CSTR Exams Questions with Correct Answers Latest Update 2023, Exams of Nursing

Download CSTR Exams Questions with Correct Answers Latest Update 2023 and more Exams Nursing in PDF only on Docsity! CSTR exams Questions with correct Answers Latest Update 2023///.  AIS Components for ISS Scaling- Body Region - ✅✅✅1. Head/Neck  2. Face  3. Chest  4. Abdominal/Pelvic Contents  5. Extremities/Pelvic Girdle Severe  6. External- Skin and Burns  Types of head injuries - ✅✅✅scalp wounds, skull fractures, brain injuries  The adult skeletal system - ✅✅✅206 bones  Skull base fractures - ✅✅✅orbital roof, ethmoid, basilar process of anoxic brain injury (ABI) - these go down to the cellular level.  Cranial Nerves and Functions - ✅✅✅I. Olfactory- smell  II. Optic - Vision  III. oculomotor - Pupil, some extraocular movement  IV. Troclear - extraocular movements  V. Trigeminal - some movements of the jaw, sensation  VI. Abducens- lateral extraocular movement  VII. Facial - facial muscle movement, taste  VIII. Acoustic- hearing, balance  IX. Glossopharyngeal - pharynx- motor, ear/pharynx, tongue- movement  X. Vagus - palate, larynx, pharynx, involuntary muscles  XI. Accessory - sternocleidomastoid/trapezius muscles  XII. Hypoglossal - tongue  Facial Bones - ✅✅✅• Orbits oNasal bones oMaxillae oMandible oPalatine oVomer  Facial Mechanisms of Injury - ✅✅✅deep lacerations, deformity, difficulty speaking, visual changes, entrapment of muscles, rhinorrhea, otorrhea, trismus  LeFort Fractures - ✅✅✅Type I: maxilla dissociated from skull base - nasal aperture; "floating palate"  Type II: central midface dissociation - inferior orbital rim, orbital floor; "pyramidal"  Type III: complete midface dissociation - lateral orbital wall, zygomatic arch; "floating face"  Angle of the mandible to base of the skull 2. Cricothyroid Cartilage  Neck Trauma procedures - ✅✅✅• Cricothyroidotomy - needle through a catheter oTracheostomy - done when a patient is stabilized oNeck Exploration oIntubation  Vertebral Column Dislocation - ✅✅✅• Ligamentous injuries - ligaments' purpose is to keep spine aligned. oDislocations - unilateral facet, bilateral facet oSubluxation- partial dislocation  Vertebral Column Fractures - oSimple o% compression or wedge oComminuted or burst - broken into pieces oTear drop  Spinal Cord Injuries - oConcussion - numbness and tingling oContusion- bruising oTransection oInterruption in vascular supply oSCIWORA - spinal cord injury with radiological arteries  Spinal Cord Descriptors - ✅✅✅• Neurodeficits oParesis- inability to move oQuadriplegia, tetraplegia - affects all parts oParaplegia - affects lower half of the body in terms of movement oHemiplegia - half of the body can't move  Spinal Injury Diagnostics and Procedures - ✅✅✅CT scan, MRI Procedures- cervical collar, tongs, halo traction, spinal decompression  Spinal Cord Syndromes- Incomplete - ✅✅✅• Central cord - affects extremities oAnterior cord oPosterior cord oBrown-sequard  Thoracic Bone Structures - ✅✅✅• Spinal column oRibs oClavicles oScapulae - if this bone is fractured, be suspicious for lung contusion. oSternum oXiphoid process - tip of the sternum  Rib fracture documentation - ✅✅✅very important to know the number of ribs fractured on each side. Segmental - flail  Thoracic Muscular Structures - ✅✅✅Diaphragm - muscle separating the chest and its contents from abdomen and its contents  Intercostal - assists in breathing  Thoracic Organs - ✅✅✅lungs, heart, esophagus, trachea, thymus glands  Thoracic Injury Descriptors - ✅✅✅• Shortness of breath oCyanotic- bluish oDeviated Trachea oSubcutaneous Emphysema oAbdominal Breathing oParadoxical Movement - also known as flail chest, the ribs seem to be floating or moving. oPale and clammy  Thoracic Trauma diagnostics - ✅✅✅• FAST exam oPericardiocentesis oCT scan with fluid faster than the pericardial sac can stretch. It is detected by an angiography and usually is treated by pericardiocentesis-- a needle is inserted into pericardial sac. oDiaphragmatic rupture oAortic rupture - aortography is used to detect this.  Rib Fractures - ✅✅✅common in older pts; can lacerate the surface of the lung and can cause pneumothorax or hemothorax; can cause crepitus; pts breathe rapidly and shallowly  Rib Fractures-Flail Chest - ✅✅✅be careful when looking at the medical record as segmental indicates detachment  a life-threatening medical condition that occurs when a segment of the rib cage breaks due to trauma and becomes detached from the rest of the chest wall  cardiac tamponade - ✅✅✅pressure on the heart caused by fluid in the pericardial space  Aortic rupture - ✅✅✅Dx in which the arterial wall breaks open as could happen in aortic dissection, ruptured aortic aneurysm trauma,aortography is used to detect this  Tension Pneumothorax - ✅✅✅a life threatening blunt injury oSevere respiratory distress oHypotension oDistended neck veins - cannot return blood back to the heart. oTracheal deviation oCyanosis - late sign oSpleen - heavily vascularized, can fracture or rupture oColon - Ascending, Transverse, Descending, Appendix, Sigmoid, Rectum, Anus oKidneys oAdrenals - rest on top of the kidneys oUreters- tubes oBladder oUrethra- means for expelling urine  Reproductive System Structures- Female - ✅✅✅Ovaries  Fallopian tubes  Uterus  Cervix  Vagina  Vulva  Reproductive System Structures- Male - ✅✅✅Scrotum, Testes, vas deferens, Prostate, urethra, Penis  Abdominal Quadrants-RUQ - ✅✅✅liver, gallbladder, Rt kidney  Abdominal Quadrants-RLQ - ✅✅✅Intestines  Abdominal Quadrants-LUQ - ✅✅✅Spleen, Stomach, Pancreas, Left Kidney  Abdominal Quadrants-LLQ - ✅✅✅Intestines  Abdominal Vascular Structures - ✅✅✅• Aorta- descending oMesentery Arteries - Superior and Inferior - help feed the GI contents. oRenal Arteries oIliac Arteries - external and internal oVena Cava - iliac, renal, hepatic  Abdominal trauma Diagnostics & Procedures - ✅✅✅• FAST exam oCt Scan oX Ray oDiagnostic Peritoneal Lavage (DPL) - to rule out intra-abdominal bleeding using a needle. oFoley Catheter oSuprapubic Catheter oIVP - intravenous pyelogram oCystotomy oRUG - retrograde urethrogram- contrast dye is inserted through the urethra oLaparoscopy- viewing the abdomen through a scope oExploratory laparotomy - making an incision into the abdomen surgically and exploring. oResection- for example of the colon.  Abdominal Injuries - ✅✅✅• Contusions/Lacerations involving the liver, spleen, bowel, renal, bladder, urethra oFractures - lumbar, pelvic oBlood Vessels  Classification of Splenic Injuries - ✅✅✅Grade 1 - sub capsular hematoma- nonexpanding  Grade 2 - Split- capsular tears  Grade 3 - Deep parenchyma laceration  Grade 4 - artery injured, devascularized parenchyma  Grade 5 - Avulsion of splenic artery, vein. Transhilar injury  Pelvic Bones - ✅✅✅• Ilium oIschium oPubis oAcetabulum oSymphysis Pubis oSacroiliac Joint oTalus/Navicular oCuneiform/Cuboid oMetatarsals oPhalanges  Lower Extremity Arteries - ✅✅✅• External Iliac oFemoral oPopliteal oDorsallis Pedis oPosterior Tibial  Lower Extremity Nerves - ✅✅✅• Sciatic oAnterior Tibial oFemoral oPeroneal  Extremity/Bony Pelvis Trauma Descriptors - ✅✅✅• Dislocation oCompartment Syndrome - life threatening oAngulated oDepressed oMissile oPain oGuarding oDeformity oNon-Weight Bearing oInability to Move oDusky Extremity - dislocation oBruising  Extremity/Bony Pelvis Trauma Diagnostics and Procedures - ✅✅✅• X- Rays oCT scans oAngiography oRelocation oClosed and open reductions with or without internal or external fixations oFasciotomy oSplinting oCasting  Extremity/Bony Pelvis Injuries - ✅✅✅• Fractures oTendon  External Trauma Mechanisms of Injury - ✅✅✅• Burns oStabbings oFalls oMost any other type of event  Contusions - ✅✅✅a type of relatively minor hematoma of tissue in which capillaries and sometimes venules are damaged by trauma, allowing blood to seep into the surrounding interstitial tissues  Ecchymosis - ✅✅✅bluish discoloration of an area of skin or mucous membrane caused by the extravasation of blood into the subcutaneous tissues as a result of trauma to the underlying blood vessels or fragility of the vessel walls  Abrasion - ✅✅✅a wound caused by superficial damage to the skin, no deeper than the epidermis.  Laceration - ✅✅✅a tear in the skin which results from an injury  Degloving injury - ✅✅✅An avulsion- type injury in which the skin and subcutaneous tissue of the hand are torn off in a glove-like fashion, leaving the musculofascial plane intact  Avulsion - ✅✅✅an injury in which a body structure is forcibly detached. It most commonly refers to a surface trauma where all layers of the skin have been torn away; exposing the underlying structures (e.g. subcutaneous tissue, muscle, tendons). This is similar to an abrasion but more severe, as body parts such as an eyelid or an ear can dead tissue) tissue resulting from a severe burn.  Burns Depth and Degree - ✅✅✅• First Degree - involves the outer layer of the skin. Dry, red, blanches, tender. oSecond Degree - Hyperemic, moist, blister, painful. Superficial partial thickness - upper dermis, Deep partial thickness - deeper dermis. oThird Degree - Dry, leather appearance, eschar. Color varies from to red to brown to black. Not painful.  ICD-10 Coding - ✅✅✅a classification system that groups health related conditions and procedures for statistical and billing purposes.  Types of ICD-10 Codes - ✅✅✅There are 3 primary sections in PCS (Primary Coding System). oMedical and Surgical (Largest Section in PCS) oMedical and Surgical Related oAncillary  ICD-10 Format of a PCS Code: - ✅✅✅Section - Body System - Root Operation - Body Part - Approach - Device - Qualifier  ICD-10 Medical and Surgical Section: - ✅✅✅• All Codes n Medical and Surgical Section begin with 0 (a zero) oThe first character in a PCS Code represents the section oThere are 31 body systems in Medical and Surgical Section  ICD-10 Body System: - ✅✅✅Anatomical Region procedures are performed on multiple body parts oA: Initial Encounter - The patient is receiving active treatment for a condition (active treatment) oD: Subsequent Encounter - Receiving routine care for the condition during the healing or recovery phase (Cast change/removal) oS: Sequela - assigned when the patient has complications or conditions that arise as a direct result of a condition (Scar; left w/scare; deformity in walk)  Glasgow Coma Score (GCS) - ✅✅✅• Represents an indication of brain function/impairment. oComposed of 3 parameters - best eye, verbal, and motor response oThe range is 3-15.  Trauma Score - RANGE - ✅✅✅•Score for multiple trauma injuries with a range of 1-16  Trauma Score Components - ✅✅✅1. GCS  SBP  RR  Capillary Refill  Respiratory Effort  Trauma Score Purpose - ✅✅✅scoring multiple trauma  Trauma Score Factors-Objective data - ✅✅✅Systolic rate, respirations, GCS  Trauma Score Factors-Subjective data - ✅✅✅Capillary refill, Respiratory effort  Revised Trauma Score (RTS) - ✅✅✅~Components: Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS), Systolic blood pressure, Respiratory rate  AIS components-Breakdown - ✅✅✅• Body Region (1st Number) oType of Anatomic Structure (2nd Number) oSpecific Anatomic Structure (3rd - 4th) oLevel (5th-6th) oDecimal oAIS Severity Number = 3  AIS Severity Code - ✅✅✅0- None  1-Minor  2-Moderate  3-Serious  4-Severe  5-Critical  6-Maximum  9-Unknown  ISS Calculations - ✅✅✅the sum of the squares of the highest AIS from the three (3) most severely injured ISS body regions. A2 +B2+C2 = ISS  AIS components- ( ) - ✅✅✅contains synonyms for a specific type of injury/provide a definition for the injury description  AIS components- { } - ✅✅✅contain inclusionary or exclusionary information/ contain organ injury scale grade  AIS components-Boxed Bold Type - ✅✅✅contains directives  AIS components- ; semicolon - ✅✅✅separate injury descriptors that are comparable in severity  AIS components-Italics - ✅✅✅used for proper name anatomical structures or injuries, and for OIS grades  ISS Range - ✅✅✅1-75  Values between -1.96 to +1.96 allow national comparison  Score ranges:  Values exceeding +1.96 are significantly BETTER  Values exceeding -1.96 are significantly WORSE  W Score - ✅✅✅Describes the # of unexpected survivors (+) or deaths (-) per 100 patients  Formula: W = A - B C/100  A= Total # of pts with Ps (probability of survival)- those that died  B = Sum of the Ps  C = Total # of pts with Ps  W Score Example: - ✅✅✅Total patients = 784, those with POS (probability of survival) 693  Total deaths = 24 Sum of POS = 634.531  (Total # pts with POS - deaths) - (POS sum)  (Total # pts with POS)/100  (693-24)- (634.531)  (693)/100  =669 - 634.531  6.93  = 34.469 divided by 6.93  = 4.97 unexpected survivors /100 patients  Data validation - ✅✅✅is the process of ensuring that a program operates on clean, correct, and useful data. oA routine check for correctness, meaningfulness, and security of data that are input to the system database. oA process to prove or disprove accuracy. oReliable, validated data within the Trauma Registry. oConcurrent trauma Registry. oDedicated person for the Trauma Registry.  Registry Operations -Staffing ACS recommendation - ✅✅✅one registrar per 500-750 patients per year  Registry Operations -Definition of a current registry - ✅✅✅80% or records are abstracted and closed within 60 days of  Discharge.  contusion - ✅✅✅bruise  Pie Chart/Graph - ✅✅✅used to show parts of a whole  ISS of 84 - ✅✅✅represents miscalculation  infammation - ✅✅✅localized pain, swelling, heat and redness  ISS range - ✅✅✅1-75  temporal lobe - ✅✅✅Cerebrum-An area on each hemisphere of the cerebral cortex near the temples that is the primary receiving area for auditory information  Diagnostic Peritoneal Lavage - ✅✅✅Abdomen-instillation of lactated Ringer's or normal saline solution into the abdominal cavity to detect red blood cells, white blood cells, bile, bacteria, amylase, or gastrointestinal contents  Trimalleolar fracture - ✅✅✅ankle fx  Primary reason for trauma registry - ✅✅✅Quality Improvement  Anterior - ✅✅✅front of the body  Postieror - ✅✅✅back  Proximal - ✅✅✅Closer to the point of attachment  Distal - ✅✅✅away from the point of attachment  Inferior - ✅✅✅below  Superior - ✅✅✅Higher on the body, nearer to the head  Medial - ✅✅✅Toward the mid line of the body  Lateral - ✅✅✅Away from the mid line of the body  supine - ✅✅✅lying on the back  prone - ✅✅✅lying face down  Burn Scoring - ✅✅✅the rule of nines  intertrochanteric fracture - ✅✅✅Fracture at the proximal end of the femur  ICD-10-CM Solid Organ Injury, 5th digit represents - ✅✅✅Organ Injured (Body Part Injured)  ICD-10-CM Code Structure - ✅✅✅3- 7 Characters: 1st Character: Always alpha (A-Z, except u). 2nd Character: Always numeric. 3rd-7th Characters: Alpha or numeric. First 3 characters: Category. 4th-6th Characters: Describe etiology, anatomic site, severity, and such. 7th Character:  comminuted fracture - ✅✅✅fracture in which the bone is splintered or crushed  Pt with AIS value of 6 has an ISS of? - ✅✅✅75  cystic duct - ✅✅✅carries bile to and from the gallbladder  ICD-10-CM classification - ✅✅✅arranges dx and injuries into groups  pie chart - ✅✅✅a chart that shows the relationship of a part to a whole  bar graph - ✅✅✅a graph that uses vertical or horizontal bars to show comparisons among two or more items  Scattergram - ✅✅✅Used to plot correlations where each pair of values is plotted against each other to see if there is a relationship between them.  line graph - ✅✅✅A graph that uses line segments to show changes that occur over time  histogram - ✅✅✅a bar graph depicting a frequency distribution  lumbar vertebrae - ✅✅✅L1-L5  cervical vertebrae - ✅✅✅7, C1-C7, first set of seven bones, forming the neck  Thoracic Vertebrae (T1-T12) - ✅✅✅the 12 bones of the vertebral column (midspine)  cytostomy - ✅✅✅incision into the urinary bladder  colostomy - ✅✅✅creation of an artificial opening into the colon  crainotomy - ✅✅✅incision of the skull  celiotomy - ✅✅✅incision into the abdominal cavity  Y92.0 - ✅✅✅Non institutional (private) residence  Y92.1 - ✅✅✅Institutional (Non- private) residence  Y92.2 - ✅✅✅School, Other Institutional and Public Administrative  Y92.3 - ✅✅✅Sports and athletic area  Y92.4 - ✅✅✅Street, Highway, other paved road  Y92.5 - ✅✅✅Trade and service area  Y92.6 - ✅✅✅Industrial construction area  Y92.7 - ✅✅✅Farm  Y92.8 - ✅✅✅Other places  Y92.9 - ✅✅✅Unspecified  < - ✅✅✅Less Than  - ✅✅✅Greater Than