the following confounding effects (5) in quasi-experimental design - \History effects describes any confounding effect that happens between the first and second measurements that is not part of the manipulation. Maturation effects describes any change that occurs systematically over time that is not part of the manipulation. Testing effects describes the effect of how taking the pretest changes the subjects' behavior. Instrument decay describes how the instrument changes over time. Regression toward the mean describes when subjects; scores are extremely low or high on some variables - meaning their scores will tend to change in the direction of the mean What are single-case designs? - \These are used when a researcher wants to determine if an experimental manipulation (introduction of an independent variable) influences a single research participant. Design consists of measuring baseline behavior, introducing the independent variable and measuring the behavior, and removing the independent variable and measuring behavior again to determine if the manipulation was the cause of the change. What is multiple baseline design? - \Several baseline behaviors are measured at the same time with treatment (independent variables) and introduced at different times for the different behaviors Describe the different developmental research designs - \Cross sectional method is when participants of different ages are studied at one point in time. Longitudinal is when the same group of participants are studied at different point over time. Describe qualitative research design - \Focuses on collecting in-depth information on smaller number of participants or smaller setting for the participants to describe their experiences in their own words. Study hypotheses do not apply; study is conducted to understand and describe phenomenon, so it is not generalizable. Describe triangulations and trustworthiness in qualitative research design - \Triangulation is when data is gathered from multiple perspectives Trustworthiness refers to the dependability, transferability, and/or confirmability of information. Describe the ways qualitative research is conducted - \Structured interviews are when questions are determined in advance, and all participants are asked identical questions. Semi-structured interviews is when the interview it planned but may be modified while in progress - so not all participants may be asked identical questions Unstructured interviews are when questions are prompted the flow of the conversation. Focus groups are a specific type of group interview used to gather qualitative data wherein members provide insight into a specific topic or issue. Naturalistic observation (i.e., fieldwork, field observation) is when data collection occurs when the researcher observes participants in their natural setting and records their observations Describe grounded theory as it relates to qualitative research - \Researchers used this when developing and analyzing data and developing a theory from their research. Describe ethnography as it relates to qualitative research - \The study of social interactions, behaviors, and perceptions that occur within groups, organizations, teams, and communities Describe phenomenology studies at it relates to qualitative research - \It is the study of people's subjective experiences and interpretations of everyday experiences Describe consensual qualitative research - \Incorporating from ground theory, phenomenological, and comprehensive process analysis, the research includes a semi-structured data collection using open-ended questions, several judges throughout the data analysis, consensus to arrive at meaning of the data, one auditor the check the work, and domains, core ideas, and cross- analyses in the data analysis What is the goal or program evaluation? - \Using a variety of measures to generate clear, concise descriptions of the methods by which a program was developed, delivered, and the parameters for evaluating the program's impact, and a measure of the programs cost-benefits in terms of fiscal and personnel resources as it relates to program outcomes Identify the criteria in which human service and educational programs should be evaluated - \Criteria: utility, feasibility, propriety, and accuracy Various methods and data sources should be used to evaluate programs Identify the five phases of program evaluation - \1. Needs assessment -identify if there are any problems that need to be addressed 2. Assessment of program theory - to address problems according to theoretical assumptions 3. Process evaluation - monitoring of the program 4. Outcome evaluation - measuring program's impact on outcomes 5. Efficiency assessment - assess if the program was worth the cost Define evidence-based (EBP) in the scope of vocational rehabilitation - \Identified as interventions that are supported by randomized controlled trials and could assist with achieving better rehabilitation outcomes and protecting clients from harm Define the three basic principles of ethical research on human subjects - \Beneficence- do no harm Autonomy - respect for persons Justice -fairness and equity when selecting research participants Identify and define common anxiety disorders - \Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) - disorder consisting of recurrent obsessions or compulsions that an individual cannot control Panic disorder- recurrent unexpected panic attacks that are sudden periods of intense fear that can peak in minutes; attacks can be unexpected or triggered Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD)- consistent and excessive worrying on most days for at least 6 months Agoraphobia - fear of social situation or spaces resulting in feelings of helplessness, embarrassment, or being trapped \Schizoaffective disorder treatment can include mood-stabilizing medications, antipsychotics, or antidepressants, along with psychotherapy. Schizophrenia disorder treatment can include antipsychotic medications. Second- generation medications are preferred due to less side effects than earlier medications. Psychotherapy can be included in treatment with medication managments. Identify the functional limitations associated with psychotic disorders - \Common functional limitations for schizoaffective and schizophrenia disorders include suicidal ideation, social isolation, interpersonal relationship conflicts, and increased risk for substance abuse and other health conditions Identify the most common personality disorders - \Personality disorders are characterized by patterns of behaviors that are consistent across situations and are different from what is expected of the individual's culture that led to impairments. Borderline personality disorder is characterized by intense mood swings, self-harming or dangerous behaviors, and unstable relationship patterns causing impulsive actions and interpersonal conflicts. Identify pharmacological management and treatments used for personality disorders - \Medications are not the primary treatment of personality disorders, but medication may be prescribed to treat specific symptoms. Treatment may also include dialectical behavior therapy and cognitive behavioral therapy. Individuals may experience co- occuring disorders, which make treating the personality disorder difficult Identify the functional limitations associated with personality disorders - \Individuals with personality disorders have no insight into their condition or how their behaviors create problems oftentimes. Functional limitation include odd, eccentric, dramatic, emotional, or anxious traits, which can impact their emotional regulation, executive functioning skills, and result in disruptive or erratic behavior. Identify substance use disorders - \Substance use disorder includes the abuse of tobacco alcohol, or medical legal, or illicit drugs. Can co-occur with mental health problems such as depression, anxiety, schizophrenia, and personality disorders Identify the pharmacological management and treatments used for substance use disorders - \Medications are used to manage withdrawal symptoms, relapse prevention, and co- occuring disorders. Treatment for opioid, alcohol, and nicotine additions may include medication. Treatment can also include behavioral counseling, medication, and other medical interventions as part of a treatment plan. Identify the functional limitations associated with substance use disorders - \Functional limitations for substance use disorders include symptoms related to withdrawal or detoxification such as insomnia, anxiety, tremors, seizures, hallucinations, sleep disturbance sweating muscle cramps and thoughts of self-harm Define autism spectrum disorder (ASD) - \A neurodevelopmental disorder that affects individuals' interpersonal skills, communication, ability to learn, and behaviors. ASD includes the previous subcategories of autistic disorder, Asperger's Syndrome, pervasive developmental disorder, and not otherwise specified (MOS) Define the common symptoms of autism spectrum disorder - \Common characteristics include difficulty with eye contact, infrequent sharing of interests or activities enjoyed by others, repetitive behaviors, sensitivity to external stimuli, as well as difficulty with change in routines, communication skills, and developing interpersonal relationships Identify the pharmacological management and treatments for autism spectrum disorder - \Medication can be prescribed to treat specific symptoms related to irritability aggression, repetitive behaviors, and co-occurring disorders. Treatment may include behavioral, psychological, or educational interventions so that individuals with autism can be independent in various settings Identify the functional limitations associated with autism spectrum disorder - \Difficulty with social interactions and communication skills, sleep irritability, sensory sensitivity, and potential loss of skills over time. Define intellectual disabilities - \Difficulties or limitations related to intellectual functioning or intelligence and adaptive behaviors, which are apparent before an individual's 18th birthday. Can range from mild to moderate to profound Describe the pharmacology management and treatment for intellectual disabilities - \There is no medication management or treatment that had been proven effective for intellectual disabilities Identify the functional limitations associated with intellectual disabilities - \The severity of intellectual disability (mild, moderate, severe, and profound) impacts the adaptive functioning of the individual. Individuals may have difficulty understanding rules, completing activities of daily living, and participating in activities with others. Define specific learning disabilities - \A group of disabilities that are characterized by the individual's ability to acquire or use information. Areas impacted are reading, writing, mathematical calculations, listening, speaking, and reasoning. Difficulties cannot be explained developmental, neurological, sensory, or motor disorders. Identify the types of specific learning disabilities (5) - \Dyslexia - difficulty with reading fluency, spelling, understanding sentences, and recognizing words they know Dyscalculia- difficulty with understanding mathematical concepts Dysgraphia- difficulty with writing regarding spelling, writing in a defined space and writing down their thoughts Apraxia of speech- difficulty with speaking; may be referred to as verbal apraxia Nonverbal learning disorder- difficulty with understanding expression and body language; difficulty with generalizing and following multi-step directions Identify the functional limitations associated with specific learning disabilities - \May result in auditory or visual perception and processing difficulties, information processing speed, memory, abstract reasoning, executive functioning skills. Depends on the type of learning disability - not all limitations may apply Define ADHD - \Attention Deficit Hyperactive Disorder is a neurobehavioral disorder characterized by a pattern of inattention, hyperactivity, or combination thereof. Impulsivity may be present. Identify types of ADHD and their functional limitations. - \Inattentive type- distractibility, difficulty sustaining attention during tasks, organization problems, difficulty processing information and following through with instructions Hyperactive-impulsive type- involves fidgeting, talking excessively, answer questions before question is completed, interrupt others when they are talking and impatience Combined Describe the pharmacology management and treatment for ADHD - \Medication includes stimulant and nonstimulant drugs. Treatments should include behavioral therapy, education, support, and resources; this treatment is also for co- occuring disorders Define visual impairments - \A temporary, reversible, progressive, or permanent change to normal vision. May include blurred vision, color blindness, central and peripheral visual field defects, and total blindness Identify the most common conditions causing visual impairments - \Common medications include anti-anxiety or anti-depressants, anticonvulsants, cardiac anti-hypertensive drugs, and opiate/combination analgesics. Physical therapy, occupational therapy, and counseling may be included in treatment plan Identify the functional limitations of traumatic brain injuries - \Limitation include balance problems fatigue, pain, movement coordination issues, decreased motor speed, sensory deficits, attention and concentration difficulties, difficulty with criticals thinking personality changes, depression, low frustration tolerance impulsivity What is a cause of a stroke? - \A stroke is caused by decreased blood flow and inadequate oxygen supply to part of the brain. This leads to tissue damage, causing neurological manifestations that can affects other bodily functions What are the complications associated with strokes? - \Right side brain damage can include left side paralysis, spatial perceptual deficits, quick impulsive behavior, and performance memory deficits. Left side brain damage can include right side paralysis, speech language deficits, slow and cautious behavior, language memory deficits, and problem-solving deficits. What is the pharmacological management and treatments for strokes? - \Controlling blood pressure using diuretics beta blockers, calcium channel blockers, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, and/or angiotensin II receptor blockers. Additional medications include Anti-clotting drugs such as anticoagulants and antiplatelets. Drugs may be prescribed for controlling heart rate and rhythm. Identify the functional limitations of strokes - \Psychosocial issues related the loss of employment, emotional problems, low self- esteem, difficulty returning to work due to depression and anxiety, and difficulty coping with their remaining ability and limitations Describe multiple sclerosis (MS) - \An inflammatory disease of the brain and the spinal cord that occurs when the immune system attack the myelin that covers nerve fibers. Symptoms include numbness or weakness in one or more limbs, electric-shock sensations that occur with certain neck movements tremors, lack of coordination, loss or impaired vision, slurred speech, fatigue, dizziness, tingling or pain in parts of the body. Identify types of multiple sclerosis (4) - \Relapsing-remitting MS -characterized by unpredictable course of exacerbations and remissions Primary progressive MS - characterized by a gradual physical decline, with no noticeable remissions Secondary progressive MS- start with a relapse-remitting MS, followed by primary progressive MS Progressive relapsing MS- a steady progress of disease with occasional exacerbations along the way Describe the pharmacological management and treatments for multiple sclerosis - \Medication can consist of corticosteroids and plasma exchanges. Injectable and oral treatment may be an option for those with relapsing-remitting MS. Treatment can include physical therapy, muscle relaxants, medication to reduce fatigue, medications to increase walking speed, and other medications for co-occuring issues. Identify the functional limitations of multiple sclerosis - \Depression and changes in mood, may require support of a caregiver, and difficulty participating in community activities. As MS progresses, individuals have to continually adjust to continuing and new difficulties. Describe epilepsy - \A neurological disorder that results recurrent and unprovoked seizures Identify types of epilepsy - \Generalized seizures- affects both sides of the cerebral hemisphere Partial seizures - affects a specific section of one cerebral hemisphere Generalized tonic-clonic seizure - the body becomes rigid for a period of second, following jerking and convulsive movements Absence seizure - a seizure where the individual experiences brief movements of consciousness disruption, which may include blank stare or rapid eyelid movements Describe the pharmacological management and treatment for epilepsy - \Seizure medications, surgery, neurostimulation devices, dietary therapy Identify the functional limitations of epilepsy - \Anxiety related to not knowing when a seizure may occur, which can impact interpersonal relationships, maintaining employment, social isolation, and low self- esteem. In work and community settings, precautions need to be taken so that the individuals are not hurt if they do experience a seizure Describe cerebral palsy - \A nonprogressive and nonhereditary neurodevelopmental disorder or unknown causes that results from damage to the brain and impacts body movement and muscle coordination Describe common symptoms of cerebral palsy - \Abnormal involuntary movements of limbs, abnormal muscle tone, exaggerated reflexes, tremors, unsteady gait, and loss of coordination. As a result of the brain damage, individuals may have intellectual disability, learning disabilities, behavioral disorders, speech difficulty, and vision/hearing impairments Identify types of cerebral palsy (4) - \Spastic cerebral palsy - abnormal limb muscles contractions result in jerky movement Dyskinetic cerebral palsy - arm and leg movement are uncontrollable; face and tongue can move randomly and involuntarily Ataxic cerebral palsy - difficulty in their gait and walk, with a wider stance and arms out for balance Mixed cerebral palsy - combination of any two of the classifications or cerebral palsy Describe the pharmacological management and treatments for cerebral palsy - \Physical therapy, occupational therapy, orthotics, orthopedic surgery, and training programs for dietary control, bladder control, oral hygiene, and respiratory issues. Medication may include muscle spasticity is present Identify the functional limitations of cerebral palsy - \Decreased mobility, difficulty with eating or swallowing, personal hygiene, difficulty in social interactions due to speech or cognitive abilities Define chronic pain - \Pain that has persisted for 3-6 months or longer. Can be caused by other health conditions, injuries, or age Identify the types of chronic pain - \Low back pain, arthritis, carpal tunnel syndrome, complex regional pain syndrome, fibromyalgia syndrome, and headaches Describe the pharmacology treatment and management for chronic pain - \Medications can include anti-inflammatories, narcotic analgesics, nonnarcotic analgesics, muscle relaxants, and antidepressants. Injections and implanted devices may be used to deliver medication as well as injections. Treatment should start as soon after injury as possible. Physical therapy, occupational therapy, and psychological treatment can be used to manage pain. Identify the functional limitations associated with chronic pain - \Issues related to long-term use of pain medication. Individuals may have difficulty with caring for self or others and not be able to return to their job Define HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus) - Chemical burns - caused by skin encountering strong acids, alkaline agents, or gases Radiation Burns - caused by UV rays from the sun or tanning booths, x-rays, and certain types of radiation therapy Electrical burns -caused by skin encountering electrical current or lighting Inhalation injury -caused by inhalation of steam, toxic gases, or vapors Describe the pharmacology treatment and management for burn injuries - \Medication may include morphine or antianxiety medication. Antibiotics may be used to control infections. Treatment includes would management, pain management, rehabilitation n, nutritional support, and splinting Identify the functional limitations associated with burn injuries - \Depending on the location and severity of the burn, individuals may experience unwelcomed attention. It is important to consider burn location, size, treatment, age, pain, job factors, barriers, and psychosocial factors What is cancer - \A group of diseases with no exact cause that cause the uncontrollable growth and spread of abnormal cells Describe the pharmacology treatment and management for cancer - \Surgery, chemotherapy, radiation, stem cell transplant, hyperthermia, and bone marrow transplants are used to treat cancer. Medication may be prescribed to reduce side effect of treatments Identify the functional limitations associated with cancer - \Treatment side effects include hair loss, weight loss or gain, fatigue, nausea, diarrhea, and vomiting, which can impact work Describe the medical model of chronic illness and disability - \The view that chronic illness and disability are phenomena that are the sole result of disease or disorder and requirements medical intervention. Conditions last one year or more and require ongoing medical treatment. May limit activities of daily life Describe the functional model of chronic illness and disability - \Disabilities are based on functional limitations that influence an individual's ability to complete activities of daily living or participate in work, school, and social life. Describe accommodations, modifications, and assistive technology - \Accommodations- an alteration or change to an individual's environment Modifications- alterations to existing work or school tasks that allows an individual fair access Assistive Technology - devices or software used to help remove the impact of disability from the context Describe the social model of chronic illness and disability - \Disability is viewed as a social construct where health conditions are not inherently disability but the result of societal exclusion and inaccessible environment Describe the biopsychosocial model of chronic illness and disability - \Based on the social and medical models where health and disability are the result of complex interaction of biological, psychological, and social factors and not the health condition itself What is a health condition? - \Any disease or disorder that affects an individual's ability to function and enjoy life What is impairment - \A problem in body function or structure. What is psychosocial? - \Intersectionality of psychological and social factors on health, functioning, disability, and well-being What is social identity? - \One's self-concept, which is rooted in their perceptions and believes about themselves with respect to group characteristics What is resilience? - \The capacity of an individuals to bounce back from adversity What is self-determination? - \The ability of an individual to make choices based on their environment What ar environmental barriers? - \Physical barriers that restrict or render difficult one's access to the general community What are attitudinal barriers? - \The stereotypes, prejudices, discrimination, stigma, ableism, microaggressions that individuals with disabilities face from society Define prejudice - \A negative generalization toward a group of people and an assumption that a person belongs to that group based on the generalization Define discrimination - \The action that is carried out based on prejudice Define ableism - \Discrimination that individuals with disabilities experience based on their disabilities What are microagressions? - \Whether intentional or unintentional, they are verbal and nonverbal slights, snubs, or insults that communicate negative messages to a person based on their membership in a marginalized group What is stigma? - \The problems that result from stereotyping, being discriminated, and prejudicial acts, thoughts, or statements Define culture - \A group of people who share values, beliefs, and behavioral norms that provides them with a common identity Define intersectionality in rehabilitation counseling - \A counselor must acknowledge the systems of oppression experienced by individuals with disabilities who are members of other marginalized groups because culture influences the whole person Define adaptation, adjustment, and acceptance as related to disability - \Adaption - a process that an individual with a disability experiences to reach adjustment to the disability Adjustment- the person and environment reach congruence Acceptance - the disability is incorporated into the individual's self-concept Describe the grieving process that occurs with adjustment to disability - \A process that an individual with a disability goes through when adjusting to disability or the loss associated with the disability. Includes adaption, adjustment, and acceptance Define coping and stressor - \Coping- a way an individual responds to stressor Stressor - an event phenomenon that requires personal and social resources that exceeds their individual capacity Identify the three types of coping - \Emotion-focused - changing or managing emotions to reduce distress Problem-focused - stress reduced by problem solving