CRJS 1001 Final Exam Review Questions with Correct Answers., Exams of Community Corrections

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CRJS 1001 Final Exam Review Questions with Correct

Answers.

What is Criminology? - ANS A body of knowledge that regards crime as a social phenomenon What does Criminology examine? - ANS Examines the historical development of formailzed law What is Small-scale socieites and inforal social control? - ANS cooperation and equality What is European formalized law? - ANS Capitalist modes of production What is Criminal law? - ANS Formal rules that govern behavior in society What Criminal justice data and statistics is gattered? - ANS - Reliability vs. Validity

• Records - > Aggregation - > Statistics What are Crime Statistics presented as? - ANS Uniform Crime Rate (UCR)
• Allows for comparison across jurisdictions What is The Consensus Approach Assumption? - ANS Not that law should represent the needs of all citizens but that is does represent the values and norms of a society What was The Classical School? - ANS - Considered the first formral school of criminology
• Brought the emerging philosophy of liberalism and utilitarianism to the justice system
• Advocated for principles of rights, fairness, and due process in place of retribution arbitrariness, and brutality What was the Classical Theory of Crime? - ANS - Reforms proposed by the Classical Theorists were based on radical new theory of the causes of crime

  • People broke the law because they thought that doing so would advance their own interests

• This theory was based on the assumption that people are rational beings who calculate the consequences of their actions What is the Classical Theory? - ANS - Justice must not be excessive and unfair

• This is most effective detterent and the fairest way to punish; anything more would break the social contract What are the reforms from the Classical theory? - ANS - Minor punishment for minor crimes
• Law dictates criminal matters What were the contributions of the Classical School? - ANS - Reforms provided the foundation for progressive criminal law and the criminal justice system in canada What was the Statistical School? - ANS - Data provided a critical and insightful perspective on the relationship between certain factors and crime
• The regularity of crime over time and space meant this pattern was the result of social forces What was Lombroso and the Positive School? - ANS - Observed physical differences between criminals and non-criminals
• He applied Darwin's evolutionary theory to criminals who were deemed Atavists What is Psychological Theories of Crime? - ANS - Examines criminality through theories of personality or learning that account for a person's behaviour r in a specific situation What do most Theories entail? - ANS Assumption of offender deficit and assumption of discriminating traitsq What is the "levels of analysis' perspective? - ANS - Individual level
• Small group level
• Organizational level
• Institutional or community level What is the individual level? - ANS social problems are defined as individual deficits

What was Badura (1986) theory? - ANS Aggression was learned from three sources:

• Family
• Subcultural influene
• Symbolic modeling What is Operant Conditioning? - ANS May be used to change antisocial behaviour of delinquents and criminals
• Rewards and punishments can greatly influence behaviour
• Rewards reinforce a behaviour
• Punishment weakens a behaviour What is Antisocial Personality Disorder (APD)? - ANS - A key indicator of this disorder is a disregard for the rights of others, as well as impulsive, irresponsible , and aggressive behaviour What is Consensus Perspective? - ANS Most people share similar values; morality is universal, customs persist, and the law represents a codification of societal values What is Conflict Perspective? - ANS Criminal law reflects the interests of the powerful groups that create and enforce those laws What is Strain Theory? - ANS Fits the gernal orientation of the consensus perspective
• Social institutions all contribute to the smooth running of society
• Crime occurs when something unusual happened that affects these institutions
• This results in strain, stresses, and frustrations taht affect behaviour What is Anomie? - ANS Describes an absence of clear societal norms and values
• used to refer to a situation in which people would adopt deviant means to achieve goals beyond their means What was Agnew (2002) view on strain theory? - ANS Strain on individual and the resulting impact on delinquency
• Strain can be experienced directly, but it can alo be anticipated and vicarious

What was Bernard (1987) view on strain theory? - ANS - Strain/ anomie are properties of social structures

• Cultures that overemphasize monetary success and underemphasize legitimate means will have high rates of instrumental crime What is Structural features? - ANS Pockets of instrumental crime What is Cultural features? - ANS High rates of crime What was Messner and Rosenfeld's (2007) theory of institutional anomie - ANS - Monetary success, but places less emphasis on legitimate means of achieving that success
• Combined with the weak restraint on the means, this encourages people to use illegal means to obtain money and status
• Indirectly encourages crime by emphasizing the economy above all other institutions What is Braithwaite: Greater class mix and the reduction of crime? - ANS - Too much power corrupts, and their produces crime
• Powerful people abuse their occupational power
• Greater economic equality and distribution of influence among people would modify to some extent those factors that lead to crime. What is Labelling theory and the deviant career? - ANS Central to symbolic interactionism and theories of crime
  • Drift & moral rhetoric What is Primary deviation? - ANS The first state of an individual's 'life of crime' What is Secondary Deviation? - ANS Deviance and crime has changed the individual's life
  • master status and the criminal identity What is Differential Association theory? - ANS Socialization and the criminal identity What is Policy Implications? - ANS The lasting impact of a criminal identty

• The law produces social injustices What are the 8 core needs of victims? - ANS 1. Recognition

2. Information
3. Assistance
4. Reparation
5. Protection
6. Participation and representation
7. Effective public policies
8. IMplementation of policies What is Restorative justice? - ANS - Reduce the gap between victims and offender

• Reconciliation between the two parties What is state crime and how does it relate to victimology? - ANS - Residential schools & forced assimilation
• The truth and reconciliation commission of Canada What is Conflict Theories? - ANS Questions the assumption that law represents the interest of society as a whole What is Cultural Conflict Theory? - ANS Suggests that the basic, culturally homogeneous socieite sthe values and norms to which people subscribe will be fairly similar, so the conduct norms of the broader social group will tend to reflect a societal consensus What is Group Conflict Theory? - ANS A theory that attempts to explain certain types of criminal behaviour as resulting from a conflict between the interests of divergent groups What is Richard Quinney's six propositions (The Social Reality of Crime)? - ANS 1. Crime is a definition of human conduct that is created by authorized agents in a politically organized society

2. Criminal definitions describe behaviour that conflict with the interests of segments of society that have the power to shape public policy

3. criminal definitions are applied by the segments of society that have power to shape the enforcement and administration of criminal law
4. Behavioural patterns are structured in segmentally organized society in relation to criminal definitions, and within this context personal engage in actions that have relative probabilities of being defined as criminal
5. Conceptions of crime are constructed and diffused in the segments of society by various means of communication
6. The social reality of crime is constructed by the formulation and appliction of criminal definitions, the development of behavioural patterns related to criminal definitions What is Instrumental Marxism? - ANS The state is viewed as the direct instrument of the ruling or capitalist class. Instrumentalism is based on the notion that the processes of the superstructure and determined by the economic base What is Structural Marxism? - ANS The state is viewed as acting in the long-term interest of capitalism as a whole rather than in the short-term interest of the capitalist class What is Left Realism? - ANS - Working class crime is a real problem that requires practical What is Critical Criminology? - ANS - Draws attention to hidden and overlooked injustices

• Demands possible dismantling practices
• Transformative justice for the marginalized and oppressed What is The New Criminology? - ANS - Understanding crime in its wider socio-cultural context
• Examines the structural and political-economic dimensions that produce criminal behaviour
• Probes the relationship between crime and the prevailing mode of production
• Questions the role of power and conflict in shaping crime and criminal justice
• Engages in a materialist analysis of development of law in capitalist societies
• Takes a dialectical approach to analyzing how individuals both influence and are influenced by dominant social structures

What is Contemporary Feminist Criminology? - ANS - Focuses on criminalized women and the feminization of poverty

• Accounts for distinctly gendered forms of victimization caused by social conditions in patriarchal societies
• Double victimization and violence against women
• The victimization-criminalization continuum? (?)