CRIM301 Final Exam Questions With Complete Solutions, Exams of Criminology

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CRIM301 Final Exam Questions With Complete Solutions What are characteristics of white collar criminals? ✔✔ A person with high socio-economic status who violates the laws, often non-violent and financially motivated Give an example of offense-based white collar crime ✔✔ Illegal act committed by non-physical means by concealment to obtain money or property, avoiding the payment or loss of money or property Who coined the term white-collar crime ✔✔ Sutherland What are the complexities of white-collar crime? ✔✔ Evidence of the crime is obscure, perpetrator is easily identifiable, harm is widespread, and conviction is more difficult Who came up with Broken Windows Theory? ✔✔ Wilson and Kelling What do "broken windows" symbolize? ✔✔ Lack of informal social control Give an example of the role of formal and informal control ✔✔ Formal control by police will result in more informal control by neighborhood residents State the diagram of how broken windows occur according the Wilson and Kelling ✔✔ Disorder--> greater fear/withdraw --> less informal social control --> increase in crime and disorder What is the issue with the causal order of broken windows theory? ✔✔ Disorder leads to crime or crime leads to disorder How does broken windows theory suggest we reduce crime? ✔✔ Formal social control (Zero-tolerance policing) What are the strengths of broken windows theory? ✔✔ Easy solution (Zero-tolerance policing) What are the weaknesses of broken windows theory? ✔✔ Not well tested, led to unintended consequences Has broken windows theory been put into action? ✔✔ Yes; NYC under Police Commissioner William Bratton Who came up with routine activities theory? ✔✔ Cohen and Felson What are the three parts of routine activity theory? ✔✔ A likely offender, a suitable target, and the absence of a capable guardian Give an example of a suitable target ✔✔ A girl walking to her car alone at night Give an example of the absence of a capable guardian ✔✔ A house without security cameras What is the shape of the age crime curve and what age does it peak at? ✔✔ Bell curve, peaks at age 17 (steep increase, gradual decrease) What is cumulative continuity? ✔✔ Our choices and behaviors create consequences Who came up with life-course persistent/adolescence-limited theory? ✔✔ Moffitt How does Moffitt's theory explain the age crime curve? ✔✔ Peak: adolescent limited, Base: life-course persistent What are the three person-environment interactions? ✔✔ Reactive, evocative, and proactive Give an example of a reactive person-environment interaction ✔✔ Call ends between boyfriend and girlfriend. Boyfriend thinks "I got disconnected!" Girlfriend thinks "He doesn't love me anymore", the girlfriend is a life-course persistent offender because she reacted poorly Give an example of a evocative person-environment interaction ✔✔ Being rude to someone right off the bat will likely result in them being rude to you as well Give an example of a proactive person-environment interaction ✔✔ Seeking out environments that fit ourselves (Drug addicts roaming the streets at night looking for more drugs) Who came up with social bond theory? ✔✔ Sampson and Laub What are the 5 main propositions of social bond theory? ✔✔ - Likelihood of engaging in crime is increase when bonds to society are weakened (initiation) -Families are the main agent in the social control process (initiation) -Structural and individual factors (initiation) -Cumulative continuity (persistence) -Desistance What are policy implications of Sampson and Laub's Social bond theory? ✔✔ -Decreasing prison sentences can increase social bonds and crime desistance -Prenatal and early development care and nurturing parenting programs prevent life-course persistent offending and increase social bonds Describe a policy implication of biosocial theories and how it directly connects to a biosocial theory ✔✔ Biosocial theory can cause criminal profiling, in which police target individuals based off their biological or social characteristics. These characteristics can be what they look like (race) or how they behave (painting graffiti with their deviant friends) Select one element of the three identified by Cohen and Felson. Define this element and provide an example of it ✔✔ One element identified by Cohen and Felson is a suitable target for a crime. An example of this would be a girl walking to her car late at night by herself. Select and explain one element of Agnew's social concern theory ✔✔ Caring about the welfare of others; this means to care about others and how they are doing in life (staying out of trouble, being able to put food on the table for their families, maintaining a job) and even helping them if they seem to be going down the wrong path. Select one "traditional" criminological theory and apply it to white-collar crime. How does this theory explain white-collar crime specifically? ✔✔ White collar criminals may be experiencing strain if they are unable to pay for their expensive lifestyles. This may cause them to write bad checks, embezzle funds, or steal from others accounts to fund their lives. Explain broken windows theory. What are the strengths and weaknesses of this theory? Has it been successfully put into action? If so, describe. In your opinion, are there any unintended consequences of relying on this theory to inform crime policy? ✔✔ Broken windows refer to the lack of informal social control, and the idea that this leads to an increase in crime. Strengths of this theory are that the solution is easy: zero- tolerance policing. Weaknesses of this theory are that it is not thoroughly tested to determine if it works well or not.. Broken windows theory was put into action in the 1990's in New York City under Police Commissioner William Bratton. I think that unintended consequences of this theory are that zero-tolerance policing could eventually lead to more overpopulation in prisons, and it could also lead to citizens not trusting the police since they are being so tough on crime to prevent more broken windows.