CSFA Exam Review With 100% Correct Answers 2023, Exams of Advanced Education

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CSFA Exam Review With 100% Correct

Answers 2023

24 hrs following initial closure - Correct Answer-In general, an incision should NOT be allowed to get wet until Endogenous - Correct Answer-______contamination causes a greater number of infections in all types of wounds except those classified as clean 5 days - Correct Answer-Most wound infections do not become evident clinically for ____ days or longer after operation Spores - Correct Answer-_________ are the resting, protective stage of some rod- shaped bacilli Naloxone (Narcan) - Correct Answer-__________ reverses the effects of opiate agonists and is used clinically to reverse respiratory depression and excessive sedation that results from opiate overdosage Streptococcus pyogenes - Correct Answer-this paricular opportunistic pathogen is responsible for about 90% of all cases of pharyngitis---strep throat Monofilament - Correct Answer-_______ sutures are preferable in contaminated wounds Pseudomonas - Correct Answer-_______ is often encountered in hospital and clinical work because it is a major cause of nosocomal infections and is often found in burn victims Staphylococcus aureus - Correct Answer-What is the most common bacteria found in postopeative wound infections 24 - Correct Answer-Infections due to streptococci or clostridia may become severe within ______ hours Anaerobic - Correct Answer-Clostridium are gram-positive, spore-forming rods that are Nociception - Correct Answer-__________ is the transmission of the pain stimulus from the periphery to the brain. urinary tract infection (UTI) - Correct Answer-What is the most common nonsocomial infection

Clostridium botulinum - Correct Answer-_______ produces one of the most potent toxins in existence and the cause of the deadly food poisoning vasoconstrictor - Correct Answer-Epinephrine 1:200,000 retards the systemic absorption and prolongs the duration of infiltration anesthesia. Epinephrine is referred to as a Staphylococcus aureus - Correct Answer-________ has been found to be the most common causative agent in such ailments as pneumonia, meningitis, boils, arthritis, and osteomyelitis (chronic bone infection) Halothane - Correct Answer-Which of the following is commonly used for inhalation induction Midazolam (Versed) - Correct Answer-Which of the following has superior amnestic properties and is an ideal agent for intavenous titration in the operating room holding area prior to thr patient's entering the operating room. Glutaraldehyde - Correct Answer-Which of the following is an example of a high-level disinfecting agent? fibrin - Correct Answer-During coagulation, thrombin unites with fibrinogen, a blood protein, to form Delayed primary closure - Correct Answer-A wound that is known to be infected at the time of surgery and is left open to be closed at a later date is categorized as Clostridium difficile - Correct Answer-In patients who develop fever, abdominal pain, and profuse diarrhea, the most frequently seen antibiotic-associated enterocolitis is due to which of the following organisms? contaminated - Correct Answer-An adult male is injured in an automobile accident at 2 AM, an exploratory laparotomy for possible perforated bowel is initiated at 5 AM, which of the following is the BEST wound classification in this scenario. Penrose drain - Correct Answer-This drainage system is associated with increased infection rate in clean wounds Clean-contaminated - Correct Answer-In wound classification, if the gastrointestinal or respiratory tract is entered without significant spillage or there is only a minor break in technique the wound would be classified as Dehiscence - Correct Answer-is a total or partial separation of the wound layers at any level

Benzodiazepines - Correct Answer-_______ produce anxiolysis, sedation, and amnesia. Clean Contaminated, Dirty - Correct Answer-During a repair of the vaginal wall, which is a classification, purulent drainage is encountered, the classification of the wound changes to Keloids - Correct Answer-is a Hypertrophic abnormal raised, thickened scar that extends beyond the normal borders/margins of the normal scar due to excessive dense fibrous collagen formation. side to side - Correct Answer-During first First intention healing the wound heals across the incision line. Depolarization - Correct Answer-Sodium (Na+) and potassium (K+) trade places, the electricity flows in a wave-like motion throughout the heart Forced air warming blanket - Correct Answer-Which of the following BEST prevents hypothermia in the OR? Telfa - Correct Answer-which of the following is considered a non-impregnated nonadherent dressing. Fibrin - Correct Answer-During coagulation, thrombin unites with fibrinogen, a blood protein, to form protamine sulfate - Correct Answer-______ reverses the effects of heparin administered during open heart surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass Fibrinogen - Correct Answer-Cryoprecipitate is a product derived from plasma that has been frozen and then thawed. It is rich in clotting factors such as factor VIII and fibrinogen. Cryoprecipitate is administered to patients with bleeding due to deficiency. Hypertonic - Correct Answer-A red blood cell in this solution will shrink and wrinkle-up because water molecules are moving out of the cell Platelets - Correct Answer-are used in cases where bleeding is due to thrombocytopenia or platelet-function abnormalities. For adults, pooled platelets or single-donor apheresis platelets are usually ordered. Transduction - Correct Answer-__________ begins with the physical stimulus to an electrical signal by free nerve endings in the tissues "damaged tissue releases chemical substances locally that stimulate these nerve endings" Balanced salt solution, such as Ringer's lactate - Correct Answer-Surgical Patient Fluid and Electrolyte Abnormalities; The type of fluid replaced will depend in most cases on

the serum electrolyte profile. If electrolytes are relatively normal in the face of obvious volume depletion, losses can be assumed to be isosmotic with plasma and should be replaced with a Papaverine - Correct Answer-During dissection of the internal mammary artery (IMA), which of the following diluted solutions should be used to dilate the artery and reduce muscle spasm? placed in a needle box and then discarded - Correct Answer-At the conclusion of a surgical procedure, a used hypodermic needle should be ventricular repolarization - Correct Answer-The T wave is indicative of ___________ thrombin - Correct Answer-An enzyme extracted from bovine blood is used therapeutically as a topical hemostatic agent NSAIDs - Correct Answer-______________ act by inhibiting the enzyme cyclooxygenase, thus preventing the synthesis of prostaglandins SA node, AV node, bundle of His, purkinje fibers, ventricular muscle wall - Correct Answer-Normal heart--the first impulse come from the ___ then to ___, located in the atria, then to the ___ these branches are located within the right and left ventricles. At the terminal ends smaller fibers distribute the electrical impulses to the muscle cells to stimulate contraction. Res Ipsa Loquitur - Correct Answer-If a Kelly clamp is left in a patient who underwent a cholecystectomy, which of the following legal charges can be filed? SA node - Correct Answer-The node begins and regulates the electrical impulses that create a normal cardiac rhythm. Helistat® - Correct Answer-This hemostatic agent is made from the raw material collagen (processed bovine tendon) and promotes platelet aggregation. This agent and the instruments and gloves used to apply it must be dry because it adheres extremely well to anything moist. superior mesenteric artery - Correct Answer-The cecum, ascending colon, hepatic flexure, and proximal portion of the transverse colon blood supply is from the artery. Duodenum (small intestine) - Correct Answer-The first portion of the small intestine cecum - Correct Answer-The is the site of attachment for the vermiform appendix. Bone wax - Correct Answer-Which of the following is an example of Mechanical hemostasis

Heparin - Correct Answer-Acts as an anticoagulant by inhibiting thrombin. It is commonly used on the setup for vascular cases intracorporal sutures - Correct Answer-This type of suture ligature is passed through an obturator sleeve during a procedure and tied inside the body using laparoscopic needle holders or grasping forceps tension pneumothorax - Correct Answer-During a the increased pressure collapses the lung and pushes the vital structures (heart and major vessels) located in the center to the opposite side of the chest (mediastinal shift) compressing the other lung and return blood flow to the heart. second degree - Correct Answer-The following symptoms would represent a burn classification: Can be red or white in appearance, but will appear dry, Involves the destruction of the entire epidermis and most of the dermis, Sensation can be present, but diminished, Blanching is sluggish or absent ascending aorta - Correct Answer-The heart is supplied by arterial blood through the coronary circulation system. The arteries originate at the base of the Truncus arteriosus - Correct Answer-is a congenital complex malformation in which only one artery arises from the heart to form the aorta and pulmonary artery subclavian artery - Correct Answer-During a coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) the internal mammary artery (IMA) is also commonly used as a graft due to its durability. The internal mammary artery, also referred to as the internal thoracic artery, is located on the inside of the chest cavity running along both sides of the sternum and arises from the Lactated Ringers (LR) - Correct Answer-This solution is a combination intravenous fluid containing fixed amounts of dextrose, sodium, potassium, calcium, chloride, and lactate ventricular septal defect/pulmonary valve stenosis/right ventricular hypertrophy - Correct Answer-Tetralogy of Fallot includes which of the following defects? Increase IV fluid drip to allow hemodilution - Correct Answer-A patient who is opposed to the acceptance of blood transfusion on religious principle is undergoing a hysterectomy. During surgery, there was significant blood loss causing hematocrit to drop to 30% with a resulting drop in oxygen saturation. Under these conditions, which of the following is the appropriate response? tissue injury - Correct Answer-Which of the following conditions is MOST common when insulation failure occurs in laparoscopic surgery? Argon - Correct Answer-Which of the following types of laser is used in retinal surgery?

CO2 and Nd: YAG - Correct Answer-Which of the following are the most common lasers used in gynecological surgery? McBurney's point - Correct Answer-On initial observation, patients with acute appendicitis prefer to lie motionless as a response to local peritonitis. The maximal area of tenderness will often be at unless the appendix lies in an atypical location. Dispersive pad - Correct Answer-Which of the following is needed to complete the circuit on an ESU when using a monopolar electrode tip? Wirsung - Correct Answer-The duct of _________is the main pancreatic duct Left ventricle (LV) - Correct Answer-The is the largest, thickest, and most powerful chamber of the heart. 7.35-7.45 - Correct Answer-The normal PH range for an adult would be 14-18 g/dL - Correct Answer-The normal hemoglobin range in an adult male sodium chloride - Correct Answer-The presence or absence of an anion gap helps to categorize metabolic acidosis. The anion gap is calculated as the difference between the concentration of the major extracellular cation and the major anions plus bicarbonate. 4.6-6.2 x 106/nl - Correct Answer-What is the normal range of red blood cells in a complete blood count for an adult male? 150 mEq/L - Correct Answer-Hypercalcemia defined as an ionized calcium concentration that exceeds? 7.35 - Correct Answer-Metabolic acidosis is present when the pH is less than and the plasma bicarbonate concentration is less than 22 mEq/L 12-16g/dl - Correct Answer-The normal hemoglobin range in an adult female hypochloremia - Correct Answer-Loss of chloride may occur from vomiting, suctioning, sweating, and diuresis. It produces symptoms of metabolic alkalosis, i.e., slow shallow respirations and muscular tightening.

5.5 mEq/L - Correct Answer-Hyperkalemia is defined as a serum potassium concentration greater than. 150 mEq/L and central nervous - Correct Answer-Hypernatremia is defined as a serum sodium concentration that exceeds. and the principal target organ of hyponatremia is the system.

4.2-5.4 - Correct Answer-The normal RBC range for an adult female would be 3.5-5.0mEq/L - Correct Answer-The normal potassium range for an adult 136-145mEq/L - Correct Answer-The normal sodium range for an adult 4.7-6.1 - Correct Answer-The normal RBC range for an adult male would be Hyperkalemia - Correct Answer-Increase in serum potassium, may be caused by renal failure, and may lead to respiratory and/or cardiac arrest. Metabolic or respiratory acidosis can occur Lumbar - Correct Answer-When opening the aneurysmal sac during resection of an abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA), which of the following arteries is ligated? vagus nerve - Correct Answer-During a carotid endarterectomy, the patient's heart rate drops to 30 bpm. This is likely due to stimulation of the renal artery - Correct Answer-Which of the following arteries may be detached and anastomosed to the graft during an abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) resection proximal/distal - Correct Answer-The wrist is an articulation between the distal radius and ulna, and the carpal bones. There are eight carpal bones arranged in 2 rows. The row consists of the scaphoid, lunate, triquetrum, and pisiform. The row consists of the trapezium, trapezoid, capitate, hamate.When a patient is diagnosed with varicose veins, which of the following is the MOST likely cause? incompetent valves - Correct Answer-When a patient is diagnosed with varicose veins, which of the following is the MOST likely cause? Anterior - Correct Answer-shoulder dislocation is often caused by a fall on an outstretched hand, causing abduction, extension and external rotation of the shoulder, or a significant posterior force on the shoulder. It accounts for 95-97% of all shoulder dislocations. Sternocleidomastoid - Correct Answer-Which of the following muscles may be retracted during a thyroidectomy? internal carotid artery - Correct Answer-During a carotid endarterectomy, the final occlusion clamp to be removed after anastomosis is on the radial - Correct Answer-The elbow articulation consists of 3 bones: the humerus, radius and ulna. Elbow x-rays consist of 2 views: anteroposterior (AP) and lateral. On the AP: Laterally, the humeral capitellum articulates with the head.

a proximal infrarenal neck remnant of 1-2 cm - Correct Answer-Which of the following is the BEST indication for endovascular abdominal aortic aneurysm repair (EVAAAR)? internal carotid - Correct Answer-The distal portion of the Javid shunt used during carotid endarterectomy is inserted into which of the following arteries Computerized Axial Tomography (CAT) - Correct Answer-Which of the following radiological techniques is described as an x-ray beam that moves back and forth across the body to project cross-sectional images? cramping - Correct Answer-Which of the following is a symptom of claudication? superior thyroid and inferior thyroid - Correct Answer-Which of the following arteries supply blood to the thyroid gland? Cushing's - Correct Answer-This syndrome is caused by the overproduction of cortisol or hydrocortisone Inferior Vena Cava (IVC) - Correct Answer-The left adrenal drains into the left renal vein. The right adrenal vein drains directly into the Deltoid - Correct Answer-In an ankle injury the widening of the medial portion of the mortise joint due to a rupture of at least a part of the ligament. carotid sinus - Correct Answer-is a dilated terminal portion of the common carotid artery; it is a baroreceptor that responds to changes in blood pressure. Sellick's - Correct Answer-maneuver is a method of preventing regurgitation of an anesthetized patient during endotracheal intubation by applying pressure to the cricoid cartilage Glasgow Coma Scale - Correct Answer-is a scoring system used in quantifying level of consciousness following traumatic brain injury; it provides a mechanism to assess the patient's injuries Pericardial tamponade - Correct Answer-Penetrating injures to the chest can injure the heart, coronary or internal mammary arteries and cause blood to gather within the pericardial space. This condition is referred to as. mental status - Correct Answer-Simple Triage and Rapid Treatment (START) is an effective protocol for quickly triaging a large number of casualties to ensure the most injured are treated first. START is based on three main observations: respiration, perfusion and

DUODENUM & COMMON BILE DUCT - Correct Answer-A choledoco-duodenostomy refers to the surgical anastomosis of which of the following two structures proximal and anterior to the pes anserinus, medial to the patellar ligament - Correct Answer-In knee arthroscopy, the antero-medial portal is placed true - Correct Answer-The Descending colon is located in the left lumbar region into the space between the spinal canal and the dura mater covering the nerve roots - Correct Answer-Epidural anesthesia is administered Chondromalacia - Correct Answer-Consists of softening, yellow discoloration, fraying, and degeneration of the articular surface of the kneecap; usually occurs in women between the ages of 14 and 28 Inflammation/ Soft callus formation/ Hard callus formation/ Remodeling - Correct Answer-The phases of indirect bone healing are: Patella - Correct Answer-The knee joint is an articulation of the condyles of the femur and tibia and, anteriorly the Fat embolism - Correct Answer-A fracture or reaming of the femur or long bone most likely is linked to distal tibia - Correct Answer-A Potts fracture occurs in the deep peroneal nerve - Correct Answer-The nerve at risk during an anterior compartment syndrome is the median nerve - Correct Answer-In Carpal Tunnel Syndrome the transverse carpal ligament is divided to relieve pressure off the Colles' fracture - Correct Answer-A fracture of the distal radius with dorsal carpal displacement is called a True - Correct Answer-A boxer's fractures distal fifth metacarpal fracture is the most common injury for which a ulnar gutter splint/cast is used subclavian vein - Correct Answer-The clavicle (collar bone) is a long curved bone that articulates medially with the sternum and laterally with the acromion process of the scapula. The most common site for a fracture of the clavicle is the central one-third portion. The structure lying directly under the clavicle is the Anterior - Correct Answer-The Most common direction for a shoulder dislocation is

subscapularis tendon - Correct Answer-The lesser tuberosity is the site of attachment for the median and ulnar - Correct Answer-The most common dislocation of the elbow is Posterior. The nerves most commonly injured during the dislocation are Scaphoid - Correct Answer-The is the most commonly fractured of all the carpals. De Quervain syndrome - Correct Answer-__________is a condition characterized by swelling in the tendon sheath surrounding the tendons of the abductor pollicis longus (APL) and extensor pollicis brevis (EPB) Bristow - Correct Answer-___________involves transferring the coracoid process, along with the short head of the biceps and coracobrachialis, through the subscapularis and attaching it to the scapular neck with a screw. This procedure is for severe anterior recurrent dislocations. pubis, ischium, ilium - Correct Answer-The acetabulum, or PELVIS, is comprised of the fusion of which of the three bone choices below? sciatic - Correct Answer-The most common direction for a dislocation of the hip is posterior. Due to the direction of the dislocation, the ___________nerve is at risk during a posterior dislocation. The posterior dislocation will present itself in internal rotation. Subtrochanteric - Correct Answer-___________fractures occur just below the lesser trochanter and usually are treated with an intramedullary rod. A patient with a fractured hip displays external rotation of the leg on the fractured side, and it usually is shorter than the nonfractured hip tibial tuberosity - Correct Answer-The Patella (kneecap) is located anterior to the knee joint and is the site for the attachment of the quadriceps tendon proximally. The tendon, attached on the distal end of the Patella to its insertion into the , is the Patella tendon. Calcaneus, navicular, tibia, and calcaneus - Correct Answer-The talus forms an articulation with which of the following bones Jones Fracture - Correct Answer-A fracture of the shaft of the fifth metatarsal is called a

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anteriorly - Correct Answer-When the knee is flexed, the ACL keeps the tibia from moving__________ superior lateral geniculate artery - Correct Answer-A lateral retinacular release helps correct lateral patellar subluxation. Surgeons perform this by cutting the synovium and retinaculum longitudinally to the muscle fibers of the vastus lateralis. If the surgeon

performs a full release, then he or she identifies the___________ to avoid possible devascularization of the Patella. calcaneus - Correct Answer-Achilles Tendon connects the gastrocnemius to the

1. external carotid artery, 2) common carotid artery, 3) internal carotid artery - Correct Answer-Following closure of a carotid endarterectomy, the surgeon or assistant removes the clamps in the following order Carotid sheath - Correct Answer-Contains common carotid artery located medially, the internal jugular vein located laterally, and the vagus nerve located between the artery and vein posteriorly tunica intima, tunica media, tunica externa - Correct Answer-The wall of each artery and vein is composed of the following layers ophthalmic artery, anterior cerebral artery and middle cerebral artery - Correct Answer- The internal carotid artery divides into the: Coarctation of the aorta - Correct Answer-This condition causes hypertension in the upper extremity, inadequate perfusion in the abdomen and lower extremities, and left ventricular hypertrophy. Diagnosis is made using computed tomography (CT) scans, magnetic resonance (MR) angiography, or echocardiography. True - Correct Answer-The external carotid first branch is the superior thyroid artery vertebral artery, internal carotid - Correct Answer-The_____ and ______the arteries interconnect at the Circle of Willis located at the base of the brain left gastric, hepatic, and splenic arteries - Correct Answer-Celiac artery comes off the front of the aorta and further divides into the? Inferior pancreaticoduodenal artery

• gonadal artery
• Right colic artery
• Middle colic artery - Correct Answer-branches of the SMA include: True - Correct Answer-The suspensory Treitz's ligament is a band of tissue extending from the duodenojejunal angle and ascending section of the duodenum to the diaphragm. It is a key structure in determining orientation of the large bowel. Carotid sinus - Correct Answer-__________dilated terminal portion of the common carotid artery; it is a baroreceptor that responds to changes in blood pressure. Carotid body - Correct Answer-a small chemoreceptor mass—sensitive to blood oxygen concentration—located behind the bifurcation of the common carotid artery.

Bradycardia - Correct Answer-direct inadvertent stimulation of the vagus nerve during a carotid endarterectomy may have which of the following results pneumothorax - Correct Answer-A severe rib fracture could lead to penetration into the thoracic cavity, allowing air to enter into the pleural cavity which creates a condition known as After answering the question please review the drawing True - Correct Answer-The thymus is located in the anterior portion of the chest cavity behind the sternum. It is a glandular organ consisting primarily of lymphatic tissue and is the site of T-cell differentiation. During fetal development, the thymus processes many of the lymphocytes of the body (primarily T cells) and sends them via the bloodstream to lymphatic tissue throughout the body. The thymus is large and active during this period (infancy). As an individual nears puberty, the thymus begins to atrophy True - Correct Answer-The chest wall contains 12 pairs of spinal nerves (T1 to T thoracic vertebrae). Each spinal nerve has two roots. The dorsal root is composed of sensory neurons that carry impulses into the spinal cord. The ventral root carries impulses from the spinal cord to the muscles or glands. The two roots merge to form a spinal nerve as they pass through an intervertebral foramen. pectus carinatum (pigeon chest) - Correct Answer-This condition is caused by an anterior sternal displacement True - Correct Answer-The parietal pleura line the thoracic wall and portions of the diaphragm and mediastinum. The visceral pleura cover the lungs. The parietal and visceral linings become continuous near the hilum to form a cuff called the root of the lung, which contains the pulmonary vessels, nerves, and bronchus. cardiac tamponade - Correct Answer-When blood or fluid compresses the heart, the ventricles cannot fully expand and will not pump an adequate amount of blood---The syndrome is known as Hickman catheter - Correct Answer-A Hickman catheter is a very specialized central line placed directly into the pulmonary artery. fossa ovalis - Correct Answer-A depression left by the foramen ovale, which is an embryonic interatrial opening that closes after birth left atrium - Correct Answer-Oxygenated blood returns from the lungs to the heart through the right and left pulmonary veins into the True - Correct Answer-The tricuspid valve is located between the right atrium and right ventricle and consists of three leaflets (septal, anterior, posterior). The leaflets attach to the tricuspid ring. Underneath and connected to the leaflets are the chordae tendineae,

which arise from the papillary muscles attached to the inner portion of the ventricular cavity SA node and AV node - Correct Answer-The ______________ begins and regulates the impulses for contraction. The impulses travel through the myocardium of both atria to create atrial contraction, and then they move to ___________ the where there is a slight delay to allow the ventricles to fill before contraction. Tetralogy of Fallot - Correct Answer-is a congenital heart defect involving four anatomical abnormalities Ejection fraction - Correct Answer-Term Used to determine how much blood the heart is pumping per beat Seldinger - Correct Answer-Technique used in pericardiocentesis procedures where a catheter is placed into the pericardial cavity, and effusion is drained; more than 50 ml of fluid withdrawn indicates pericardial effusion True - Correct Answer-The left bronchus is straighter and wider than the right, and foreign bodies tend to lodge in the left bronchus True - Correct Answer-During a CABG Surgeon anastomoses the saphenous vein grafts and IMA to the selected coronary arteries Thalamus - Correct Answer-is the area within the brain that coordinates an emotional response to a particular sensory impulse True - Correct Answer-The hypothalamus produces two hormones - oxytocin and vasopressin - that are stored and released by the posterior pituitary gland True - Correct Answer-Transsphenoidal surgery is indicated in many pituitary region tumours; the incision is made in the buccal mucosa under the upper lip pia mater, arachnoid mater, dura mater - Correct Answer-The following make up the Meninges True - Correct Answer-Third ventricle-connects with the subarachnoid space by two lateral foramina of Luschka ( into the cisterna lateralis) and foramina of Magendie ( into the cisterna magna)-CSF flows around the cerebrum, cerebellum and down the spinal subarachnoid space. Choroid Plexus - Correct Answer-located in the 3rd and 4th ventricles produces cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) True - Correct Answer-The brain is supplied by four major arteries the internal carotid and vertebral arteries

True - Correct Answer-The circle of Willis is a circular anastomosis located at the base of the brain. It is formed by: the anterior and posterior communicating arteries, anterior cerebral arteries, internal carotid arteries and posterior cerebral arteries Foramen of Monro - Correct Answer-The lateral ventricles are located within the cerebral hemispheres. The lateral ventricles connect with the third ventricle through this structure True - Correct Answer-In acquired Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD), the disease is transmitted by exposure to brain or nervous system tissue, usually through certain medical procedures. There is no evidence that CJD is contagious through casual contact with a CJD patient. The only way to confirm a diagnosis of CJD is by brain biopsy or autopsy True - Correct Answer-Epidural hemorrhage is usually caused by an injury to the middle meningeal artery. scoliosis - Correct Answer-A curvature of the vertebral column in a mediolateral plane can occur pathologically and is known as pedicles - Correct Answer-The parts of the neural arch between the spinous and transverse processes are known as the laminae and the parts of the arch between the transverse processes and the body are the_________ True - Correct Answer-The bodies of adjacent vertebrae are connected by specialized cartilaginous joints known as intervertebral discs. Each disc is composed of a central core of gelatinous material, known as the nucleus pulposus, and a surrounding series of fibrous rings known as the annulus fibrosis. peroneal - Correct Answer-A foot drop results from insufficiency of the extensor muscles in the foot and may be caused by lumbar disc herniation ( damage to a nerve root in the lumbar spine) or damage to/compression of the ____________nerve as it courses superficial to the fibular head vagus nerve - Correct Answer-The recurrent laryngeal nerve is a branch of the omohyoid muscle - Correct Answer-Which of the following structures is innervated by a branch/branches of the cervical plexus? Sciatic nerve - Correct Answer-The lumbosacral trunk joins with the sacral plexus to form the largest nerve in the body known as the