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CRIMINOLOGY UNIT 4 study set with 100% verified solutions-personalized success 2025
Typology: Exams
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Unit 1. Where does a Bill typically start? The House of Commons Unit 1. What is a Green paper? When a new law is considered, a Green paper is released for public consultation Unit 1. What is a white paper? A formal proposal with amendments based on public response/consultation. Unit 1. What happens at the First reading? The name of the Bill and it's main aims are read out and a formal vote it taken
Unit 1. What happens at the Second reading? The main debate takes place followed by a second vote Unit 1. What happens at the Committee stage? A closed group people look closely at the Bill to address any issues and suggest amendments Unit 1. What happens at the Report stage? The Committee reports back to the full house who then vote on the proposed amendments Unit 1. What happens at the Third reading The final vote on the BillIf the Bill proceeds, this process is repeated in the House of Lords, who can send the Bill back to the House of Commons if they are unhappy with it.
Unit 1. What are the exceptions of judicial precedent? overruling definition where a court higher up the hierarchy states that a legal decision in an earlier case is wrong and overturns it. UNIT 1. The definition of judicial processes of law making: Statutory interpretation Judges can make laws by the way they interpret the statutes or Acts of Parliament. UNIT 1. The 3 rules of judicial processes of law making: Statutory interpretation The literal rule The golden rule The mischief rule UNIT 1. The Literal rule definition Judges should use the everyday meaning of the words in a statute BUT-words can have several meanings.
Eg. R v Maginnis (1987)-case involving illegal drugs-different meanings were found for the word supply. UNIT 1. The golden rule definition The literal rule can sometimes lead to an absurd result. The golden rule can be applied to avoid this happening. In the case Adler v George (1964) Adler stated he had not broken the law because he was not literally in the vicinity of a prohibited place but was actually in it. The court chose to apply the golden rule to avoid an absurd result and Adler was convicted. UNIT 1. The mischief rule definition The mischief rule allows the court to enforce what the statute was intended to achieve, rather than what the words actually say. In Corkery v Carpenter (1951) , Corkery was found guilty even though he had been in charge of a bicycle
Unit 1. what is the role of the CPS? prosecutes criminals that have been investigated by the police Unit 1. how does the CPS work with other agencies? 2 points
Unit 1. what are the 2 laws that support the crime control method?
· Our superego tells us what is right and wrong and inflicts guilt feelings on us if we fail to do as it urges. Unit 2. Rational Ideology is a form of Internal Social Control. What is it? The idea/belief that your conscience guides you to reach a solution and follow the rules through the use of feelings like guilt, anxiety and worry Unit 2. Tradition is a form of Internal Social Control. What is it? The idea that your tradition (religion/culture/upbringing) will encourage you to conform to norms and tell you what to and what not to do Unit 2. what is external control? this is a process which has control over our behaviour through social agencies e.g education, family etc. Unit 2. The Fear of Punishment can be seen as an External Social Control. How? -include an example: Fear of punishment: Using punishment as a deterrent to stop people from offending.
· there are theorists e.g right realists- they argue that the fear of being caught and punished is what ensures that many "would-be criminals" continue to obey the law-in other words, fear acts as a deterrent. example: The increased presence of the police and knowledge that they can arrest you will act as a deterrent to doing anything bad Unit 2. what are the two forms of deterrence: Individual deterrence: punishment on offenders to prevent/deter them from committing further crimes. General deterrence: Fear of punishment that prevents others from committing similar crimes e.g. death penalty, lengthy prison terms. Unit 2. Coercion can be seen to act as a form of External Social Control. How? It can be seen to influence those in a suspended sentence with the continued threat of custody for future law breaking. Examples incl. imprisonment, bodily injury, strikes and boycotts. Prisons use this with the threat of loss of liberty.
sensitivity for others Commitments to social enterprises Involvement in law abiding activities and social situations Belief in the values of society Unit 2. Where can the aims of sentencing be found? Section 42 of the Criminal Justice Act 2003 Unit 2. What are the six aims of punishment? Retribution, rehabilitation, deterrence, public protection/incapacitation, reparation, and denunciation Unit 2. What is retribution? and how does it link with right realism? an element of revenge in wanting to ensure the offender gets what they deserve a sufficient measure of justice is reached,
also known as 'just desserts" Right realists believe that tough control and punishments are the only way to stop criminal trends. Unit 2. Give examples of punishments that meet the aim of retribution? Mandatory life sentence for murder and increasing punishments for hate crimes Unit 2. What is rehabilitation? include its main focus and assumption: Reforming offenders so they can move back into society. focus: Altering the behaviour of an offender to prevent them reoffending. assumption: Crime is a result of free will and rational choice, meaning something can be done about it Unit 2. Give an example a of punishments that meets the aim of rehabilitation? Community sentences (e.g. probation orders) because they involve conditions such as work, education, or treatments for addictions
Unit 2. Which criminological theory does individual deterrence link to? social learning theory because it labels prisons as 'universities of crime' where offenders can learn from other criminals - explains high recidivism Unit 2. What is general deterrence? Preventing potential offenders by making an example of someone else Unit 2. What can weaken the effectiveness of general deterrence? The fact that punishments are imposed on someone else, so it's not always perceived as a threat Unit 2. How is Marxism linked to deterrence? Marxists argue that sentences are given to control the working class - they work as a general deterrence Unit 2. how does the labelling theory link to denunciation? Labelling offenders could lead to self-fulfilling prophecy which would cause more crime (danger of denunciation).
Unit 2. the sentencing framework allows courts to apply which four basic types of sentencing? prison community service fines discharges Unit 2. what are life sentences? the most serious punishment a UK court can give for serious offences (e.g. murder). the judge sets the minimum time an offender must spend in prison before they can be considered for release by the parole board. in serious cases, a person may be given a whole life term, which means they will never be released Unit 2. How does functionalism link to denunciation?
