Download Crowd Control Techniques and Chemical Agents and more Exams Nursing in PDF only on Docsity! Trained Crowd Management When is crowd management necessary? - Answer -Any time officers deal with 3 or more individuals in a group T or F: The First Amendment guarantees freedom of speech, the right to lawfully assemble, AND unlawful, violent, or destructive behavior - Answer -FALSE The __________ or __________ of officers can turn a crowd into a hostile mob - Answer -Actions OR Inactions What should be a growing concern of every jurisdiction occurring at sporting events? - Answer -Growing phenomenon of riots In ________________ activities, the officer will find himself engaged in duties related to crowd control - Answer -Day-to-day Day-to-day tasks that an officer may encounter are: - Answer -Controlling a curious group of bystanders at the scene of an accident TO Possibility of a hostile crowd bent on riot and destruction What can make a problem more manageable or can lead to the loss of control and a destructive riot? - Answer -The actions an officer takes The primary goal of any officer is: - Answer -To protect life and liberty Crowd: - Answer -A number of persons temporarily congregated in an area Officers should not ignore unlawful behavior, but should: - Answer -Use tact and diplomacy when confronted by a crowd Lessening the possibility of hostile group attack on officers, gives the officer: - Answer -Time to consolidate resources to help diffuse, contain, or disperse a crowd before a problem develops Individuals congregated in a given area usually: - Answer -Have no common bond other than their curiosity of an event North Carolina law establishes the legal definition of a crowd, when: - Answer -They become OR area about to become disorderly NCGS 14-288.2 (a) Riot; inciting a riot: - Answer -Defines a riot (crowd) as, "a public disturbance involving an assemblage of 3 or more persons which by disorderly and violent conduct, results in injury or damage to persons or property or creates a clear and present danger of injury or damage to persons or property." Mob (hostile/aggressive): - Answer -A crowd whose members, under the stimulus of intense excitement and agitation, lose their sense of reason Also lose respect for sense of order, law, and respect for each other This type of crowd is a riot under NC law Types of mobs: - Answer -Escape Aggressive Acquisitive Expressive Flash Escape mob: - Answer -Highly emotionally charged crowd driven by fright Those involved are driven by an overpowering fright, which creates an emotional, unreasonable, and frantic behavior driving the crowd to seek safety Extremely difficult to control because the group, even though together and acting as one, is interested in individual survival To control the escape mob, the officer should: - Answer -Channel the crowd as they move from one area to another Necessary to reduce the potential of injury caused by the mob upon other members of the fear driver mob T or F: You should never stand in front of the escape mob because they are emotionally driven and you may be seriously injured - Answer -TRUE Aggressive mob: - Answer -Will attack, riot, and terrorize others Their aim is destruction of property and physical attacks on persons The actions of the crowd or the sight of blood often drives them to frenzy *Example: ANTIFA* Acquisitive mob: - Answer -Has the desire to acquire something *Example: Black Friday shoppers* What type of mob requires officers to remove prisoners or other persons in custody ASAP to help defuse the focus? - Answer -Acquisitive mob Expressive mob: - Answer -Expresses intense feelings or revelry Usually follows some special event Can be very destructive *Example: local high school football game* Flash mob: - Answer -Group of strangers who organize themselves, using electronic media such as cellphones or the Internet, to gather together in a public place, behave in a predetermined manner for a predetermined amount of time, and then quickly disperse A successful flash mob even depends on: - Answer -The element of surprise Flash mobs have included: - Answer -Zombie walks in various cities around the world A protest against a third runaway at Heathrow Airport in London Mob pillow fights, known as Pillow Fight Club gatherings Distribution of clothing to the homeless on Vancouver's Downtown Eastside A large group dancing to music broadcasted over the public address system in a London underground station, created for a T-Mobile ad ______ ____ are not just a passing fad but are a demonstration of the 'ability for groups of people to organize collective action in the face-to-face world, in ways that they were unable to do before the combination of the Internet and mobile telephones made it possible' - Answer -Flash mobs What are the 5 types of disturbances and civil unrest? - Answer -Mass demonstration Civil disobedience Labor disputes Idealistic protest Riot Rumor plays a key role in this type - to influence Target is the enemy group T or F: Special tactics, such as chemical munitions, special impact munitions, and anti-sniper teams are needed to deal with a *race* riot - Answer -TRUE T or F: Traditional crowd / riot control techniques have high effectiveness in the *race* riot setting because LEO is between groups who may be armed - Answer -FALSE Organized / planned riot: - Answer -Occurs when a mob is deliberately assembled and incited to riot Utilize a key instigator with predetermined followers Used to enhance the ideas of the instigator and destroy the PD's reputation As a result, the public loses faith in the police, which hurts police morale and makes them hesitant and unsure of themselves Guerrilla riot: - Answer -Actions are not those of the mob but rather those of a guerrilla army or terrorist group Prime target is the police - using ambush techniques to accomplish their goals T or F: Conventional riot control countermeasures are useless in dealing with guerrilla riot encounters - Answer -TRUE T or F: Guerrilla riot encounters are NOT true urban warfare involving guns, grenades, explosives, etc - Answer -FALSE Spontaneous riot: - Answer -Set of by some force or event Proper tactical approach to this maybe the only preparation time officers have before things spiral out of control Protester devices: - Answer -Could be a locking or non-locking device that can be constructed from a variety of materials (PVC pipes, bicycle locks, barrels, steel, wood, etc) The purpose of a protester device(s) is to: - Answer -Prevent an efficient extrication and draw media attention to the protester cause Examples of protester devices: - Answer -Sleeping Dragons Dragon Sleeve Lock box Bicycle lock(s) Tripods Lockdown devices used by protesters can include: - Answer -Handcuffs Chains Padlocks - to fasten themselves to trees, gates, entrances, roads, and equipment Steel pipes are used to lock protesters to: - Answer -The ground or around objects Known as: *black bears* Tripods and tree platforms have also been used to: - Answer -Suspend protesters off the ground to block access to property and / or to promote environmental protest Protesters will often wear masks for: - Answer -Symbolism AND Anonymity NCGS 14-12.7 and NCGS 14-12.8 - Answer -Address the issue of wearing masks prior to a mass civil disobedience incident The ________ is the characteristic mode of communication in a collective behavior setting - Answer - Rumor Rumors are defined as: - Answer -Communication through people caught up in an ambiguous situation trying to make meaningful sense of it by relying on their perceptions and intellect T or F: A rumor is a progressive distortion of an originally accurate statement - Answer -TRUE T or F: Rumor plays a minor part in crystallizing public opinion - Answer -FALSE T or F: Some experts have said that NO riot takes place without a build-up through rumor - Answer - TRUE T or F: Animosity is gradually intensified preceding a riot by stories of aggressive acts on the part of the opposition - Answer -TRUE T or F: Rumors don't follow controversial encounters between a member of the public and an officer of a different culture - Answer -FALSE; they DO Irrationality: - Answer -*2 aspects of the behavior in a crowd setting* *First* - fear and panic *Second* - frustration - results in violent havior Homogeneity of Mental State (group mind-set): - Answer -Members of the mob share a common attitude, opinion, dissatisfaction, and frustration Emotional Contagion (contagion theory): - Answer -Most dramatic feature of collective behavior where excitement seems to be transmitted from one person to another Provides the crowd with psychological unity and the point at which a crowd or assemblage becomes a mob Tactics for countering social / psychological influences: - Answer -Dispersing the crowd ASAP to reduce the influence of the crowd on its members Use of photography and video to take away anonymity Selective arrest and enforcement to reduce the feeling of universality Call people by name if they are known Put them on notice of the law and possible violations Have a dispersal / back-up team formed close by the scene but out of sight Dispersing the crowd ASAP to reduce the influences of the crowd on its members, includes: - Answer - Verbalizing the need for the crowd to disperse - use diplomacy and tact Seeking cooperation and explaining what actions may be used to disperse the group if necessary Allow a reasonable time for the crowd to disperse and "save-face" - pushing the crowd can lead to confrontation Control the number of officers on the scene - too many may lead to uncoordinated action being taken or push the crowd into action If the crowd's actions should result in violence, then more forcible dispersal actions may be needed What factors must officers be aware of when dealing with a civil disturbance? - Answer -*Cumulative effect* - psychological factors may be an excessive response by officers who are often thrust into situations with little time to brief them about the situation *Fatigue factor* - determining the ability of the control force personnel to deal with provocation; supervisors may lose control over officer's actions *Emotional involvement* - officer focuses in on one demonstrator and targets the person for uses of force and / or arrest; supervisors must be vigilant and provide a "cooling off" time T or F: Officers should respond to non-violent, passive protests in the same manner as they would for violent protests - Answer -FALSE; they should NOT T or F: The simple fact that a group of individuals is gathering to voice an opinion to gain public sentiment does not necessarily mean that the protest is unlawful - Answer -TRUE What is lawful? - Answer -Picketing - many ordinances require to remain a certain distances from the business Parades Marches What is unlawful? - Answer -Violence - involving injury or damage to people or property Blocking entrances - NCGS 14-277.4 Obstruction of Healthcare Facilities (unlawful when protesters move onto the premises and begin to block entrances) AND NCGS 14-159.12 OR 14-159.13 (unlawfully entering and remaining on the premises) (1st or 2nd degree trespass) Communication and liaisons include: - Answer -Identifying the leaders - open communication is imperative Attend group meetings to obtain intelligence information Use informants Infiltrate meetings as a last resort when leaders will not cooperate - help identify troublemakers and militants Identify local and out of town miltants Report to supervisors - must be relayed to departmental supers Protester tactics: - Answer -Blocking entrances - may block doorways, loading docks, delivery entrances while standing, sitting, or laying Locking arms - may join arms and make a human chain Padlocking with chains - to lock themselves to buildings, equipment, and other structures Singing and chanting - common tactic to add stress to the officers Use of direct coordinated attacks of control force with similar formations and protective gear No limit to mob ingenuity and officers must recognize the effectiveness of mob psychology Countermeasure operations can: - Answer -Enhance control force operations and safety Downtown countermeasure operations include: - Answer -Securing rooftops and side streets Having moving patrols Watching for sniper fire Residential area countermeasure operations include: - Answer -Securing rooftops and side streets Having moving patrols Watching for sniper fire Security may become an additional problem due to the additional space and lack of accessibility into private residences Barricades countermeasure operations include: - Answer -Impeding protester movement Passive barricades do little to deter a mob bent on violence Looting countermeasure operations include: - Answer -Foot patrols D.A.R.T. *Dispersal, Arrest, Rescue Teams* effectively deal with the type of activitiy Vital buildings countermeasure operations include: - Answer -LE must gain entry Secure sensitive areas AND Initiate action to remove the rioters Teamwork countermeasure operations include: - Answer -Stick together; a lone officer is a waste of manpower and stimulates the crowd Post-riot control countermeasure operations include: - Answer -Positive action must prevent recurrence Use COP teams Work with community leaders Make positive community contact A crowd generally is aware of the law and usually: - Answer -Respects the principles of law and order In confronting a crowd, LE should: - Answer -Know the reason for the meeting, determine the general characteristics of the individuals (and the crowd), and know the area well in which the crowd gathers One popular method of controlling factors, which affect emotions, is to: - Answer -Have a permit system for the registering of meetings and assemblies The permit system as a: - Answer -Local ordinance provision, NOT a state law In a permit system, organizers must: - Answer -Apply for a permit in order to hold meetings and gatherings The permit issuers (often a LE agency) can: - Answer -Set rules and regulations for meetings that must be followed or the permit may be cancelled Who can be held legally responsible for the group's behavior? - Answer -Promoters and organizers The permit system encourages the organizers to: - Answer -"Police" their own group to ensure a peaceful meeting; allows LE time to plan for the event Crowd control plan / planned events give officers: - Answer -Direction and to establish a departmental plan of action and a guiding philosophy for LE response and actions Some key points of crowd control plan / planned events are: - Answer -Observe spectators rather than the event Avoid unnecessary conversation Keep outside the crowd Identify and watch crowd agitators T or F: A lawful demonstration should not be looked upon with disapproval be LEO - Answer -TRUE T or F: The visible officers should be kept to a maximum and should be dressed tactful - Answer -FALSE; should be kept to a minimum and dressed normally T or F: Proper liaison between LE and demonstrators often prevents trouble - Answer -TRUE T or F: Use of probation and parole officers is not allowed to identify potential troublemakers - Answer - FALSE The force should be applied only long enough to: - Answer -Overcome the resistance of another person's force T or F: Large-scale disturbances utilize the same techniques as small-scale disturbances - Answer -TRUE The important part between large-scale and small-scale disturbances is that: - Answer -Large-scale disturbances require more control force personnel If there are insufficient control forces on hand to disperse the crowd, efforts should be: - Answer -Made to monitor and contain the crowd as well as possible until additional control forces are summoned A response plan should include: - Answer -Isolating the area - primary goal and responsibility is to safeguard lives; *restrict access* to the affected area to seal off the disturbance; *clear buildings* to identify hot spots or building requiring special attention Isolation techniques - barricades, roadblocks, perimeter patrols Techniques for isolating a disturbance area: - Answer -Use of barricades - deny or limit entry and exit from area; usually only effective as long as they are manned or are too difficult to move Roadblocks - must not be easily breached by vehicles; example: 55 gallon drum filled with water or sand, sandbags, heavy vehicles Perimeter patrols that operate along the outer boundaries of the affected area - purpose is to prevent entry to or exit from the area; help capture identified ringleaders fleeing the area What are the 4 crowd control options available based on the desired objective? - Answer -Monitor Containment Blocking Dispersion A prime consideration in selecting an option(s) will be the: - Answer -Effect of the response in reducing the intensity of the existing situation Monitor: - Answer -Consists of watching the crowd's progress and development by control force teams Enables the agency to gauge the crowd's activity and intent in relation to civil disturbance and possibly influence their actions through persuasive means Appropriate for large non-violent demonstrations where more decisive action is not feasible due to crowd size and intensity of the situation Appropriate as an interim measure pending arrival of additional control forces What are techniques used to monitor crowds? - Answer -Passive observation of the crowd and communication with leaders on the intent or interest of group Officers should monitor the area to identify leaders and group actions; discover possible dispersal alternatives Containment: - Answer -Consists of restraining a large number of individuals within the area they are presently occupying, containing further aggressive activity Appropriate in college campus situations to prevent demonstrators from spreading out to surrounding communities and to prevent unauthorized personnel from entering the campus Blocking: - Answer -Consists of the physical denial of a crowd's advance upon a facility, which is the potential or actual target to dissent activity Formation and barricades are the most appropriate for this option Dispersion: - Answer -Consists of action taken to fragment a crowd and is especially applicable to small crowd situations in a congested urban environment Should include the consideration that such dispersion may increase and spread lawlessness rather than to reduce it Establish control over the dispersal routes; provide security for those facilities that may become targets for small groups; prepare to follow-up the dispersal operation with the apprehension of small groups still active in the area Techniques for dispersal include: - Answer -Proclamation Show of force Use of crowd control formations Use of riot agents Saturation patrol techniques Post-disturbance actions: - Answer -Efforts must be employed to keep the crowd from reforming Small formations, of no less than 4 officer teams, should be left to patrol the affected area and disperse groups that try to reform Most common techniques for crowd control and dispersal: - Answer -Isolation and observation Communication of interest and intent Cooperation Helmets Goggles or visors Body armor Gloves Shin guards Boots Shields Groin protection - applies to both males and females Show and use of force - use only the minimum force to effectively control - Answer -Officer presence Batons / shields Horses Dogs, used as a resource protection vs. crowd control Vehicles Chemical agents Special impact weapons systems Distraction devices Firearms The riot baton is generally ___ to ___ inches in length, either fixed or collapsible, with rounded ends, a suggested diameter of ____, and preferably a thong at one end that can be placed in the palm of the hand - Answer -26 to 42 inches; 1.25 inches Basic grip: - Answer -Normally held using the 2 handed grip Right hand grips the end Left hand grips the barrel approximately 12 inches from the tip Do not wrap the thong around your fingers, wrist, or hand Parade rest position: - Answer -Relaxed and ready position Feet are shoulder width apart Left palm facing out Right palm facing toward the body Hands are approximately 6 inches from the end Port position: - Answer -Ready position Right hand and forearm are parallel to the ground Left hand is level with the left shoulder Striking end of the baton bisects the angle between the neck and left shoulder Baton is held approximately 8 inches from the body Feet are shoulder width apart On-guard position: - Answer -Most movements are initiated from this stance Feet placed approximately shoulder width apart Left foot about 12 inches forward of the right foot Weight should be evenly distributed on both feet with the legs slightly bent Baton held approximately 6 inches in front of the body and at a 45 degree angle Body is bent slightly at the waist Left is bent and parallel to the ground so that the forearm protects your throat To move forward from the *on guard* position: - Answer -Move the left foot forward and then bring up the right foot in a shuffle motion Reverse jab: - Answer -Technique is generally used as a follow-up to the butt stroke Following the butt stroke, drive the barrel end of the baton toward the opponent with the left hand Strike to the center muscle mass of upper and lower leg: - Answer -Slide forward with the left foot As you start the strike, allow the left hand to slide down the barrel of the baton to a position alongside the right hand Complete the motion by striking the center muscle mass of the upper and lower leg Blocking motions using the riot baton: - Answer -Against an opponent's left punch Against an opponent's right punch Against an opponent's uppercut Against an opponent's kick Blocking against an opponent's *left* punch: - Answer -Deflect the punch upwards and to the right of your body Strike if necessary and appropriate Blocking against an opponent's *right* punch: - Answer -Snap the tip of the barrel upward and outward to your left, deflecting the blow off to the side Strike if necessary and appropriate Blocking against an opponent's *uppercut*: - Answer -Twist the baton to the horizontal position and thrust it downward to block the punch Strike if necessary and appropriate Blocking against an opponent's *kick*: - Answer -Pull the left knee backwards while at the same time thrusting the baton downwards to block the kick Strike if necessary and appropriate Initial response / mini-formations: - Answer -Use of basic cover-contact approach *Initial or point officer is the contact officer* - advises the others of being in charge, does the talking, makes any order to disperse, makes the decision to effect an arrest *Second officer takes cover position* to the right or left - one pace back, responsible for watching the crowd for dangers and covering the point / contact officer *Third officer takes rear guard position* - directly behind contact / point officer, 2 paces directly behind, needs to be more flexible in movement / actions to allow for the protection of the rear of the formation, may also have to walk backward *Provides for 360 degree coverage for officer safety and allows officers to work as a team* *Supervisor / fifth arriving officers* - assumes center position, controls mechanism to maintain the squad's integrity and controls a prisoner in the event an arrest is made, may also be used to deploy controlled burst of chemical / mechanical munitions to help with withdrawal of the formation Additional will form a diamond formation to assist in withdraw or rescue T or F: Units should respond to an area close to the scene, but out of sight so as not to have too many officers on scene and escalate the situation - Answer -TRUE While at the staging area these units should form their own mini-formations and prepare to: - Answer - Establish a safe withdrawal area should they have to move in and assist the primary team Prepare to enter the crowd if necessary with organized formations and protective and dispersal equipment Coordinate the isolation of the affected area Extract / cover withdrawal of initial team should the crowd become hostile and attack them Act as a dispersal team should it become necessary to use force to break up the crowd Mini-formations: - Answer -3 officer wedge 4 officer diamond Combing of 2 mini-formations into a basic 6 - 8 person team Additional use of mini-formations: - Answer -Rescue teams Special arrest teams Special dispersal teams, utilizing chemical and / or special impact munitions Larger riot control formations include: - Answer -Squad Platoon Also leads to complaints of excessive force Chemical munitions should only be used when: - Answer -The crowd is disorderly to the extent of throwing objects, physically attacking officers, or there is imminent thrat of either Any time chemical munitions are used, at least ____ crowd escape route should be determined prior to deployment - Answer -ONE T or F: No legitimate police objective can be achieved by the indiscriminate spraying of chemical agents onto a crowd - Answer -TRUE Care must be taken to avoid discharging agent so that it only affects: - Answer -The front half of a crowd Any time chemical agents are used on a crowd, they should be: - Answer -Warned of its pending use T or F: Chemical agents should only be deployed by officers specially trained in their use and deployment - Answer -TRUE What are the 4 forms of chemical agents used be LE agencies for crowd control? - Answer -HC - Hexachlorethane CN - Chloroacetophenone CS - Orthochlorbenzalmalononitrile OC - Oleoresin capsicum HC - Hexachlorethane - Answer -Smoke Effective when used to break up some crowds that are disorderly but not overtly violent Used for: conceal movement, disorient the crowd, determine the wind direction CN - Chloroacetophenone - Answer -Discovered in 1869 by a German chemist Odor: like apple blossoms Incapacitation factor - 10 to 20 mins Fast acting irritant that affects the upper respiratory passages, lacrimal glands, and eyes Usually begin to work in 1 to 3 seconds, some people may not be affected for up to 30 mins Irritant that does not affect everyone - may not affect those on drugs or alcohol Physiological effects: irritating to the skin, causing burning or itching sensation, flow of tears and nose irritation, affects moist areas of the body Lacrimal - affects glads, ducts, and sacs around the eyes and in the nasal and sinus cavities CS - Orthochlorbenzalmalononitrile - Answer -Irritant agent developed and used for crowd dispersal Most effective broad-based munition - primarily outdoors Irritation to the eyes, skin, and respiratory system Odor: peppery Incapacitation time: produces immediate effects in 5 - 10 seconds; can last from 10 to 30 mins Physiological effects: extreme burning of the eyes, copious flowing of tears, involuntary closing of the eyes, stinging sensation on moist skin, running nose, sinus and nasal drip, tightness in the chest and throat, dizziness or swimming of the head OC - Oleoresin capsicum - Answer -Cone shaped - effective for crowd dispersion Streams and forms - target specific systems Streams - useful in crowd control when used on a controlled scale on specific individuals, such as those identified by arrest teams Cone shaped - misting or fogging systems more suited for crowd dispersal Micro-pulverized powdered which is expelled into the air by means of compressed gas Odor: spicy, peppery smell Incapacitation factor for stream: immediately for most individuals; not those under heavy alcohol or severe mental issues Almost total incapacitation for some subjects Incapacitation is usually limited to the individual sprayed Foggers and powdered based munitions affect the breathing ability of the exposed more than the eyes Physiological effects: burning to the eyes, irritation to the nasal passages and throat, tight feeling around the chest Gross contamination can be relieved by flushing with clear water for at least 10 mins - agent or carrier is visible, usually a white powdery substance or orange oily substance For CS, a solution of 5-10% sodium carbonate - superior to water and needs to be used only in small amounts (baking soda solution also works but more slowly) First aid for nose with chemical agents: - Answer -Irritation, burning sensation, nasal discharge Breathe normally Blow nose to remove discharge Nose drops should help is discomfort is severe First aid for chest with chemical agents: - Answer -Irritation, burning sensation, coughing, feeling of suffocation, tightness in chest, often accompanied by a feeling of panic Victim should relax and keep calm Talk reassuringly to the victim to help relieve discomfort and prevent panic Legal concerns about using chemical munitions: - Answer -Generally accepted by the courts and public to disperse riotous crowds and avert what the police could reasonably regard as threatened violence Only major issues considered by the courts have been the training of officers and the method of deployment 2 additional resources available to officers in crowd dispersal are: - Answer -Special Impact Munitions (SIMS) AND Distraction Devices (flash bags) Special impact munitions (SIMS): - Answer -Kinetic energy munitions and are viable tools to employ on violent crowds and violent individuals within the crowd *Only personnel specially trained in the use and deployment of these munitions should deploy them on crowds or individuals* Only be used against hostile crowds and when other dispersal options are not effective or safe to use Modern method of keeping the peace allows for greater distance and impact Use of specialty impact munitions: - Answer -Move or route a crowd Cover formation movement during violent demonstrations / riot Take-down targeted subjects for arrest Stop potential violent attackers from hitting officers Types of Specialty Impact Munitions: - Answer -Bean bag rounds Rubber bullets Rubber pellets Rubber baton rounds Foam rounds Wooden baton rounds Sponge rounds Sting-ball grenades: fortified with chemical agents, giving it both chemical and SIMS capabilities Psychological effects of SIMS: - Answer -Strong mental effect on an individual Anxiety - having a firearm pointed directly at them Fear - being struck by a munition Panic - crowd or individuals may scatter making it more difficult to strike a specific individual Physiological effects of SIMS: - Answer -Officers must use caution Officers must avoid striking areas of the body which may cause death or serious injury - those areas are: chest, solar plexus, head, spine, neck, groin, and major joints First aid steps for SIMS: - Answer -Should be medically cleared before being confined to a detention facility Should be examined at a hospital prior to being incarcerated Lacerations and other visible wounds should be treated using standard first aid measures until more advance medical treatment arrives _______________ crowd is an assemblage of people who have a sustained common interest and respond emotionally to the same stimuli - Answer -Psychological crowd Examples of psychological crowd - Answer -Ball game, political speech, parades, fires, accidents, or disturbances Categories of psychological crowds - Answer -Sightseer or sightseeing crowd Expressive or agitated crowd _________________ is characterized by their common bond, curiosity seekers, mostly cooperative and sometimes anxious to assist - Answer -Sightseer or sightseeing crowd _____________________ members are involved in some kind of expressive behavior, such as a block party or political rally; emotionally involved and can become easily agitated; mostly want to have a good time and express their point of view - Answer -Expressive or agitated crowd Emotional or agitated crowds are an unorganized group of people willing to be led into lawlessness but hesitate4 to act because it lacks: - Answer -Organization Courage Unity A _____________ is a crowd whose members, under the stimulus of intense excitement and agitation, lose their sense of reason. - Answer -Mob A _________________ can lose respect for sense of order, law, and respect for each other. This type of crowd is a riot under NC law. - Answer -Mob 5 types of mobs - Answer -Escape mob Aggressive mob Acquisitive mob Expressive mob Flash mob A highly emotionally charged crowd driven by fright describes a ___________ mob. - Answer -Escape The _______________ mob will attack, riot, and terrorize others. The aim of the mob is the destruction of property and physical attacks on persons. - Answer -Aggressive mobs The _______________ mob has the desire to acquire something (looting of food or merchandise) - Answer -Acquisitive The ________________ mob is a group expressing intense feelings or revelry. Usually follows some special event and can be very destructive - Answer -Expressive A _______________ mob is a group of strangers who organize themselves, using electronic media, to gather in a public place, behave in a predetermined manner for a predetermined amount of time, and then quickly disperse. - Answer -Flash Participants of a flash mob that share news about the time and place for upcoming event are called _____________. - Answer -Mobsters Examples of flash mobs - Answer -1. Zombie walks in various cities around the world 2. Protest against 3rd runway at Heathrow Airport. 3. Mob pillow fights, Pillow fight club gathering 4. Distribution of clothing to the homeless on Vancouver's Downtown Eastside 5. Large group dancing to music broadcasted over the public address system 5 types of disturbances - Answer -Mass demonstration Civil disobedience Labor disputes Idealistic protest Riot _________________ usually involves hundreds or thousands of people, many who are non violent and within their rights to protest, but can overwhelm the capabilities of law enforcement agencies - Answer - Mass demonstration Examples of mass demonstration - Answer -Protest march _____________________ involves a group that is usually nonviolent and uses tactic and posture that place them in a position to be arrested by law enforcement agencies - Answer -Civil disobedience Examples of civil disobedience - Answer -Operation rescue demonstration Student takeovers on college campuses The dynamics of a _________ __________ are very complex. - Answer -Labor dispute Officers dealing with a labor dispute should look at several perspectives. What are they? - Answer -Free speech Police power at the scene Picketing Employer and non striking employees Access to company property True or false. The right of strikers to picket is protected by the courts on grounds that it is a valid expression of freedom of speech - Answer -True An __________ _________ usually involves fanatically dedicated participants, usually young males who are not deterred by the threat of arrest or use of force. - Answer -Idealistic protest A ________ is an uncontrolled and violent disturbance of the public peace by three or more persons joined together for a common purpose. - Answer -Riot ___________ is the "everybody is doing it" feeling - Answer -Universality ___________ is being afraid to express a view contrary to those in the majority - Answer -Inability to withdraw ______________ occurs when people are frustrated and believe they are being treated unfairly, confrontation is an outlet but it commonly increases the hatred between social groups - Answer - Increased hostility ____________ is the urge to do with others do; crowd people tend to follow the lead to others, especially those designated as leaders - Answer -Social suggestion ____________ exists in any crowd and hostile emotions like anger can drive the crowd to act out - Answer -Emotionality What are the two aspects of irrationality - Answer -Fear and panic Frustration Both can result in violent behavior ____________ is when the members of the mob share a common attitude, opinion, dissatisfaction, and frustration. "Group mind set" - Answer -Homogeneity of mental state __________________ is the most dramatic feature of collective behavior where excitement seems to be transmitted from one person to another and provides the crowd with psychological unity and the point at which a crowd or assemblage becomes a mob. - Answer -Emotional contagion How do you counter social/psychological influences - Answer --Disperse the crowd ASAP -Use photography and video to take away anonymity -Selective arrest and enforcement to reduce the feeling of universality -Call people by name if they are known -Put them on notice of the law and possible violations -Have a dispersal/back up team formed close by the scene, but out of sight so as to not inflame the situation until they are actually needed What are other influences that will affect officers in a riot/crowd management situation - Answer -- individual response to stress -psychological influences True or false. Officers need to learn to ignore taunts and not allow personal feelings to interfere with the execution of their mission. They must also NEVER throw objects back unless that bitch has it coming. - Answer -Falsssseeee. Never throw it back. No matter how ratchet that hoe is. The ___________ ___________ of these psychological factors may be an excessive responses by officers who are often thrust into situations with little time to brief them about the situation. - Answer - Cumulative effect The ____________ _________ must also be taken into consideration in determining the ability of the control force personnel to deal with provocation. Supervisors may lose control over the officer's actions. - Answer -Fatigue factor The ___________ __________ is when an officer focuses in on one demonstrator and targets this person for uses of force and/or arrest. - Answer -Emotional involvement True or false. Officers should respond to passive protests in the same manner as they would for violent protests. - Answer -False. They SHOULD NOT respond the same What are examples of lawful protests - Answer -Picketing Parades and marching What are examples of unlawful protests - Answer -Violence Blocking entrances What are the steps to communication with protestors - Answer --Identify the leaders -Attend group meetings to obtain intelligence -Use informants -Identify local and out of town militants -Report to supervisors What are protestor tactics - Answer -Blocking entrances Locking arms Padlocking with chains Singing and chanting Name calling The sooner you _________ a riotous crowd the sooner you begin to regain control. - Answer -Disperse True or false. Mass arrest is the key when it comes to stopping a riotous crowd. - Answer -FALSE. Dispersal is the key True or false. Forcible action is preferred over diplomacy. - Answer -FALSE. Diplomacy is preferred When forming a dispersal squad, where and how should you do it - Answer -Out of sight of the crowd yet close enough to respond quickly if needed Types of violence seen at protests - Answer -Verbal and written abuse Noise Attacks on officers and their equipment Thrown objects Moving vehicles Destruction of property and looting Demolitions and explosions - be aware of agitators who may attempt to put LE in a position in which they appear to be taking sides - keep pedestrian and vehicular traffic on any nearby sides walks/streets moving - do not engage in unsolicited intelligence or info unless directed to do so by supervisor 3 things in handling vehicles passing through a picket line - Answer -Have labor officially direct the pickets to clear then entrance or break picket line temporarily Do not give the impression that you are directing traffic Union officials should be allowed to communicate with drives of vehicles (driver can refuse) Don't for law enforcement - Answer -Don't discuss the merits of the disputes with anyone involved at the dispute Don't become provoked by name calling Don't go to the scene to obtain info unless directed to by supervisor Don't discuss an injunction with anyone involved at the dispute What amount of force can you use - Answer -Must be only that force necessary to overcome the actions of the crowd Regardless of the type of demonstration, the amount of force used must be: - Answer -Reasonable Necessary Lawful If there are insufficient control forces on hand to dsiperse the crowd, the following response plan should be utilized: - Answer -Isolate the area by restricting access and clearing buildings Using isolation techniques such as barricades, roadblocks, and perimeter patrols that operate along the outer boundaries of the affected area What are the four crowd control options - Answer -Monitor Containment Blocking Dispersion Once crowd is controlled use post disturbance actions such as four or more officer teams patrolling the affected area to disperse groups that try to reform Most common techniques of crowd control - Answer -Isolation and observation Communications of interest and intent Cooperation Issuing a proclamation Show of force Crowd control formations Arrest and processing of arrestees What is the importance of issuing a proclamation - Answer -A proclamation establishes the illegal nature of the crowds action and is an excellent medium to make known to the crowd the intent of control forces supervision. Also a means of reducing the size of the crowd prior to direct action being taken What are the main points in arrest or processing of arrestees - Answer -1. Verbalize intent to arrest 2. Use arrest teams 3. Use flex cuffs 4. Use stretchers or stokes baskets 5. Photograph and document each arrestee 6. Videotape entire disturbance for court and training purposes 7. Processing arrestees should happen outside affected areas and the arresting officer should have his picture taken with the arrestee for later identification and court purposes 8. Special considerations such as keeping arrests to a minimum to economize on the limited number of police resources Protective equipment of LE - Answer -Gas masks Helmets Goggles or visors Body armor Gloves Shin guards Boots Shields Groin protection for males and females What are types of show and use of force - Answer -Officer presence Batons/shields Horses Dogs Vehicles Chemical agents Special impact weapon systems Distraction devices Firearms A _______ ____________ is usually 26-42 inches in length, either fixed or collapsible, with rounded ends, usually 1.25 inches in diameter - Answer -Riot baton In a basic grip with riot baton, the right and left hand should be placed where - Answer -Right hand at the end of the baton To move rideward to the right what do u do - Answer -Move the right foot to the right Then move left foot When deadly force is not justified, where do all strikes need to occur - Answer -To the center mass of the body Center mass of leg Center mass of arm What are the riot baton striking movements - Answer -Jab or short thrust Two handed push Butt stroke (ha) Reverse jab Strike to center mass of upper and lower leg How do you do a short thrust / jab - Answer -Slide forward with left foot At the same time thrust the tip (ha) of the baton forward and strike the opponentt in the pit of the stomach Move back to on guard position after A two handed push is used not as a blow, but for what - Answer -To push or hold back a person How to do two handed push - Answer -Slide forward with left foot and extend both arms Holding baton in horizontal position and push opponent Return on guard position The butt stroke (ha) is general delivered how: - Answer -Up the butt. Upward or sideward using that portion of the baton below the right hand How to do the butt stroke (ask Beard, I'm sure he knows) - Answer -Slide forward with left foot while you drive the butt of the baton towards opponents midsection with right hand At the same time pull the barrel of the baton back towards you with the left hand Which technique is general used as a follow up for the butt stroke - Answer -Reverse jab How to do a reverse jab - Answer -Ffollowing the butt stroke, drive the barrel end of the baton toward the opponent with the left hand What is the strike to center mass of upper and lower leg - Answer -Slide forward with leg foot Allow left hand to slide down the barrel of the Paton to a position alongside the right hand Complete the motion by striking the center muscle mass of upper and lower leg Deflect the punch upwards and to the right of your body and striking if necessary and appropriate is how to block using a riot baton against what type of punch: - Answer -Left ppunnch Snap the tip of the barrel upward and outward to the left, deflecting the blow off to the side is how block with baton for what type of punch - Answer -Right punch Twist baton to horizontal position and thrust it downward to block what type of punch - Answer - Uppercut Pulling eft knee backwards while at the same time thrusting the baton downwards to block the kick is how to block what type of punch or kick - Answer -Blocking opponents kick what is the role of the contact officer in a mini formation or initial response - Answer -Advices other officers of being in charge Does the talking Makes any orders to disperse Makes decision to effect arrest What officer takes a cover position to the left or right and one pace back of the contact officer and is responsible for watching the crowd for dangers and covering the contact officer. - Answer -Second officer What officer takes a position to the left or right of contact officer and opposite of second officer - Answer -Third What officer takes a rear guard position, directly, behind the contct officer, two paces back and is more flexible in movements/actions to allow for the protection of the rear of the formation, may walk backwards - Answer -Fourth Which officer will assume a position in the center of the formation and act as a controlling mechanism to maintain squads integrity and controls a prisoner in the event an arrest is made and also may deploy chemical/specialty munitions - Answer -Ffifth assisting officer or supervisor Additional responding units will form how - Answer -Diamond formation with riot gear on in the event that they are needed The four officer diamond is an excellent formation for what - Answer -Small agencies to use when dealing with crowds Chemical munitions should only be used when: - Answer -The crowd is disorderly to the extent of throwing objects, physically attacking officers, or there is imminent threat of either When using chemical munitions, should should have what determined prior to deployment - Answer -At least one crowd escape route True or false. Any time chemical munitions are to be3 used on the crowd, the crowd should be warned of its pending use. - Answer -True Who can use chemical munitions - Answer -Those specially trained in their use and deployment What are the four forms of chemical agents used by LE - Answer -HC (hexachlorethan) smoke CN (chloroacetophenone) CS (orthochlorbenzalmalononitrile) OC (oleoresin capsicum) What is smoke used for: - Answer -Conceal movement Disorient the crowd Determine wind direction CN can incapacitate people for how long, can take effect within how long, and may not effect some people for up to how long. - Answer -Can effect people for 10 to 20 minutes Can take effect in 1 to 3 seconds May not work on some people for up to 30 minutes What are physiologically effects of CN - Answer -Irritating to the skin, causing a burning and itching sensation. Flowing of tears, nose irritation - agents especially affect moist areas of the body ________ is an irritant agent developed and used for crowd dispersal and is the most effective board- based munition, use primarily outdoors. - Answer -CS CS has what smell CN has what smell - Answer -CS - peppery CN - apple blossoms When does CS take effect and how long does it last - Answer -Can take effect In 5 - 10 seconds Can last from 10 to 30 minutes Physiological effects of CS - Answer -Burning of the eyes, flow of tears Involuntary closing of the eyes Stinging sensation on moist skin Runny nose, sinus, and nasal drips Tightness in chest and throat (if this persists more than 20-30 minutes seek medical treatment) Dizziness or swimming of the head OC smells like what - Answer -Spicy peppery smell What type of OC systems are more useful for crowd dispersal - Answer -Cone shaped mistinnnng or fogging systems Incapacitation factor for stream based OC systems - Answer -Acts immediately on most individuals (if on drugs or alcohol it may not take effect as quickly) Almost total incapacitate of some subjects Incapacitation usually limited to the one sprayed Foggiers and power based munitions affect the breathing abilit of the exposed person which makes it better for crowd dispersal Physiological effects of OC sprays - Answer -Burning sensation to eyes Irritation to nasal passages and throat Thought feeling around chest Smoke has what color code - Answer -Yellow CN has what. color code - Answer -Red CS has what color Code - Answer -Blue OC has what color code - Answer -Orange CR is what color code - Answer -Violet DM is what color code - Answer -OD Green What must officers consider before deploying chemical agents - Answer -The target area General first aid for exposure to chemical agents consists of - Answer -Remove affected person from the contaminated area to an open, upwind position Remain calm Major discomfort should disappear within 10-20 minutes Wooden baton rounds Sponge rounds Sting ball grenage Psychological effects of SIMS - Answer -Anxiety Fear Panic When using Special impact munitions you should avoid what areas of the body - Answer -Chest Solar Plexus Head Spine Neck Groin Major joints First aid for SIMS - Answer -Must be medically cleared before being incarcerated What devices use a low order explosive to create a light and sound that momentarily blind and distract subjects - Answer -Distraction devices Psychological effects of distraction devices - Answer -Diverts/confuses crowd Crowds may believe it was an explosive so they will have survival thinking Creates fear and may cause some in the crowd to flee Affects ability of some people to reason due to the sensory overload Physiological effects of distraction devices - Answer -Visual effects Auditory effects Potential hazards of disraction devices - Answer -Avoid using around children and old people Fire hazard Smoke may add to confusion for control forces Secondary ballistic projectiles Hearing problems Failure of munitions to initiate After the checklist is completed, it: - Answer -Must be kept on the premises for one year Correct When checking exits, in addition to exit doors, what other building features should also be checked? - Answer -Stairways The checklist is kept by: - Answer -The owner or operator on the premises for one year The Crowd Manager needs to insure that: - Answer -a. A person is responsible for making exit announcements and is identified on the Fire & Building Safety checklist b. Exit announcements are made prior to the start of each program or performance Incorrect c. Exit announcements notify occupants of the locations of exits to be used in emergencies d. All of the above A trained Crowd Manager must be present: - Answer -With an occupant load of 100 or more persons during all hours when the facility is open to patrons A Crowd Manager is required for any facility with an occupant load of: - Answer -100 or above How often must a Crowd Manager take the Crowd Manager course and pass the final exam with a satisfactory grade? - Answer -Every three (3) years The owner or operator must designate one Crowd Manager for: - Answer -Every 250 occupants or portion thereof Emergency lights must be checked daily: - Answer -By the Crowd Manager Exit announcements: - Answer -Are made via an audible announcement prior to the start of each program or performance notifying occupants of the locations of exits to be used in emergencies Exit sign lighting has to be: - Answer -Operable at all times that the facility is open to the public Which of the following facilities would be required to have a Crowd Manager? - Answer -Facility with occupant load of 100 or more, designated as Assembly Use A-2 or A-3 by the state building code with entertainment by live or recorded music above normal levels and a designated dance area principally designed or used as a nightclub, dance hall, discotheque or bar The requirement to complete the Fire and Building Safety Checklist before each night or performance shall be effective: - Answer -March 1, 2011 When completing the Fire and Building Safety Checklist, the Crowd Manager needs to - Answer -Assure that all deficiencies are corrected before the doors open to the public