Critical Thinking and Logic: C168 Exam Questions and Answers, Exams of Nursing

Download Critical Thinking and Logic: C168 Exam Questions and Answers and more Exams Nursing in PDF only on Docsity!

Get It 100% Accurate!!| Already Passed A+ What is critical thinking? - correct answer An intellectual model for understanding issues and forming reasonable and informed views on them. Involves analyzing, evaluating, and improving one's own thinking Thinking about thinking in order to make thinking better Critical thinking comprises three interlinking dimensions - correct answer 1. Analyzing one's own thinking- breaking it down into its component parts.

2. Evaluating one's own thinking- identifying its weaknesses while recognizing its strengths.
3. Improving one's own thinking- reconstructing it to make it better. What are two barriers native to everyone? - correct answer egocentrism & sociocentrism What is egocentrism? - correct answer The tendency to view everything in relationship to oneself An innate human trait Rigidity of thought What is sociocentrism? - correct answer The assumption that one's own social group is inherently superior to all others What is first-order thinking? - correct answer Ordinary Thinking
4. Spontaneous and non-reflective
5. Contains insight, prejudice, good and bad reasoning
6. Indiscriminately combined What is second-order thinking? - correct answer Critical Thinking First-order thinking that is consciously realized (i.e., analyzed, assessed, and reconstructed) What is weak-sense critical thinking? - correct answer Thinkers ignore the flaws in their own thinking and often seek to win an argument through intellectual trickery and deceit

Get It 100% Accurate!!| Already Passed A+ What is strong-sense critical thinking? - correct answer Thinkers strive to be ethical and empathize with others' viewpoints. They will entertain arguments with which they do not agree and change their views when confronted with superior reasoning What are the defining traits of critical thinkers? - correct answer 1. Intellectual Humility

2. Intellectual Courage
3. intellectual Empathy
4. Intellectual Integrity
5. Intellectual Perseverance
6. Confidence in Reasoning
7. Intellectual Autonomy Characterization of Intellectual Humility - correct answer Aware of the limitations of one's viewpoint Characterization of Intellectual Courage - correct answer Confronting ideas, viewpoints, or beliefs with fairness, even when doing so is painful Characterization of Intellectual Empathy - correct answer Inhabiting the perspectives of others in order to genuinely understand them Characterization of Intellectual Integrity - correct answer Holding oneself to the same rigorous intellectual standards that one expects others to meet Characterization of Intellectual Perseverance - correct answer Not giving up when confronted by complicated problems that don't lend themselves to easy solutions Characterization of Confidence in Reasoning - correct answer Encourages people to arrive at their own conclusions through their own powers of rational thinking Characterization of Intellectual Autonomy - correct answer Thinking for oneself while adhering to standards of rationality What are some ways to improve your thinking? - correct answer 1. Use 'wasted' time
8. Handle one problem per day
9. Internalize intellectual standards
10. Keep an intellectual journal
11. Practice intellectual strategies
12. Reshape your character

Get It 100% Accurate!!| Already Passed A+ The elements of reasoning are also known as - correct answer Parts of thinking and Fundamental structures of thought Reasoning - correct answer The mind drawing conclusions on the basis of reasons Purpose - correct answer The goal or desired outcome of our reasoning Assumption - correct answer Something we take for granted as true in our reasoning Implications - correct answer Said to follow from our reasoning Theories are examples of: - correct answer Concepts In reasoning, we make __________ based on ___________. - correct answer Inferences/assumptions Distinctions between the elements of reasoning are_______ not ________. - correct answer Relative/Absolute Which of the following best describes activated ignorance? - correct answer Mentally taking in and actively using false information In some cases, the conclusions we draw are based on assumptions that operate at an ________ level. - correct answer Unconscious What are the three kinds of implications that may be involved in any situation? - correct answer Possible, probable, necessary Clarity - correct answer Thinking that is easily understood Precise - correct answer Reasoning that is specific, exact and sufficiently detailed Mind receives information in three distinct forms: - correct answer 1. Inert information

2. Activated ignorance
3. Activated knowledge Three types of questions - correct answer 1. Questions of Fact
4. Questions of Preference
5. Questions of Judgement Questions of Fact - correct answer Only one correct answer Questions of Preference - correct answer Many possible answers based on subjective preferences Questions fo Judgement - correct answer More than one answer, with some better than others

Get It 100% Accurate!!| Already Passed A+ Dimensions of Decision-Making - correct answer 1. Figure out, and regularly rearticulate, your most fundamental goals, purposes, and needs.

2. Take problems and decisions one-by-one.
3. Figure out the implications of alternatives.
4. Figure out the information you need and seek it.
5. Draw reasonable inferences from the information you analyze and interpret.
6. Figure out long- and short-term options and limitations (time, money, power).
7. Consider pros and cons of options.
8. Be strategic in your decision-making.
9. Monitor the implications of your actions and shift strategy if need be. Dimensions of Problem-Solving - correct answer 1. Figure out and regularly reevaluate your goals, purposes, and needs.
10. Identify your problems explicitly, then analyze them.
11. Figure out the information you need, and actively seek that information.
12. Carefully analyze, interpret, and evaluate the information you collect.
13. Figure out your options for action and evaluate them.
14. Adopt a strategic approach to the problem, and follow through on that strategy.
15. When you act, monitor the implications of your action as they begin to emerge. Two components in strategic thinking - correct answer 1. Identification
16. Intellectual action Identification - correct answer Recognizing when your thinking is irrational or flawed Intellectual action - correct answer Engaging and challenging your own thinking Methods for determining Causation - correct answer 1. Common factor
17. Single difference
18. Concomitant variation
19. Process of elimination Common Factor - correct answer Looking for a single shared factor

Get It 100% Accurate!!| Already Passed A+ Evading questions fallacy - correct answer Avoiding direct and truthful answers to difficult questions through diversionary tactics, vagueness, or deliberately confusing or complex responses. Search for perfect solution fallacy - correct answer Asserting that a solution (or argument) is not worth adopting because it does not fix the problem completely. Bias - correct answer A partiality or prejudice that prevents objective consideration of an issue or situation. Faulty analogy - correct answer Drawing an invalid comparison between things for the purpose of either supporting or refuting some position. Hard-cruel-world argument - correct answer Justifying illegal or unethical practices by arguing that they are necessary to confront a greater evil or threat. Inference - correct answer A logical process of drawing conclusions. Denying inconsistencies fallacy - correct answer Refusing to admit contradictions or inconsistencies when making an argument or defending a position. Appeal to authority fallacy - correct answer To justify support for a position by citing an esteemed or well-known figure who supports it. Assumptions - correct answer The unstated or hidden beliefs that support our explicit reasoning about something. Either-or fallacy - correct answer Assuming only two alternatives when, in reality, there are more than two. Ad hominem fallacy - correct answer Dismissing an argument by attacking the person who offers it rather than by refuting its reasoning. Appeal to experience fallacy - correct answer Claiming to speak with the "voice of experience" in support of an argument (even when that experience may not be relevant). Appeal to fear fallacy - correct answer Citing a threat or possibility of a frightening outcome as the reason for supporting an argument. Appeal to popularity/ popular passions fallacy - correct answer Citing majority sentiment or popular opinion as the reason for supporting a claim. Attacking evidence fallacy - correct answer Seeking to falsely discredit the underlying evidence for an argument and thereby questioning its validity. Begging the question - correct answer Asserting a conclusion that is assumed in the reasoning.

Get It 100% Accurate!!| Already Passed A+ Hasty generalization - correct answer Inferring a general proposition about something based on too small a sample or an unrepresentative sample. Red herring fallacy - correct answer Introducing an irrelevant point or topic to divert attention from the issue at hand. Slippery slope fallacy - correct answer To suggest that a step or action, once taken, will lead inevitably to similar steps or actions with presumably undesirable consequences. Thrown-in statistics fallacy - correct answer The use of irrelevant, misleading, or questionable statistics to support an argument or defend a position. Two wrongs make a right fallacy - correct answer Defending or justifying our wrong position or conduct by pointing to a similar wrong done by someone else. Treating abstracts as reality fallacy - correct answer Citing abstract concepts (freedom, justice, science) to support an argument or to call for action. "Reasoning can only be as sound as the ________________ it is based on." - correct answer Information Opinion - correct answer An unsupported claim Sources of Evidence - correct answer 1. Analogy

2. Intuition
3. Personal observation
4. Appeal to authority
5. Case example
6. Testimonial
7. Survey/questionnaire
8. Research study
9. Personal experience Analogy - correct answer Drawing a comparison between 2 things in order to show a meaningful resemblance between them. It implies that if 2 things are alike in one respect, they will be alike in other respects Intuition - correct answer A hunch, "gut feeling," or premonition Personal observation - correct answer What we see first hand

Get It 100% Accurate!!| Already Passed A+ Risk reduction can be expressed in _______ and ________ terms. - correct answer relative / absolute For statistical data to be valid, the sample must be _______ and sufficiently ________. - correct answer random / large Random sample - correct answer A study sample that is representative of the whole population Absolute number - correct answer The total or aggregate of something, expressed as a number without relationship to other numbers Misinformation - correct answer Incorrect or erroneous information Statistical range - correct answer The gap between the smallest and largest values in a series of values Median - correct answer The average represented by the middle value in a series of values Mean - correct answer The average derived by adding up all the values and dividing the sum by the total number of values Line graph - correct answer A graph that plots the relationship between 2 or more variables by using connected data points Statistical distribution - correct answer The frequency with which each value in a series of values occurs Mode - correct answer The value that appears most frequently in a series of values Expressing risk reduction in ________ rather than absolute terms conveys a far more significant treatment effect. - correct answer relative Domination - correct answer Using direct power over others (up to and including force) to get what they selfishly want Submission - correct answer Strategic subservience, where the egocentric thinker caters to those with power or prestige who can advance their goals Egocentric memory - correct answer Remembering only that evidence and information that supports our thinking Egocentric myopia - correct answer Adopting an overly narrow point of view and thinking in absolutes Egocentric righteousness - correct answer Feeling superior because of possessing the "Truth" Egocentric hypocrisy - correct answer Ignoring inconsistencies between belief and behavior and between public standards and private actions

Get It 100% Accurate!!| Already Passed A+ Egocentric oversimplification - correct answer Ignoring complexity and embracing simplicity that conforms to our existing views, values, and beliefs Egocentric blindness - correct answer Not seeing facts and evidence that contradict our thinking Egocentric immediacy - correct answer Overgeneralizing so that immediate events, whether favorable or unfavorable, influence thinking Egocentric absurdity - correct answer Failing to recognize thinking that has "absurd" consequences 5 foundations for ethical thinking - correct answer 1. We cannot pick and choose our ethical principles subjectively.

2. If we are reasonable, we should respect clear-cut ethical principles.
3. We must learn how to apply ethical concepts and principles to ethical issues.
4. We should distinguish ethical principles from other domains (law, religion, ideology, societal norms and taboos).
5. We should recognize egocentrism and sociocentrism as significant barriers to sound ethical reasoning. Deep learning - correct answer Involves developing the tools of critical thinking and applying them to whatever challenges you encounter now and in the future Shallow learning - correct answer Cramming information through memorization, on the other hand, doesn't produce lasting knowledge or comprehension Critical consumer of information - correct answer Asking questions and challenging the status quo When is the optimal time for a learner to apply the Elements of Reasoning to the logic of a subject? - correct answer Before the learner has begun his or her course of study