Cell Biology and Protein Characteristics, Exams of Human Physiology

Download Cell Biology and Protein Characteristics and more Exams Human Physiology in PDF only on Docsity! CSU BMS 300 FINAL EXAM STUDY GUIDE COMPLETE UPDATE Colorado State University Dipole Moment - >>>Partial negative and partial positive charge What causes surface tension? - >>>Hydrogen bonding Hydrophilic - >>>"water loving" Hydrophobic - >>>"water fearing" Hydration Shell - >>>Water surrounding the ions Diffusion - >>>Movement of ions from high to low concentrations Osmosis - >>>Diffusion of water Amphipathic - >>>"both loving" Characteristics of the head group - >>>Hydrophilic, charged, phosphodiestor bonds Characteristics of the tail - >>>Hydrophobic, uncharged, ester bonds. Characteristics of proteins - >>>Made up of amino acids, have polypeptides, includes enzymes, structural elements, and transmembrane proteins Characteristics of Transmembrane Proteins - >>>Has a lumen that is a hydrophilic pathway, allows movement of ions, and has R-groups. Hydrophobic interacts with lipid bilayer and hydrophilic interacts with pathway/lumen Characteristics of prokaryotes - >>>Archea and bacteria. Single celled, no membrane bound "organs", free floating DNA (circular) Eukaryotes - >>>Fungus plants and animals. Multi-cell, organelles, nucleus (DNA compacted) What is contained in the nucleus? - >>>DNA Nuclear pores - >>>Transport of molecules. It is selective to protein and RNA What makes the rough endoplasmic reticulum rough? - >>>Ribosomes What does glycosylation mean? - >>>It has sugars on it Where does final processing occur? - >>>Golgi Apparatus Ribosome - >>>Where proteins are made Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum - >>>Folding, glycosylating, and packaging of proteins Transmembrane proteins - >>>Cross the membrane and are on both the inside and outside of the cell What is the start codon? - >>>AUG What does the stop codon do? - >>>Stops translation Characteristics of the ribosome - >>>5' to 3'. Links amino acids via peptide bonds tRNA - >>>Transfer RNA. Has the anti-codon and carries amino acids to the ribosomes. Signal Recognition Particle - >>>(SRP). Stops translation and moves the rough ER SRP receptor characteristics - >>>Located on the rough ER membrane and binds to SRP to help guide ribosomes to protein translocater (translocon) Characteristics of translocon - >>>Transmembrane protein (on rough ER), aid proteins entering the lumen of the ER (to integrate proteins into ER membrane) If there is a signal peptide where does it go? - >>>Lysosome If there is no signal peptide where does it go? - >>>Cytoplasm rRNA - >>>Ribosomal RNA mRNA - >>>Messenger RNA. Convey genetic info from DNA to ribosomes. What are the four types of tissue? - >>>Epithelial, Connective, Muscle, and Nervous Characteristics of Epithelial Cells - >>>Form layers. Has polarity orientation (apical vs. basilar). Avascular (contains no blood). Reproduce themselves. Primary Protein Structure - >>>Amino acid strings and polypeptide chain Secondary Protein Structure - >>>Aplha helix, beta pleated sheet, caused by hydrogen bonds Tertiary Protein Structure - >>>Due to R-groups and has a 3-D shape. Tissue - >>>A large mass of similar cells that make up an organism and perform a specific function Organ - >>>Two different types of tissue working together What are the types of cell junctions? - >>>Tight/occluding, gap/communicating, desmosomes, and hemidesmosomes Tight/occluding junctions - >>>Prevent entry between cells Gap/communicating junctions - >>>Have connexons between cells. If the connexon is open travel between cells can happen, if it is not open we don't want or allow transmissions Desmosomes - >>>Use cadherins, protein plaque, and keratin filaments to hold/connect together two cells Hemidesmosomes - >>>Use keratin filaments, protein plaque, and integrin to anchor the cell to the basal lamina What does apical mean? - >>>Faces the lumen (open space) What does basilar mean? - >>>Faces the basal lamina (usually near the blood) What is all connective tissue derived from? - >>>Mesenchyme What do fibrocytes/fibroblasts create? - >>>Connective tissue proper (dermis, tendons, and ligaments) What do chrondroblasts create? - >>>Cartilage (fibrocartiledge, hyaline, elastin) What do osteocytes create? - >>>Bone What do hematopoetic stem cells create? - >>>Blood Diaphysis - >>>The middle/long section of the bone Epiphysis - >>>The top/bottom part of the bone. Medullary Space - >>>Hollow center part of the bone. It is hallow so that the bone is not too heavy What is the medullary space filled with? - >>>Yellow bone marrow What does the medullary space alow - >>>Fat storage Osteocytes - >>>"Bone builder." Secretes collagen and hydroxyapetite Characteristics of fast axoplasmic transport - >>>Fast (200-400 mm/day). Has membrane bound proteins. Hydrophobic proteins in vesicles (kinesin/microtubules). Characteristics of slow axoplasmic transport - >>>Slow (0.5-2 mm/day). Hydrophilic cytoplasmic proteins (katains, kinesin, microtubules). Move in fits and starts which cause slower movement Glial cells in the CNS - >>>Astrocyte and oligodendrocyte Astrocyte - >>>Maintain extracellular neurotransmitter and ion concentration Oligodendrocyte - >>>Myelinate axons in CNS Glial cells in the PNS - >>>Schwann cells Schwann cells - >>>Myeliantes axons in the PNS. Can re-grow after being damaged What is the purpose of the myelin sheath? - >>>Protection and to make the action potential faster (insulation) IPSP - >>>Inhibitory post-synaptic potentials. Has ligand gated chloride (Cl-) channels EPSP - >>>Excitatory post-synaptic potentials. Has ligand gated sodium (Na+) channels. Where does summation of the PSPs occur? - >>>Trigger zone Temproal summation - >>>EPSP arrive at the trigger zone at the same time Spatial summation - >>>EPSP arrive at the trigger zone at the same space What happens when threshold is reached? - >>>An action potential fires Steps in the Action Potential - >>>1. Resting Membrane Potential 2. EPSP temporal and spacing 3. Depolarization 4. Peak Action Potential 5. Repolarizaiton 6. Hyperpolarizaiton Characteristics of Resting Membrane Potential - >>>K+ leak channels, flickering Na+ channels, close to the equilibrium of K+ Characteristics of EPSP summation - >>>EPSPs add together add together at the trigger zone. Characteristics of Depolarization - >>>Voltage gated Na+ channels open. Seek equilibrium of Na+ which is 70mv Characteristics of Peak Action Potential - >>>Voltage gated Na+ channels inactivate, voltage gated K+ channels activate and open (this is a delayed rectifier which returns everything to normal slowly) Characteristics of Repolarization - >>>All voltage gated K+ channels open, membrane seeks equilibrium of K+ which is -80 mv Characteristics of Hyperpolariztion - >>>Approach equilibrium of K+ because voltage gated K+ channels are open, but slowly closing Passive Membrane - >>>Membrane lacking voltage gated channels Efferent - >>>"to carry away" Afferent - >>>"to carry towards" What does the membrane potential seek? - >>>The equilibrium for the ion that is most dominant (most channels open) Excitatory Neurotransmitters - >>>Acetylcholine (PNS) and glutamate (CNS) Inhibitory Neurotransmitters - >>>Glycine (spinal cord) and GABA (brain) What types of information is carried by the Dorsal Column Medial Lemniscus (DCML)? - >>>Proprioception (spacial awareness) and fine touch Location of Primary Sensory Afferent in DCML - >>>Dorsal Root Ganglion Location of Secondary Sensory Afferent in DCML - >>>Dorsal Column Nucleus in brainstem Location of Tertiary Sensory Afferent in DCML - >>>Thalamic Relay in Thalamus What types of information is carried by the spinothalamic tract? - >>>Pain, Temperature, and crude touch Location of Primary Sensory Afferent of Spinothalamic Tract - >>>Dorsal Root Ganglion Location of Secondary Sensory Afferent of Spinothalamic Tract - >>>Dorsal Horn in spinal cord Location of Tertiary Sensory Afferent of Spinothalamic Tract - >>>Thalamic relay nucleus in thalamus Endocardium - >>>Endothelial cells line all interior surfaces Myocardium - >>>Muscle layer made of cardiomyocytes Pericardium - >>>Visceral directly touches heart. Percarditis - >>>Inflmmation/swelling of pericardium. Increase in fluid leads to an increase of pressure in the heart. Sterling's Law - >>>An increase in end diastolic volume will lead to an increase in stroke volume Coronary Blood Flow - >>>Blood flow to the myocardium. Occurs during diastole Flow of Electrical Signal through Conductile System - >>>SA node --> AV node --> Bundle of his --> left and right bundle branches --> Purkinje fibers Hemoglobin - >>>Two alpha chains, two beta chains, iron in porphyrin ring, oxygen binding site. Conductile cardiomyocytes - >>>Set rate and rhythm (pacemaker). Role is to deliver depolarizing potentials to contractile cardiomyocytes Contractile cardiomyocytes - >>>Generate force through muscle contraction. Blood flow through the heart - >>>Vena Cava --> right atrium --> artioventricular valve --> right ventricle --> pulmonary valve --> pulmonary artery (to lungs) --> pulmonary vein (from lungs) --> left atrium --> atrioventricular valve --> left ventricle --> aortic valve --> aorta Effect of radius on resistance - >>>If radius gets smaller flow decreases so resistance is greater Ohm's Law - >>>Change in pressure = resistance x flow Type I pneumocytes - >>>LIne alveoli and responsible for gas exchange Type II pneumocytes - >>>Produce surfactant which reduces surface tension Boyle's Law - >>>P1V1 = P2V2 Dalton's Law - >>>Total pressure of a gas is the sum of the partial pressures of the gas What causes contractions? - >>>Histamine (secreted by mast cells) binds to smooth muscle in proneniole What causes relaxation? - >>>Epinephrine binds to a beta 2 adrenergic receptor What is the diaphragm made of? - >>>Skeletal muscle What innervates the diaphragm? - >>>Lower motor nuerons Carbonic anhydrase - >>>Enzyme that catalyzes the forward and reverse reaction of: CO2 + H2O <-----> H+ + HCO3- What causes a rightward shift? - >>>Enhanced unloading of O2 in the tissues. Decrease in pH (Bohr effect). Increase in temperature. Increase in pressure of CO2 (which causes the Bohr effect). What causes a leftward shift? - >>>Increase in pH. Decrease in temperature. Decrease in pressure of CO2. Glomerulus - >>>Where the arterioles deliver blood entering the renal artery to Vasa Recta - >>>Blood vessel that is an extension of the efferent arteriole of the juxtamedullary nephron. Required for maintain juxtamedullary gradient Paratubular capillary - >>>Blood vessel in the proximal convoluted tubule. Juxtaglomerular Apparatus - >>>Controls renin (cells embedded in afferent arterioles that monitor the endothelial cells) and blood pressure. Juxtaglomerular Cells - >>>Release renin. What controls the corticomedullary gradient? - >>>Juxtamedular nephron Process of Digestion - >>>Pyloric Sphincter --> Duodenum --> Jejunum --> Ileum What do S-cells secrete? - >>>Secretin (which acts on pancreatic duct cells) What do I-cells secrete? - >>>Cholcystokinin (CCK) which acts on pancreatic acinar cells G-cell - >>>Located in stomach and are trigged by fat and protein in the stomach. Function is to produce mucous