CSFA Exam review Updated 2023, Exams of Nursing

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CSFA Exam review

True correct answerPlacenta previa: A placenta that is attached to the lower portion of the uterine wall covering the cervix; when the cervix begins to open closer to labor, the placenta detaches and causes severe maternal hemorrhage. 24 hrs following initial closure correct answerIn general, an incision should NOT be allowed to get wet until Endogenous correct answer contamination causes a greater number of infections in all types of wounds except those classified as clean 5 days correct answerMost wound infections do not become evident clinically for days or longer after operation Spores correct answer are the resting, protective stage of some rod-shaped bacilli Naloxone (Narcan) correct answer reverses the effects of opiate agonists and is used clinically to reverse respiratory depression and excessive sedation that results from opiate overdosage Streptococcus pyogenes correct answerthis paricular opportunistic pathogen is responsible for about 90% of all cases of pharyngitis---strep throat Monofilament correct answer sutures are preferable in contaminated wounds Pseudomonas correct answer is often encountered in hospital and clinical work because it is a major cause of nosocomal infections and is often found in burn victims Staphylococcus aureus correct answerWhat is the most common bacteria found in postopeative wound infections

24 correct answerInfections due to streptococci or clostridia may become severe within hours Anaerobic correct answerClostridium are gram-positive, spore-forming rods that are Nociception correct answer is the transmission of the pain stimulus from the periphery to the brain. urinary tract infection (UTI) correct answerWhat is the most common nonsocomial infection Clostridium botulinum correct answer produces one of the most potent toxins in existence and the cause of the deadly food poisoning vasoconstrictor correct answerEpinephrine 1:200,000 retards the systemic absorption and prolongs the duration of infiltration anesthesia. Epinephrine is referred to as a Staphylococcus aureus correct answer has been found to be the most common causative agent in such ailments as pneumonia, meningitis, boils, arthritis, and osteomyelitis (chronic bone infection) Halothane correct answerWhich of the following is commonly used for inhalation induction Midazolam (Versed) correct answerWhich of the following has superior amnestic properties and is an ideal agent for intavenous titration in the operating room holding area prior to thr patient's entering the operating room. Glutaraldehyde correct answerWhich of the following is an example of a high-level disinfecting agent? fibrin correct answerDuring coagulation, thrombin unites with fibrinogen, a blood protein, to form Delayed primary closure correct answerA wound that is known to be infected at the time of surgery and is left open to be closed at a later date is categorized as

Clostridium difficile correct answerIn patients who develop fever, abdominal pain, and profuse diarrhea, the most frequently seen antibiotic-associated enterocolitis is due to which of the following organisms? contaminated correct answerAn adult male is injured in an automobile accident at 2 AM, an exploratory laparotomy for possible perforated bowel is initiated at 5 AM, which of the following is the BEST wound classification in this scenario. Penrose drain correct answerThis drainage system is associated with increased infection rate in clean wounds Clean-contaminated correct answerIn wound classification, if the gastrointestinal or respiratory tract is entered without significant spillage or there is only a minor break in technique the wound would be classified as Dehiscence correct answeris a total or partial separation of the wound layers at any level Benzodiazepines correct answer produce anxiolysis, sedation, and amnesia. Clean Contaminated, Dirty correct answerDuring a repair of the vaginal wall, which is a classification, purulent drainage is encountered, the classification of the wound changes to Keloids correct answeris a Hypertrophic abnormal raised, thickened scar that extends beyond the normal borders/margins of the normal scar due to excessive dense fibrous collagen formation. side to side correct answerDuring first First intention healing the wound heals across the incision line. Depolarization correct answerSodium (Na+) and potassium (K+) trade places, the electricity flows in a wave-like motion throughout the heart Forced air warming blanket correct answerWhich of the following BEST prevents hypothermia in the OR? Telfa correct answerwhich of the following is considered a non-impregnated nonadherent dressing.

Fibrin correct answerDuring coagulation, thrombin unites with fibrinogen, a blood protein, to form protamine sulfate correct answer reverses the effects of heparin administered during open heart surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass Fibrinogen correct answerCryoprecipitate is a product derived from plasma that has been frozen and then thawed. It is rich in clotting factors such as factor VIII and fibrinogen. Cryoprecipitate is administered to patients with bleeding due to deficiency. Hypertonic correct answerA red blood cell in this solution will shrink and wrinkle-up because water molecules are moving out of the cell Platelets correct answerare used in cases where bleeding is due to thrombocytopenia or platelet- function abnormalities. For adults, pooled platelets or single-donor apheresis platelets are usually ordered. Transduction correct answer begins with the physical stimulus to an electrical signal by free nerve endings in the tissues "damaged tissue releases chemical substances locally that stimulate these nerve endings" Balanced salt solution, such as Ringer's lactate correct answerSurgical Patient Fluid and Electrolyte Abnormalities; The type of fluid replaced will depend in most cases on the serum electrolyte profile. If electrolytes are relatively normal in the face of obvious volume depletion, losses can be assumed to be isosmotic with plasma and should be replaced with a Papaverine correct answerDuring dissection of the internal mammary artery (IMA), which of the following diluted solutions should be used to dilate the artery and reduce muscle spasm? placed in a needle box and then discarded correct answerAt the conclusion of a surgical procedure, a used hypodermic needle should be ventricular repolarization correct answerThe T wave is indicative of

thrombin correct answerAn enzyme extracted from bovine blood is used therapeutically as a topical hemostatic agent NSAIDs correct answer act by inhibiting the enzyme cyclooxygenase, thus preventing the synthesis of prostaglandins SA node, AV node, bundle of His, purkinje fibers, ventricular muscle wall correct answerNormal heart-- the first impulse come from the then to , located in the atria, then to the these branches are located within the right and left ventricles. At the terminal ends smaller fibers distribute the electrical impulses to the muscle cells to stimulate contraction. Res Ipsa Loquitur correct answerIf a Kelly clamp is left in a patient who underwent a cholecystectomy, which of the following legal charges can be filed? SA node correct answerThe node begins and regulates the electrical impulses that create a normal cardiac rhythm. Helistat® correct answerThis hemostatic agent is made from the raw material collagen (processed bovine tendon) and promotes platelet aggregation. This agent and the instruments and gloves used to apply it must be dry because it adheres extremely well to anything moist. superior mesenteric artery correct answerThe cecum, ascending colon, hepatic flexure, and proximal portion of the transverse colon blood supply is from the artery. Duodenum (small intestine) correct answerThe first portion of the small intestine cecum correct answerThe is the site of attachment for the vermiform appendix. Bone wax correct answerWhich of the following is an example of Mechanical hemostasis Heparin correct answerActs as an anticoagulant by inhibiting thrombin. It is commonly used on the setup for vascular cases

intracorporal sutures correct answerThis type of suture ligature is passed through an obturator sleeve during a procedure and tied inside the body using laparoscopic needle holders or grasping forceps tension pneumothorax correct answerDuring a the increased pressure collapses the lung and pushes the vital structures (heart and major vessels) located in the center to the opposite side of the chest (mediastinal shift) compressing the other lung and return blood flow to the heart. second degree correct answerThe following symptoms would represent a burn classification: Can be red or white in appearance, but will appear dry, Involves the destruction of the entire epidermis and most of the dermis, Sensation can be present, but diminished, Blanching is sluggish or absent ascending aorta correct answerThe heart is supplied by arterial blood through the coronary circulation system. The arteries originate at the base of the Truncus arteriosus correct answeris a congenital complex malformation in which only one artery arises from the heart to form the aorta and pulmonary artery subclavian artery correct answerDuring a coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) the internal mammary artery (IMA) is also commonly used as a graft due to its durability. The internal mammary artery, also referred to as the internal thoracic artery, is located on the inside of the chest cavity running along both sides of the sternum and arises from the Lactated Ringers (LR) correct answerThis solution is a combination intravenous fluid containing fixed amounts of dextrose, sodium, potassium, calcium, chloride, and lactate ventricular septal defect/pulmonary valve stenosis/right ventricular hypertrophy correct answerTetralogy of Fallot includes which of the following defects? Increase IV fluid drip to allow hemodilution correct answerA patient who is opposed to the acceptance of blood transfusion on religious principle is undergoing a hysterectomy. During surgery, there was significant blood loss causing hematocrit to drop to 30% with a resulting drop in oxygen saturation. Under these conditions, which of the following is the appropriate response?

tissue injury correct answerWhich of the following conditions is MOST common when insulation failure occurs in laparoscopic surgery? Argon correct answerWhich of the following types of laser is used in retinal surgery? CO2 and Nd: YAG correct answerWhich of the following are the most common lasers used in gynecological surgery? McBurney's point correct answerOn initial observation, patients with acute appendicitis prefer to lie motionless as a response to local peritonitis. The maximal area of tenderness will often be at unless the appendix lies in an atypical location. Dispersive pad correct answerWhich of the following is needed to complete the circuit on an ESU when using a monopolar electrode tip? Wirsung correct answerThe duct of is the main pancreatic duct Left ventricle (LV) correct answerThe is the largest, thickest, and most powerful chamber of the heart. 7.35-7.45 correct answerThe normal PH range for an adult would be 14 - 18 g/dL correct answerThe normal hemoglobin range in an adult male sodium chloride correct answerThe presence or absence of an anion gap helps to categorize metabolic acidosis. The anion gap is calculated as the difference between the concentration of the major extracellular cation and the major anions plus bicarbonate. 4.6-6.2 x 106/nl correct answerWhat is the normal range of red blood cells in a complete blood count for an adult male? 150 mEq/L correct answerHypercalcemia defined as an ionized calcium concentration that exceeds?

7.35 correct answerMetabolic acidosis is present when the pH is less than and the plasma bicarbonate concentration is less than 22 mEq/L 12 - 16g/dl correct answerThe normal hemoglobin range in an adult female hypochloremia correct answerLoss of chloride may occur from vomiting, suctioning, sweating, and diuresis. It produces symptoms of metabolic alkalosis, i.e., slow shallow respirations and muscular tightening.

5.5 mEq/L correct answerHyperkalemia is defined as a serum potassium concentration greater than. 150 mEq/L and central nervous correct answerHypernatremia is defined as a serum sodium concentration that exceeds. and the principal target organ of hyponatremia is the system. 4.2-5.4 correct answerThe normal RBC range for an adult female would be 3.5-5.0mEq/L correct answerThe normal potassium range for an adult 136 - 145mEq/L correct answerThe normal sodium range for an adult 4.7-6.1 correct answerThe normal RBC range for an adult male would be Hyperkalemia correct answerIncrease in serum potassium, may be caused by renal failure, and may lead to respiratory and/or cardiac arrest. Metabolic or respiratory acidosis can occur Lumbar correct answerWhen opening the aneurysmal sac during resection of an abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA), which of the following arteries is ligated? vagus nerve correct answerDuring a carotid endarterectomy, the patient's heart rate drops to 30 bpm. This is likely due to stimulation of the

renal artery correct answerWhich of the following arteries may be detached and anastomosed to the graft during an abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) resection proximal/distal correct answerThe wrist is an articulation between the distal radius and ulna, and the carpal bones. There are eight carpal bones arranged in 2 rows. The row consists of the scaphoid, lunate, triquetrum, and pisiform. The row consists of the trapezium, trapezoid, capitate, hamate.When a patient is diagnosed with varicose veins, which of the following is the MOST likely cause? incompetent valves correct answerWhen a patient is diagnosed with varicose veins, which of the following is the MOST likely cause? Anterior correct answershoulder dislocation is often caused by a fall on an outstretched hand, causing abduction, extension and external rotation of the shoulder, or a significant posterior force on the shoulder. It accounts for 95 - 97% of all shoulder dislocations. Sternocleidomastoid correct answerWhich of the following muscles may be retracted during a thyroidectomy? internal carotid artery correct answerDuring a carotid endarterectomy, the final occlusion clamp to be removed after anastomosis is on the radial correct answerThe elbow articulation consists of 3 bones: the humerus, radius and ulna. Elbow x- rays consist of 2 views: anteroposterior (AP) and lateral. On the AP: Laterally, the humeral capitellum articulates with the head. a proximal infrarenal neck remnant of 1 - 2 cm correct answerWhich of the following is the BEST indication for endovascular abdominal aortic aneurysm repair (EVAAAR)? internal carotid correct answerThe distal portion of the Javid shunt used during carotid endarterectomy is inserted into which of the following arteries Computerized Axial Tomography (CAT) correct answerWhich of the following radiological techniques is described as an x-ray beam that moves back and forth across the body to project cross-sectional images?

cramping correct answerWhich of the following is a symptom of claudication? superior thyroid and inferior thyroid correct answerWhich of the following arteries supply blood to the thyroid gland? Cushing's correct answerThis syndrome is caused by the overproduction of cortisol or hydrocortisone Inferior Vena Cava (IVC) correct answerThe left adrenal drains into the left renal vein. The right adrenal vein drains directly into the Deltoid correct answerIn an ankle injury the widening of the medial portion of the mortise joint due to a rupture of at least a part of the ligament. carotid sinus correct answeris a dilated terminal portion of the common carotid artery; it is a baroreceptor that responds to changes in blood pressure. Sellick's correct answermaneuver is a method of preventing regurgitation of an anesthetized patient during endotracheal intubation by applying pressure to the cricoid cartilage Glasgow Coma Scale correct answeris a scoring system used in quantifying level of consciousness following traumatic brain injury; it provides a mechanism to assess the patient's injuries Pericardial tamponade correct answerPenetrating injures to the chest can injure the heart, coronary or internal mammary arteries and cause blood to gather within the pericardial space. This condition is referred to as. mental status correct answerSimple Triage and Rapid Treatment (START) is an effective protocol for quickly triaging a large number of casualties to ensure the most injured are treated first. START is based on three main observations: respiration, perfusion and DUODENUM & COMMON BILE DUCT correct answerA choledoco-duodenostomy refers to the surgical anastomosis of which of the following two structures

proximal and anterior to the pes anserinus, medial to the patellar ligament correct answerIn knee arthroscopy, the antero-medial portal is placed true correct answerThe Descending colon is located in the left lumbar region into the space between the spinal canal and the dura mater covering the nerve roots correct answerEpidural anesthesia is administered Chondromalacia correct answerConsists of softening, yellow discoloration, fraying, and degeneration of the articular surface of the kneecap; usually occurs in women between the ages of 14 and 28 Inflammation/ Soft callus formation/ Hard callus formation/ Remodeling correct answerThe phases of indirect bone healing are: Patella correct answerThe knee joint is an articulation of the condyles of the femur and tibia and, anteriorly the Fat embolism correct answerA fracture or reaming of the femur or long bone most likely is linked to distal tibia correct answerA Potts fracture occurs in the deep peroneal nerve correct answerThe nerve at risk during an anterior compartment syndrome is the median nerve correct answerIn Carpal Tunnel Syndrome the transverse carpal ligament is divided to relieve pressure off the Colles' fracture correct answerA fracture of the distal radius with dorsal carpal displacement is called a True correct answerA boxer's fractures distal fifth metacarpal fracture is the most common injury for which a ulnar gutter splint/cast is used

subclavian vein correct answerThe clavicle (collar bone) is a long curved bone that articulates medially with the sternum and laterally with the acromion process of the scapula. The most common site for a fracture of the clavicle is the central one-third portion. The structure lying directly under the clavicle is the Anterior correct answerThe Most common direction for a shoulder dislocation is subscapularis tendon correct answerThe lesser tuberosity is the site of attachment for the median and ulnar correct answerThe most common dislocation of the elbow is Posterior. The nerves most commonly injured during the dislocation are Scaphoid correct answerThe is the most commonly fractured of all the carpals. De Quervain syndrome correct answer is a condition characterized by swelling in the tendon sheath surrounding the tendons of the abductor pollicis longus (APL) and extensor pollicis brevis (EPB) Bristow correct answer involves transferring the coracoid process, along with the short head of the biceps and coracobrachialis, through the subscapularis and attaching it to the scapular neck with a screw. This procedure is for severe anterior recurrent dislocations. pubis, ischium, ilium correct answerThe acetabulum, or PELVIS, is comprised of the fusion of which of the three bone choices below? sciatic correct answerThe most common direction for a dislocation of the hip is posterior. Due to the direction of the dislocation, the nerve is at risk during a posterior dislocation. The posterior dislocation will present itself in internal rotation. Subtrochanteric correct answer fractures occur just below the lesser trochanter and usually are treated with an intramedullary rod. A patient with a fractured hip displays external rotation of the leg on the fractured side, and it usually is shorter than the nonfractured hip

tibial tuberosity correct answerThe Patella (kneecap) is located anterior to the knee joint and is the site for the attachment of the quadriceps tendon proximally. The tendon, attached on the distal end of the Patella to its insertion into the , is the Patella tendon. Calcaneus, navicular, tibia, and calcaneus correct answerThe talus forms an articulation with which of the following bones Jones Fracture correct answerA fracture of the shaft of the fifth metatarsal is called a anteriorly correct answerWhen the knee is flexed, the ACL keeps the tibia from moving superior lateral geniculate artery correct answerA lateral retinacular release helps correct lateral patellar subluxation. Surgeons perform this by cutting the synovium and retinaculum longitudinally to the muscle fibers of the vastus lateralis. If the surgeon performs a full release, then he or she identifies the to avoid possible devascularization of the Patella. calcaneus correct answerAchilles Tendon connects the gastrocnemius to the

1. external carotid artery, 2) common carotid artery, 3) internal carotid artery correct answerFollowing closure of a carotid endarterectomy, the surgeon or assistant removes the clamps in the following order Carotid sheath correct answerContains common carotid artery located medially, the internal jugular vein located laterally, and the vagus nerve located between the artery and vein posteriorly tunica intima, tunica media, tunica externa correct answerThe wall of each artery and vein is composed of the following layers ophthalmic artery, anterior cerebral artery and middle cerebral artery correct answerThe internal carotid artery divides into the: Coarctation of the aorta correct answerThis condition causes hypertension in the upper extremity, inadequate perfusion in the abdomen and lower extremities, and left ventricular hypertrophy. Diagnosis

is made using computed tomography (CT) scans, magnetic resonance (MR) angiography, or echocardiography. True correct answerThe external carotid first branch is the superior thyroid artery vertebral artery, internal carotid correct answerThe and the arteries interconnect at the Circle of Willis located at the base of the brain left gastric, hepatic, and splenic arteries correct answerCeliac artery comes off the front of the aorta and further divides into the? Inferior pancreaticoduodenal artery

• gonadal artery
• Right colic artery
• Middle colic artery correct answerbranches of the SMA include: True correct answerThe suspensory Treitz's ligament is a band of tissue extending from the duodenojejunal angle and ascending section of the duodenum to the diaphragm. It is a key structure in determining orientation of the large bowel. Carotid sinus correct answer dilated terminal portion of the common carotid artery; it is a baroreceptor that responds to changes in blood pressure. Carotid body correct answera small chemoreceptor mass—sensitive to blood oxygen concentration— located behind the bifurcation of the common carotid artery. Bradycardia correct answerdirect inadvertent stimulation of the vagus nerve during a carotid endarterectomy may have which of the following results pneumothorax correct answerA severe rib fracture could lead to penetration into the thoracic cavity, allowing air to enter into the pleural cavity which creates a condition known as After answering the question please review the drawing

True correct answerThe thymus is located in the anterior portion of the chest cavity behind the sternum. It is a glandular organ consisting primarily of lymphatic tissue and is the site of T-cell differentiation. During fetal development, the thymus processes many of the lymphocytes of the body (primarily T cells) and sends them via the bloodstream to lymphatic tissue throughout the body. The thymus is large and active during this period (infancy). As an individual nears puberty, the thymus begins to atrophy True correct answerThe chest wall contains 12 pairs of spinal nerves (T1 to T12 thoracic vertebrae). Each spinal nerve has two roots. The dorsal root is composed of sensory neurons that carry impulses into the spinal cord. The ventral root carries impulses from the spinal cord to the muscles or glands. The two roots merge to form a spinal nerve as they pass through an intervertebral foramen. pectus carinatum (pigeon chest) correct answerThis condition is caused by an anterior sternal displacement True correct answerThe parietal pleura line the thoracic wall and portions of the diaphragm and mediastinum. The visceral pleura cover the lungs. The parietal and visceral linings become continuous near the hilum to form a cuff called the root of the lung, which contains the pulmonary vessels, nerves, and bronchus. cardiac tamponade correct answerWhen blood or fluid compresses the heart, the ventricles cannot fully expand and will not pump an adequate amount of blood---The syndrome is known as Hickman catheter correct answerA Hickman catheter is a very specialized central line placed directly into the pulmonary artery. fossa ovalis correct answerA depression left by the foramen ovale, which is an embryonic interatrial opening that closes after birth left atrium correct answerOxygenated blood returns from the lungs to the heart through the right and left pulmonary veins into the True correct answerThe tricuspid valve is located between the right atrium and right ventricle and consists of three leaflets (septal, anterior, posterior). The leaflets attach to the tricuspid ring. Underneath

and connected to the leaflets are the chordae tendineae, which arise from the papillary muscles attached to the inner portion of the ventricular cavity SA node and AV node correct answerThe begins and regulates the impulses for contraction. The impulses travel through the myocardium of both atria to create atrial contraction, and then they move to the where there is a slight delay to allow the ventricles to fill before contraction. Tetralogy of Fallot correct answeris a congenital heart defect involving four anatomical abnormalities Ejection fraction correct answerTerm Used to determine how much blood the heart is pumping per beat Seldinger correct answerTechnique used in pericardiocentesis procedures where a catheter is placed into the pericardial cavity, and effusion is drained; more than 50 ml of fluid withdrawn indicates pericardial effusion True correct answerThe left bronchus is straighter and wider than the right, and foreign bodies tend to lodge in the left bronchus True correct answerDuring a CABG Surgeon anastomoses the saphenous vein grafts and IMA to the selected coronary arteries Thalamus correct answeris the area within the brain that coordinates an emotional response to a particular sensory impulse True correct answerThe hypothalamus produces two hormones - oxytocin and vasopressin - that are stored and released by the posterior pituitary gland True correct answerTranssphenoidal surgery is indicated in many pituitary region tumours; the incision is made in the buccal mucosa under the upper lip pia mater, arachnoid mater, dura mater correct answerThe following make up the Meninges

True correct answerThird ventricle-connects with the subarachnoid space by two lateral foramina of Luschka ( into the cisterna lateralis) and foramina of Magendie ( into the cisterna magna)-CSF flows around the cerebrum, cerebellum and down the spinal subarachnoid space. Choroid Plexus correct answerlocated in the 3rd and 4th ventricles produces cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) True correct answerThe brain is supplied by four major arteries the internal carotid and vertebral arteries True correct answerThe circle of Willis is a circular anastomosis located at the base of the brain. It is formed by: the anterior and posterior communicating arteries, anterior cerebral arteries, internal carotid arteries and posterior cerebral arteries Foramen of Monro correct answerThe lateral ventricles are located within the cerebral hemispheres. The lateral ventricles connect with the third ventricle through this structure True correct answerIn acquired Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD), the disease is transmitted by exposure to brain or nervous system tissue, usually through certain medical procedures. There is no evidence that CJD is contagious through casual contact with a CJD patient. The only way to confirm a diagnosis of CJD is by brain biopsy or autopsy True correct answerEpidural hemorrhage is usually caused by an injury to the middle meningeal artery. scoliosis correct answerA curvature of the vertebral column in a mediolateral plane can occur pathologically and is known as pedicles correct answerThe parts of the neural arch between the spinous and transverse processes are known as the laminae and the parts of the arch between the transverse processes and the body are the True correct answerThe bodies of adjacent vertebrae are connected by specialized cartilaginous joints known as intervertebral discs. Each disc is composed of a central core of gelatinous material, known as the nucleus pulposus, and a surrounding series of fibrous rings known as the annulus fibrosis.

peroneal correct answerA foot drop results from insufficiency of the extensor muscles in the foot and may be caused by lumbar disc herniation ( damage to a nerve root in the lumbar spine) or damage to/compression of the nerve as it courses superficial to the fibular head vagus nerve correct answerThe recurrent laryngeal nerve is a branch of the omohyoid muscle correct answerWhich of the following structures is innervated by a branch/branches of the cervical plexus? Sciatic nerve correct answerThe lumbosacral trunk joins with the sacral plexus to form the largest nerve in the body known as the Calot's triangle correct answerAn area containing the cystic duct, common hepatic duct, and the lower edge of the Indirect hernia correct answerA hernia that occurs lateral to the inferior epigastric vessels; it is congenital or acquired and goes through the deep ring and often into the scrotum. Kocher correct answerA process in which the surgeon takes down the lateral peritoneal attachments of the duodenum to observe the pancreas, duodenum, and retroperitoneal areas. Treitz's correct answerA band of tissue extending from the duodenojejunal angle and ascending the section of duodenum to the diaphragm; the key structure in determining orientation of the small bowel. Zenker's diverticulum correct answer weak area in the muscular structure of the esophagus is Killian's triangle, which is between the oblique muscle fibers of the inferior constrictor muscles and the transverse fibers of the crocopharyngeus muscle. This area is the most-common site for a True correct answerThe axillary tail of Spence is an extension of breast tissue from the upper inferolateral trunk that tapers into the axilla. It passes through an opening in the axillary fascia called the foramen of Langer.

True correct answerThe cecum, ascending colon, hepatic flexure, and proximal portion of the transverse colon blood supply is from the ileocolic, right colic, and middle colic arteries supplied by the superior mesenteric artery True correct answerThe jejunum and ileum receive their blood supply from the SMA. The arteries unite and form loops or arcades in the mesentery, which branches out to straight arteries called vasa recta cecum correct answerThe vermiform appendix is attached to the distal end of the True correct answerThe liver weighs around 1500 gm and is the largest gland in the body. It is covered by Glisson's capsule. Lobules are the functional units of the liver; Kupffer's cells are the phagocytic cells of liver. The liver is divided into right and left lobes by the falciform ligament, which contains the ligamentum teres (obliterated umbilical vein). Cantlie's Line divides the liver into right and left lobes along a line approximating the middle hepatic vein fetal ductus venous correct answerLocated with the left lobe are the caudate lobe and the majority of the quadrate lobe. The left lobe is anatomical divided from the caudate and quadrate by the fissures of the round ligament and ligamentum venosum. The round ligament is the remnant of the umbilical vein. The ligamentum venosum is the remnant of the True correct answerBlood is supplied to the liver by the Portal system and the hepatic artery. The junction of the superior mesenteric and splenic veins form the portal vein True correct answerSymptoms of end-stage liver disease may include ascites, jaundice, edema, mental confusion, and a low platelet count. The ascites in the abdomen can lead to bacterial peritonitis. The disease process causes scarring of the liver, which makes the flow of blood through the liver difficult, and increases blood pressure in the portal vein and its tributaries (portal hypertension) Heister correct answerBoth the gallbladder neck and the cystic duct contain mucosal folds called the valves of True correct answerThe gallbladder is supplied with blood by the cystic artery, which is a branch of the right hepatic artery. The cystic vein drains into the portal vein. Lymphatics drain from the cystic lymph nodes to the hepatic lymph nodes to the celiac lymph nodes

murphy sign correct answerOne symptom a patient has in acute cholecystitis is a positive Murphy's sign. Splenic Flexure of the colon correct answerThe inferior mesenteric artery serves as principal blood supply to which of the following structures: Splenic Artery correct answerThe short gastric arteries are direct branches of which of the following: True correct answerThe inguinal region (inguinal trigone) is an important surgical area because of the occurrence of hernias due to weakness in the inferior abdominal wall, along with the passage of the spermatic cord in males and the round ligament in females

• skin;
• superficial subcutaneous fatty layer (Camper's fascia);
• deep superficial layer (Scarpa's fascia);
• deep fascia of the lateral muscles;
• extraperitoneal fat and parietal peritoneum correct answerAnterior Abdominal Wall Portion of the wall is divided into True correct answerThe fibers of the anterior and posterior rectus sheath intertwine at the midline to form the linea alba (white line). True correct answerA direct hernia goes through Hesselbach's triangle. Hesselbach's triangle is an anatomical landmark used to describe inguinal hernias. It is bordered inferiorly by the inguinal ligament, medially by the rectus muscle of the abdomen, and laterally by the deep inferior epigastric vessels. True correct answerThe majority of hernia repairs performed today are "tension free" involving the use of a synthetic mesh; an example is the Lichtenstein hernia repair True correct answerHilton's (intersphincteric) white line marks the nonmuscular interval that exists between the internal and external sphincters.

True correct answerProximally, the rectum is supplied arterial blood from the superior rectal artery from the inferior mesenteric artery. The middle portion is supplied by the middle rectal arteries from the inferior vesical arteries True correct answerThe nerves to the anal canal superior to the pectinate line are from the inferior hypogastric plexus, which contains sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves. The superior portion of the canal feels only a stretching sensation. The nerve supply inferior to the pectinate line is from the inferior rectal nerves, a branch of the pudendal nerve. This portion of the canal feels pain and temperature. Paramedian incision correct answerAn incision made about 1 inch left or right from the midline and involving the rectus muscle; the surgeon closes the wound in three layers: peritoneum and posterior rectus sheath, anterior rectus sheath, and skin. True correct answerA Whipple procedure, a pancreaticoduodenectomy removes the duodenum along with all or part of the pancreas. It removes the head of the pancreas, the entire duodenum, a portion of the jejunum, the distal third of the stomach, and the lower half of the common bile duct. Laterally—Femoral vein Inferiorly—Cooper's ligament Medially—Insertion of the iliopubic tract into Cooper's ligament correct answerThe area where a femoral hernia occurs has the following boundaries: second intention correct answera type of wound healing in which wound edges are not approximated (closed), the wound is left to heal from the inner layer to the outside surface (heals from bottom up) by formation of granulation tissue and contraction Proud flesh correct answerAn excessive formation of mass of granulation tissue Tensile strength correct answerThe force the suture can withstand before breaking Lembert correct answera technique used in gastrointestinal surgeries. It can be applied as either an interrupted or continuous suture that repairs the collagenous submucosal layer without disturbing the lumen,

True correct answerA square knot is composed of two half-hitches, made in the opposite direction of each other Surgeons Knot correct answerA Surgeons knot consists of two half-hitches in the same direction followed by the third half-hitch made in the opposite direction of the first two True correct answerIn the presence of Possible infection an interrupted closure is the best option True correct answerHalsted's principles include: gentle handling of tissues, meticulous hemostasis, strict aseptic technique, sharp dissection of tissue, using the minimal amount of smaller gauge non-irritating suture material during wound closure, never leave a dead space during wound closure and avoid tension during wound closure. True correct answerMost Frequently Damaged Nerve Of Lower Extremity!!! Common Peroneal/Fibular Nerve caused by Compression of lateral aspect of knee against stirrup and patient in the Lateral position. 135 to 145 mEq/L correct answerSodium (Na) serum - Normal level Adult = 12 - 16 g/dl correct answerHemoglobin (HGB) Normal Adult Range female 11 - 12.5 sec. correct answerPT (Prothrombin Time) = Stratum Lucidum Stratum Granulosum Stratum Spinosum Stratum Basale correct answerEpidermis layer is further divided into five, separate layers. In order from most superficial to deepest, they are the: True correct answerPrimary or first intention healing occurs in three phases: inflammatory, proliferation, and maturation

Clean contaminated correct answerThe wound enters into the respiratory, alimentary, genital, or urinary tract under controlled conditions without unusual contamination; an example of this is a nonperforated appendectomy or a vaginal procedure

1. Vasoconstriction,
2. Platelet plug formation,
3. Clotting of blood. correct answerThe three basic mechanisms of hemostasis are Avitene correct answeris an active collagen available in powder form. It is applied directly to a bleeding surface, followed by placing firm pressure using a dry sponge. True correct answerPolyglycolic acid ( Dexon®) A Braided suture Loses around 45% of tensile strength by 2 weeks; majority absorbed by the body by 1 month True correct answerEthilon® a monofilament suture has Around 20%-25% of tensile strength remaining at 1 year - losses Tensile Strength over time True correct answerLocal anesthetics are divided into amide and ester classes. Amide includes the commonly used lidocaine and bupivacaine (Marcaine) True correct answer1% OR 2% Lidocaine has a duration of 1.5- 2 hours True correct answerThe knot preferred in surgery is a square knot, also called a reef knot. True correct answerPezzer or Malecot catheters are Self-retaining catheters used to drain the bladder for suprapublic bladder drainage; the catheter drains by gravity and is connected to a drainage container True correct answerStent dressing are used when the wound is on an area of the body where a pressuring dressing cannot be placed, for example the head and neck. The long ends of sutures are tied over the dressing to keep it in place allowing evenly placed pressure over the wound Doctrine of Res Ipsa Loquitur correct answer"the thing speaks for itself"

Prokaryotic (bacteria) and Eukaryotic (fungi, algae, protozoan's, plants and animals). Eukaryotic is the answer correct answer cells contain a true nucleus bound by a nuclear membrane and membrane-bound organelles; the nucleus divides by mitosis True correct answerThe main component of a bacteria cell wall is peptidoglycan. The main function of the wall is to maintain the bacteria cells shape. Surrounding most bacteria cells is the glycocalyx. This structure is also called the capsule. The capsule helps keep the cell from drying out and aids in protection from phagocytosis True correct answerThe main component of a bacteria cell wall is peptidoglycan. The main function of the wall is to maintain the bacteria cells shape. Surrounding most bacteria cells is the glycocalyx. This structure is also called the capsule. The capsule helps keep the cell from drying out and aids in protection from phagocytosis True correct answerLaser is an acronym for "light amplification by the stimulated emission of radiation" True correct answerThe light beam of a Carbon Dioxide (CO2) laser is invisible and is delivered through an articulating arm. In order to see the beam usually a helium-neon laser beam is added to produce visible red aiming beam. The CO2 laser uses carbon dioxide, nitrogen, and helium gases True correct answerPlatelets are small fragments of megakaryocyte cytoplasm found in the blood; essential for clotting. A platelet count between 40,000 and 100,000/mm3 normally represents thrombocytopenia and could cause bleeding during and after surgery True correct answerBlood, Urea, Nitrogen (BUN) Adult7- 25 mg/dl is a measurement of renal function and liver function True correct answerSerum Bilirubin: Adult normal values 0.3-1.0 mg/dl increased values are associated with liver disease, mononucleosis, drug abuse, low exposure to sunlight or hemolytic anemia. True correct answerTroponin T less than 0.2 mcg/L and Troponin I less than 0.03 mcg/L. Cardiac specific muscle proteins rise when cardiac muscle is damaged.

True correct answerThe first part of a urinalysis is direct visual observation. Normal, fresh urine is pale to dark yellow or amber in color and clear. Normal urine volume is 750 to 2000 ml/24hr. True correct answerHCO3 Calculated value of the amount of bicarbonate in the bloodstream normal range 22 to 26 mEq/L True correct answerPartial prothrombin time (PTT) is Often preformed to determine if heparin (blood thinning) therapy is effective and or detection of a clotting disorder. Activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT) more sensitive than PTT Cul-de-sac of Douglas correct answerA double fold of the peritoneum forming a recess or sac between the uterus and the upper vaginal wall anteriorly and the rectum posteriorly. round, broad, cardinal, uterosacral correct answerLigaments of the uterus Mesovarium correct answerThe portion of the peritoneal fold that connects the ovary to the posterior side of the broad ligament True correct answerPlacenta previa: A placenta that is attached to the lower portion of the uterine wall covering the cervix; when the cervix begins to open closer to labor, the placenta detaches and causes severe maternal hemorrhage. Schiller's test correct answerSchiller's test: A test in which iodine (Lugol's solution) is used to stain cervical and vaginal tissue to check for abnormalities; abnormal tissue does not stain brown. yes correct answerThe pelvic floor consists of the coccygeus and levator ani muscles that are formed by the iliococcygeal, pubococcygeal, and puborectalmuscles. Yes correct answerThe ovarian artery is a direct branch of the abdominal aorta Yes correct answerThe uterine artery arises from the hypogastric artery and the ovarian artery directly from the aorta