Dental Hygiene OSCE Exam Questions and Answers., Exams of Dental Radiology

Download Dental Hygiene OSCE Exam Questions and Answers. and more Exams Dental Radiology in PDF only on Docsity! Dental Hygiene OSCE Exam Questions and Answers. Bass Method - CORRECT ANSWER - Most widely used method. Bristles are angled at a 45 degree angel towards the gingiva. Stillman's Method - CORRECT ANSWER - Bristles are positioned on the gums rather than into the pockets and directed at a 45 degree angle. Charter's Method - CORRECT ANSWER - Bristles are directed occlusally, away from the gingiva. Useful for cleaning orthodontic brackets, prosthesis, and areas treated with surgeries. Fone's Method - CORRECT ANSWER - Bristles are moved in large circular motion on the buccal and lingual surfaces. Useful for children, those physically impaired, or adults who lack manual dexterity. Fluoride Varnish - CORRECT ANSWER - -Dries immediately upon contact with saliva. -Does not require a professional prophylaxis before hand. -Can eat and drink immediately after. -Avoid brushing, rigorous rinsing, or hard foods for 3 to 4 hours. -Easier and more effective method Fluoride is recommended for patients who: - CORRECT ANSWER - -Have xerostomia -High caries risk -Undergoing cancer therapy -Orthodontics Fluoride Gel or Foam (office application) - CORRECT ANSWER - -Applied onto tray and placed in patient's mouth usually for 4 minutes (Read manufactures label). -Do not eat, drink, or smoke for 30 minutes. -Most popular types are 1.23% APF and 2% Neutral sodium fluoride. Stannous Fluoride - CORRECT ANSWER - -0.4% available for non-prescription use. -1% neutral sodium fluoride gels available for prescription use. -Can cause extrinsic staining (especially in patient's with inadequate plaque control). Acidulated Phosphate Fluoride (APF) - CORRECT ANSWER - -Do NOT use of composites, porcelain, or sealant materials as it causing pitting and roughening. -Also avoid on root surfaces. Neutral Sodium Fluoride - CORRECT ANSWER - Agent of choice on root caries, implants, cosmetic restorations, and reduced salivary flow. Second trimester - CORRECT ANSWER - safest trimester for dental treatment. Pregnancy gingivitis - CORRECT ANSWER - -Caused by an elevation of hormones estrogen and progesterone. Hormones increase can cause exaggerated gingival response to microorganisms. Pyrogenic granuloma (Pregnancy tumor) - CORRECT ANSWER - localized area of gingival enlargement, typically involving interdental papilla, usually diminishes after delivery of baby. What category of LA can use administer to a pregnant patient? - CORRECT ANSWER - Category B (lidocaine and prilocaine) Can you use Nitrous oxide sedation and general sedation on a pregnant patient? - CORRECT ANSWER - relative contraindication (gas interferes with the absorption of B-12 and other nutrients). Early Childhood Caries (ECC) index - CORRECT ANSWER - -presence of 1 or more areas of decay on a child younger than 6 years of age Severe-Early Childhood Caries (S-ECC) index - CORRECT ANSWER - -Presence of decay in a child younger than 3 years old. When should a child's first dental appointment occur? - CORRECT ANSWER - - Within 6 months of the eruption of the first tooth or before 1-year of age. When should you first start brushing a child's teeth? - CORRECT ANSWER - -When the first tooth appears. Erosion causes - CORRECT ANSWER - -Anorexia Nervosa -Bulimia Nervosa Anorexia Nervosa - CORRECT ANSWER - extreme weight loss caused by self- starvation, excessive exercise, use of laxatives, self-induced vomiting. Bulimia Nervosa - CORRECT ANSWER - compulsive disorder that involves periods of starvation, binging, and purging. Signs and Symptoms of erosion - CORRECT ANSWER - -dental caries from vomiting -Perimolysis: erosion from vomiting mostly on the maxillary lingual surfaces. Raised appearance of restoration margins. Abrasion - CORRECT ANSWER - -V-shaped notch in the gingival portion of the facial aspect of the tooth. -Results from forces of friction between the teeth or external objects. -Can happen from improper brushing technique or the use of a toothpick or pipe. Attrition - CORRECT ANSWER - -Results from forces between the teeth. -Wear on the incised and occlusal surfaces from grinding. Outline border of another film - CORRECT ANSWER - Films stuck together in solutions. White spots on film - CORRECT ANSWER - air bubbles trapped during processing. Thin, black, branchlike lines on film - CORRECT ANSWER - Static lines caused by low humidity and opening film packet too quickly. Fogged films - CORRECT ANSWER - improper safelight, light leaking into dark room, outdated film. "V" or "Sharks fin" on pano - CORRECT ANSWER - caused by lead collar. Exaggerated smile on pano - CORRECT ANSWER - chin tipped down too far Flat smile on pano - CORRECT ANSWER - chin tipped too far up Mandibular incisors roots blurred on pano - CORRECT ANSWER - chin tipped too far down Maxillary incisors roots blurred on pano - CORRECT ANSWER - chin tipped too far up One side shows larger teeth/condyle - CORRECT ANSWER - patient head is twisted (the larger side is the distant side) White straight opacity - CORRECT ANSWER - slumping causing ghost image of spine Shadow over maxillary teeth - CORRECT ANSWER - tongue not touching rough of the mouth Airway shadow in an arch shape - CORRECT ANSWER - tongue not touching rough of the mouth Anterior teeth thicker and wider - CORRECT ANSWER - chin placed behind the focal trough. Enlarged incisors (head too far back). Skinny anterior teeth - CORRECT ANSWER - chin placed too far forward. Small incisors (head too far forward). Dark shadow on anteriors - CORRECT ANSWER - Patient not closing lips around biting blocks. Ghost image - CORRECT ANSWER - Jewelry not removed Incisive foramen on film - CORRECT ANSWER - -Passageway for nasopalatine nerves. -Small radiolucent oval between roots of maxillary central incisors. median palatine suture - CORRECT ANSWER - vertical radiolucent thin line in the middle of the palate. Nasal septum - CORRECT ANSWER - -Thin wall that divides the nasal cavity into two. -Radiopaque vertical strip. Nasal Spine - CORRECT ANSWER - -Projection of bone anteriorly. -Radiopaque triangle shape at medical palatal suture where nasal septum and fosse meet. Nasal cavity (Nasal fossae) - CORRECT ANSWER - -Large air-filled space above and behind the nose in the middle of the face. -Radiolucent oval shapes superior to central incisors. Maxillary sinus - CORRECT ANSWER - -Hollow spaces in bone superior to molar and premolar. Inverted Y - CORRECT ANSWER - -Junction where the nasal fossa and the maxillary sinus. -Most commonly superior to the maxillary canine apex. Maxillary Tuberosity - CORRECT ANSWER - -Distal portion of the alveolar process. -Rounded, radiopaque elevation distal to third molar regions. Hamulus - CORRECT ANSWER - -Extension of medial pterygoid plate of sphenoid bone. Radiopaque hook-like protrusion posterior to maxillary tuberosity. Zygomatic process - CORRECT ANSWER - -Slender profusion of the temporal bone that serves to strengthen the zygomatic arch. -U-shaped radiopaque band superior to molar apices. Coronoid Process - CORRECT ANSWER - -Anterior portion of ramus. -Radiopaque triangular projection usually superimposed over maxillary tuberosity. Genial tubercles - CORRECT ANSWER - -Four bony spines used for muscle attachment of the genioglossus and geniohyoid muscles. -Circular rap opacities inferior to central incisor apices. Lingual foramen - CORRECT ANSWER - -Exit for incisive vessel branches. -Radiolucent circle inside the radiopaque genial tubercles on the mandibular anteriors. Mental Foramen - CORRECT ANSWER - -Opening for mental nerve and vessels inferior to mandibular premolar apices. -Round radiolucent area sometimes mistaken for periodical disease. Mental ridge - CORRECT ANSWER - -Ridge of bone located on the anterior surface of the mandible. -Bilateral radiopaque lines, starting inferior to premolar apices and extending anteriorly to the midline. External oblique ridge - CORRECT ANSWER - -Linear area of bone on external surface of mandible. -Radiopaque line running anterior from the ramus across the molars. Internal oblique ridge (mylohyoid) - CORRECT ANSWER - -Elevated long area on the internal surface of mandible. -Radiopaque line running along the premolar and molar apices. -Usually positioned below the external oblique ridge on radiographs. Nutrient canals - CORRECT ANSWER - -Veritcal thin radiolucent lines near the teeth, may be mistaken for bone fractures. Mandibular canal - CORRECT ANSWER - -Radiolucent horizontal band outlined with a thin line of cortical bone. -Inferior alveolar nerve and arteries pass inside the canal. Stretches from the mandibular foramen to the mental foramen. Panoramic exposure - CORRECT ANSWER - -Useful for evaluating impacted teeth, eruption patterns, TMJ problems, etc. -Usually not clear and detailed enough to assess caries and periodontal disease. Periapical (PA) - CORRECT ANSWER - -Captures the crown, CEJ, root, and surrounding areas. -Used mainly for diagnosis of periodontal disease, pathology, endodontic therapy, and implants. Bitewing (BW) - CORRECT ANSWER - -Captures crowns, contacts, and height of alveolar bone. -Used mainly for the diagnosis of dental caries (interproximally) -Vertical bitewings can detect early periodontal disease because the bone level is visible. Occlusal - CORRECT ANSWER - -Captures bone surrounding the teeth, floor of the mouth, sialolith (stone), supernumerary teeth, etc. Full-mouth series (FMX) - CORRECT ANSWER - -Represent the entire dentition using a combination of PAs and BWs. Incipient caries - CORRECT ANSWER - Lesion that extends less than halfway through the enamel. Moderate carious lesion - CORRECT ANSWER - Lesion that extends more than halfway through the enamel but does not involve the DEJ. Advanced carious lesion - CORRECT ANSWER - Lesion that extends to or through the DEJ but does not extend more than half the distance to the pulp. Yellow, brown, or gray stain - CORRECT ANSWER - -Caused by chlorhexidine. Gray-green stain - CORRECT ANSWER - -Caused by marijuana. Amelogenesis imperfecta - CORRECT ANSWER - -May show pitting (mottled appearance), smoothness, or roughness. -May appear yellow and is soft in texture, leading to the exposure of dentin. Dentinogenesis imperfecta - CORRECT ANSWER - -Affected teeth appear opalescent and brownish/blue in color. -Primary teeth are usually affected more severely than permanent teeth. -Radiographically, no pulp chambers or root canals are seen. Anodontia - CORRECT ANSWER - congenital lack of ALL primary or permanent teeth. Hypodontia - CORRECT ANSWER - Lack of one or more teeth in the primary or permanent dentition Supernumerary teeth - CORRECT ANSWER - -Extra teeth found in the dental arches. -Teeth are smaller than normal and often do not erupt. -Most common supernumerary teeth is the mesiodens, located between the maxillary central incisors. Microdontia - CORRECT ANSWER - -One or more teeth in the dentition are smaller than normal. -The maxillary lateral incisor, called peg lateral, and the maxillary third molars are the teeth most often affected. Macrodontia - CORRECT ANSWER - -One or more teeth in a dentition are larger than normal. Facial hemihypertrophy - CORRECT ANSWER - Localized macrodontia affecting one side of the dental arch. Germination - CORRECT ANSWER - A single tooth germ attempts to divide and results in the incomplete formation of two teeth. (Town crowns, one root) Fusion - CORRECT ANSWER - -The union of two normally separated adjacent teeth. -The two crowns will appear as a single large crown and the roots are separated and fused. Dilaceration - CORRECT ANSWER - Abnormal curve or angle in the root Dens evaginatus - CORRECT ANSWER - -Accessory enamel cusp found on the occlusal tooth surface. -Most often seen on the mandibular premolars. Enamel hypocalcification - CORRECT ANSWER - -Appears as localized, chalky white or dark spots. -Underlying enamel may be soft and susceptible to caries. Diastema - CORRECT ANSWER - -Space between two adjacent teeth. Base of the tongue - CORRECT ANSWER - -Posterior one-third of the tongue Body of the tongue - CORRECT ANSWER - -Anterior two-thirds of the tongue. Dorsal surface of the tongue - CORRECT ANSWER - -Top surface of the tongue Filiform papillae - CORRECT ANSWER - most numerous papillae on the dorsal surface. Fungiform papillae - CORRECT ANSWER - mushroom-shaped papillae, appear as red dots. Sulcus terminalis - CORRECT ANSWER - v-shaped groove separating the body and the base of the tongue. Lingual papillae - CORRECT ANSWER - larger papillae at the base of the tongue. Lingual tonsil - CORRECT ANSWER - located at the base of the tongue posterior to the circumvallate papillae. Circumvallate papillae - CORRECT ANSWER - larger papillae lined along the sulcus terminals towards the back of the tongue. 10 to 14 in number. Lateral surface of the tongue - CORRECT ANSWER - sides of the tongue Foliate papillae - CORRECT ANSWER - papillae on the sides of the tongue. Ventral surface of the tongue - CORRECT ANSWER - bottom surface of the tongue. Plica fimbriata - CORRECT ANSWER - bilateral fold next to the lingual veins. Parotid papilla - CORRECT ANSWER - small revelation at the opening of the parotid salivary gland duct, opposite of maxillary second molars. Sublingual caruncle - CORRECT ANSWER - duct opening for the submandibular and sublingual salivary glands. Hard palate - CORRECT ANSWER - firmer, whiter, anterior part of the palate. Soft palate - CORRECT ANSWER - yellower, smaller, and softer posterior part of the palate. Palatine raphe - CORRECT ANSWER - prominent line from the uvula to the incisive papilla. Pterygomandibular fold - CORRECT ANSWER - fold of tissue from the junction of the hard and soft palate on each side down to the mandible, just posterior to the most distal mandibular molar. Maxillary tuberosity - CORRECT ANSWER - elevation behind the most posterior maxillary molar. Retromolar pad - CORRECT ANSWER - dense pad behind the most posterior mandibular. Vestibule - CORRECT ANSWER - horseshoe-shaped space between the cheek, lips, and teeth. Submandibular gland - CORRECT ANSWER - -Duct: Wharton -Salivary Secretion: 65% Sublingual gland - CORRECT ANSWER - -Duct: Bartholin -Salivary secretion: 10% Parotid gland - CORRECT ANSWER - -Duct: Stenson -Salivary secretion: 25% -Largest encapsulated major salivary gland. Plaque-induced gingivitis exacerbated by systemic conditions: - CORRECT ANSWER - -Hyperglycemia -Leukemia -Smoking -Malnutrition (Vit. C) Plaque-induced gingivitis exacerbated by oral factor: - CORRECT ANSWER - - Prominent subgingival restoration margin. -Hyposalivation Peri-implantitis - CORRECT ANSWER - Pseudopocket - CORRECT ANSWER - -Caused by gingival inflammation without loss of attachment. Suprabony pocket - CORRECT ANSWER - -Base if the pocket is above (coronal) the alveolar crest. -Created by horizontal bone loss. Infrabony pocket - CORRECT ANSWER - -Base of the pocket is below (apical) to the alveolar crest. -Created by vertical bone loss. Recession - CORRECT ANSWER - free gingival margin is apical to the CEJ exposing the root surface. Sonic scaler - CORRECT ANSWER - -Uses compressed air to create movements. Two types of ultrasonic scalers - CORRECT ANSWER - -Magnetostrictive scaler -Piezoelectric scaler Magnetostrictive scaler - CORRECT ANSWER - Uses magnetic oscillations within metal stack to convert electricity to movement. -Moves in an elliptical motion Piezoelectric scaler - CORRECT ANSWER - -Uses ceramic discs or quartz plates to convert electricity to movement. -Tip moves in a linear pattern (Front and back) What portion of the ultrasonic tip is the most powerful? - CORRECT ANSWER - -The last few millimeters and should be placed against the tooth. Contraindications to Ultrasonic scalers - CORRECT ANSWER - -Respiratory disease (COPD) -Communicable diseases (tuberculosis) -Gag reflex -Cerebral Palsy -Porcelain or composite restorations (may fracture) -Demineralized areas -Newly erupted teeth -Old pacemakers (new pacemakers are shielded and not contraindicated) Type I embrasure - CORRECT ANSWER - Interdental papillae fill the entire embrasure space with a knife-edge point. According to the AAP, what should be the primary parameter to set thresholds for gingivitis? - CORRECT ANSWER - BOP Description of alveolar bone in a patient with gingivitis - CORRECT ANSWER - no changes, infection has not progressed into the alveolar bone. Periodontal remission/control - CORRECT ANSWER - A period in the course of disease when symptoms become less severe but may not be fully resolved. Periodontal disease stability - CORRECT ANSWER - A state in which the periodontitis has been successfully treated and clinical signs of the disease do not appear to worsen in extent or severity despite the presence of a reduced periodontium. Stage I Periodontitis - CORRECT ANSWER - -CAL: 1-2 mm -Bone loss: Coronal third (less the 15%) -No tooth loss -Max PD 4mm Stage II Periodontitis - CORRECT ANSWER - -CAL: 3-4 mm -Coronal Third ( 15-30%) -No tooth loss -Max PD 5mm Stage III Periodontitis - CORRECT ANSWER - -CAL greater than 5 mm -Extending to the middle third of the root and beyond -4 or less teeth lost -PD 6mm or greater -Furcation grade II or III Stage IV Periodontitis - CORRECT ANSWER - -CAL 5 or greater mm -Extending to the middle third or root and beyond -Missing 5 or more teeth -Masticatory dysfunction -Need for complex rehabilitation Grade A Periodontitis (Slow Rate) - CORRECT ANSWER - -No loss over 5 years -Less than .25 bone loss/age -Heavy biofilm deposits with low levels of destruction -Non smoker -No diagnosis of diabetes Grade B Periodontitis (Moderate Rate) - CORRECT ANSWER - -Less than 2 mm over 5 years -.25-1.0 % bone loss/age -Destruction comme surate with biofilm deposits -Smokes less than 10 cigarettes/day -A1c less than 7% Grade C Periodontitis (Rapid Rate) - CORRECT ANSWER - -2mm or greater over 5 years -1.0 or greater -Destruction exceeds expectations given biofilm deposits. -Smokes 10 or more cigarettes per day -A1c 7% or greater Class I Carious Lesion - CORRECT ANSWER - -Pits and fissures of occlusal, buccal, and lingual surface of posteriors. -Lingual of anteriors Class II Carious Lesion - CORRECT ANSWER - Proximal surface of posteriors Class III Carious lesion - CORRECT ANSWER - Proximal surface of anteriors Class IV Carious Lesion - CORRECT ANSWER - Proximal surface of anteriors, including incised edge Class V Carious Lesion - CORRECT ANSWER - Gingival third of facial or lingual surface of anteriors and posteriors Class VI Carious Lesion - CORRECT ANSWER - Cusp tip of molars, premolars, or canines Ankyloglossia - CORRECT ANSWER - -"Tongue-tied" -Short, tight, lingual frenum Varicosities on tongue - CORRECT ANSWER - -Dark veins located sublingually. -More common in elderly patients -Considered normal Geographic tongue - CORRECT ANSWER - -Affected areas are red with white borders. -Lesions can change locations and are considered normal Median Rhomboid Glossitis - CORRECT ANSWER - -Flat smoothness on the middle dorsal surface of tongue. -Condition is related to candidiasis and is considered normal. Stained/Hairy Tongue - CORRECT ANSWER - -Elongation of filiform papillae with dark staining. -Caused by lon-term use of metronidazole, tobacco use, hydrogen peroxide, and ingestion of chromogenic food. Herpetic Lesion (Herpes) - CORRECT ANSWER - -Appears on keratinized mucosa, usually forming a cluster. -Do not treat for at least a week as the virus can spread. Aphthous Ulcer - CORRECT ANSWER - -Appears on non-keratinized surfaces such as buccal and labial mucosa, ventral surface of the tongue, floor of the mouth, and soft palate. -Lesions are filled with fluid and are surrounded by a red halo. -Postpone treatment until the lesion heals (7-10 days) Linea alba - CORRECT ANSWER - -Appears as white thin lines paralleling the occlusal plane Amalgam tattoo - CORRECT ANSWER - -Appears as blue or black macule of varying sizes on soft tissues. Hyperkeratosis - CORRECT ANSWER - -Thickening of the tissue. -Can be caused by lozenges, drugs, smokeless tobacco, etc. Common in vestibules. Ranula - CORRECT ANSWER - -Soft, bluish, movable enlarged mass on the floor of the mouth. -Involves major salivary glands Mucocele - CORRECT ANSWER - -Soft movable, semi-clear or bluish, small swelling present on the lower lip, gums, or palate (mucocele on the floor of the mouth is called ranula. -Involves minor salivary glands -Increases the risk for oral infection, periodontal disease, dental caries , and malnutrition Hutchinson incisors - CORRECT ANSWER - -Screwdriver-shaped incisors with a notched incised edge. -Etiology: Congenital Syphilis Mulberry molars - CORRECT ANSWER - -Multiple tiny globules form on the molars instead of cusps. -Etiology: Congenital Syphilis Chickenpox - CORRECT ANSWER - Varicella Shingles - CORRECT ANSWER - Herpes zoster Infectious Mononucleosis (MONO) - CORRECT ANSWER - -Also known as the "Kissing disease" -Caused by the Epstein-Barr Virus Angina - CORRECT ANSWER - -Chest pain caused by excessive work of the heart. -Prepare nitroglycerin Myocardial infarction (MI, Heart attack) - CORRECT ANSWER - -Death in parts of the heart muscle. -Wait 6 months from last attack before dental treatment Hypertension - CORRECT ANSWER - -Increased pressure on the arteries related to the buildup of plaque in the arteries. -Check BP before and after appointment. -Orthostatic hypotension is possible due to medications (sit patient up slowly) -Angioplasty-stent - CORRECT ANSWER - -Tiny balloon inserted in the artery to prevent clogging. -Blood thinners can cause heavier and prolonged bleeding Congestive Heart Failure (CHF) - CORRECT ANSWER - -Inability of the heart to provide enough oxygen, blood, and nutrients to the body, and results in the backing up of blood in various parts. -Avoid cavitron and air polishing if patient has difficulty breathing Arrhythmia - CORRECT ANSWER - -Abnormal electrical conduction to the heart muscles. -Epi can worsen the condition -Patient have pacemaker so check to see if it is new (shielded) or old (not shielded) to determine is cavitron is safe for use. Artifical (prosthetic) valve - CORRECT ANSWER - -Patient requires antibiotic premedication before invasive dental procedures. -Patient may be on blood thinners ADHD - CORRECT ANSWER - -Characterized by inattentiveness, hyperactivity, impulsiveness, and possible learning disability. -Use "tell show do" method Alzheimer's disease - CORRECT ANSWER - -Progressive disease that destroys memory and other mental functions. -Caregiver educations is important. Parkinson's disease - CORRECT ANSWER - -Disorder related to lack or impairment of dopamine. -Characterized by rigid moments, tremor, drooling, lack of facial expression etc. -Caregiver education is important -Stabilize instruments Stroke - CORRECT ANSWER - -Lack of blood supply to the brain. -Characterized by unilateral lack of movements. -Do not treat for 6 months after attack. -Dexterity may be limited Seizure - CORRECT ANSWER - -Abnormal electrical discharges in the brain. -Dilantin can cause gingival hyperplasia. -Avoid bright lights in patient's eye Depression - CORRECT ANSWER - -Mood disorder caused by chemical imbalances in the brain. -Avoid mepivacaine with tricyclic antidepressant -Nitrous oxide is contraindicated Alcohol and drug dependency - CORRECT ANSWER - -Risk for oral cancer is higher. -Avoid mouth rinses with alcohol. -Nitrous oxide is contraindicated Hemophilia and Platelet disorders - CORRECT ANSWER - -At risk for spontaneous bleeding, prolonged bleeding, and hemorrhages. A1C Normal - CORRECT ANSWER - Less than 5.7% A1C of prediabetes - CORRECT ANSWER - 5.7-6.4% A1C of diabetes - CORRECT ANSWER - 6.5% or higher Renal disease - CORRECT ANSWER - -Treat the patient the day after dialysis. -Pt. can have poor healing, bleeding abnormalities, and frequent infections. Hypothyroidism - CORRECT ANSWER - -Patient may not be able to tolerate cold Hyperthyroidism - CORRECT ANSWER - -Patient may not be able to tolerate heat Spina Bifida - CORRECT ANSWER - -Latex allergy occurs frequently Asthma - CORRECT ANSWER - -Late morning or late afternoon appointments are preferred. -Avoid cavitron and air polisher Tuberculosis - CORRECT ANSWER - -Do not treat patient with active TB. Radiation therapy - CORRECT ANSWER - -Treat all dental issues before the start of cancer therapy What type of cells do HIV/AIDS affect? - CORRECT ANSWER - T-lymphocytes How is HIV/AIDS transmitted - CORRECT ANSWER - -Through blood, semen, rectal fluids, vaginal fluids, and breast milk. NOT in aerosols, saliva, or sweat Autism - CORRECT ANSWER - -Provide repetitive encounters in a quiet atmosphere, and avoid eye contact. Down syndrome (trisomy 21) - CORRECT ANSWER - -Patient at higher risk for periodontal disease but usually are at lower risk for caries. -Use "tell show do" method Normal respiration - CORRECT ANSWER - Adult: 12-20 breaths/min Child 18-22 breaths/min Bradypnea - CORRECT ANSWER - Slow respiration Tachypnea - CORRECT ANSWER - Rapid respiration Normal pulse - CORRECT ANSWER - Adult: 60-100 bpm Child 80-120 bpm Infant 100-160 bpm Bradycardia - CORRECT ANSWER - Slow heart rate Tachycardia - CORRECT ANSWER - Fast heart rate Normal BP - CORRECT ANSWER - less than 120/80 Elevated BP - CORRECT ANSWER - Systolic between 120-129 and diastolic less than 80 Stage 1 BP - CORRECT ANSWER - Systolic between 130-139 or diastolic between 80-89 Stage 2 BP - CORRECT ANSWER - Systolic at least 140 or diastolic at least 90 Seek medical attention but not an emergency