DEP 2004 Exam 3 Study Guide: Parenting Styles and Family Dynamics - Prof. Tate, Exams of Psychology

Download DEP 2004 Exam 3 Study Guide: Parenting Styles and Family Dynamics - Prof. Tate and more Exams Psychology in PDF only on Docsity! DEP 2004 Exam 3 Study Guide Questions And Answers Rated A+ Tanya's mom: "No way!" Tanya: "Why not?" Tanya's mom: "Because I said so!" When sheila asked her mom she said: "I don't mind you going to the concert. If you want to go with just Tanya (not the other boys), then that's fine." What does this demonstrate? ANS Parents go about child rearing in many different ways. "This view of parents as _________ was part of early phychological theories (e.g., Watson, 1925) and is held today by some first time parents." ANS "All powerful" It was believed that parents were directly and indirectly responsible for all aspects of their children's development, however most theorists now view families forming a system of interacting elements: "parents and children influence each other." Family system of interacting includes: ANS Families, extended family, friends, and teachers as well as institutions that influence development. Parenting can be described in terms of general dimensions that hold across different situations. These are... ANS 1). The degree of warmth and responsiveness that a parent shows their child. 2). Involves control: a). Dictatorial: Controlling every aspect of a child's life b). Little or no control: Children do whatever they want. c). Intermediate: Best for child Intermediate Control: ANS When parents set reasonable standards for their children's behavior, expect their children to meet those standards, and monitor their children's behavior. Combining the dimensions of warmth and control produces the four prototypic styles of parenting, which are... ANS 1). Authoritarian parenting 2). Authoritative parenting 3). Permissive parenting 4). Uninvolved parenting Authoritarian Parenting ANS Combines high control with little warmth. Hard work, respect, and obedience are what authoritarian parents wish to cultivate. THIS STYLE IS ILLUSTRATED BY TANYA'S MOTHER. Authoritative Parenting ANS Combines a fair degree of parental control with being warm and responsive to children. Parents explain rules and encourage discussion. EXEMPLIFIED BY SHELIA'S MOTHER. Permissive Parenting ANS Offers warmth and caring but little parental control. These parents generally accept their children's behavior and punish them infrequently. Uninvolved Parenting ANS Provides neither warmth or control. Indifferent-uninvolved parents provide only basic physical and emotional needs. They try to minimize the amount of time spent with their children and avoid becoming emotionally involved with them. Views about the proper amount of warmth and amount of control vary according to what? ANS Culture. Direct instruction ANS Involves telling a child what to do, when, and why. Instead of shouting orders without giving an explanation as to why, direct instruction is a better approach. Direct instruction and coaching (relating social and emotional skills) are particularly powerful when paired with _______. ANS Modeling. Urging children to act in a certain way is more compelling when children also see others sharing. Counterimitation ANS Learning what should not be done. If an older sibling kicks a friend and parents punish the older sibling, the younger child may learn not to kick others. Reinforcement ANS Any action that increases the likelihood of the response that it follows. Parents can used reinforcement to encourage their children to complete tasks they don't like. Divorce results in several changes to family life that affects children, including... ANS 1). Absence of one parents means the child loses a role model. 2). Single parent families experience more economic hardships, creating stress and limiting activities commonly taken for granted. 3). Conflict between parents is extremely distressing to children and adolescents, particularly for children who are emotionally insecure. Some children suffer more from divorce because of their tendency to... ANS interpret events negatively (like me) More than two thirds of men and women eventually remarry. When children are involved, this is called a .... ANS Blended family Child Maltreatement ANS 7-year old Max was beaten with a paddle and made him sleep alone in a dark, unheated basement for even minor misconduct. Nearly 3/4 of a million children annually suffer from maltreatment... ANS About 75% are neglected, about 15% are abused physically, 10% are abused sexually, and 5% are maltreated psychologically. What social conditions seem to foster maltreatment? ANS 1). Poverty 2). Isolation 3). Cultural factors Poverty in maltreatment ANS Maltreatment is more common among children living in poverty, in part because lack of money increases the stress of daily life. Isolation in maltreatment ANS Abuse is more likely when families are socially isolated from other relatives or neighbors. Cultural Factors in maltreatment ANS not much is said When children are maltreated, the effects are usually... ANS WIDESPREAD AND LONG- LASTING The _______ of child abuse dashes any hopes for a _______ solution ANS complexity; simple. Most parents and children involved in maltreatment are attached to each other. What is maltreatment typically a consequence of? ANS Ignorance and burden, NOT MALICE. Friendship ANS A voluntary relationship between two people involving mutual liking. Most friends are alike in age, gender, and race, and are supposed to treat each other as equals. So... ANS Relationships between unalike children (such as older and younger) typically are not seen as they wouldn't see each other as equals. What accounts for differences in the quality and longevity of friendships? ANS Sometimes friendships are brief because children lack the skill to sustain them. Co-rumination ANS Sometimes friends spend much of their time together discussing each other's personal problems Clique ANS a small group of children or adolescents who are friends and tend to be similar in age, sex, race, and attitudes. Members of a clique spend time together and often dress, talk, and act alike. Crowd ANS Larger mixed-sex group of older children and adolescents who have similar values and attitudes and are known by common labels. Dominance hierarchy ANS Groups are headed by a leader whom all other members of the group defer. Peer pressure ANS Groups establish norms and may pressure members to conform to these norms. Popular children ANS Liked by many classmates Rejected children ANS Disliked by many classmates Controversial children ANS Both liked and disliked by classmates Average children ANS Are liked and disliked by some classmates, but not with the intensity found in popular, rejected, or controversial. Neglected children ANS Are ignored by classmates Popular children explained ANS Skilled academically and socially, friendly, cooperative, and helpful. They are more skillful at communicating and better at integrating themselves. Instrumental aggression ANS A child uses aggression to achieve an explicit goal. Hostile Aggression ANS Unprovoked and seems to have as its sole goal to intimidate, harass, or humiliate other children. Best solution to prevent bullying and vicimization ANS Create a school climate in which bullying is not condoned and victims are supported by their peers. Example of a television show that promotes prosocial behavior ANS Mr. Roger's Neighborhood Example of a television show that promotes language and reading skills ANS Sesame Street. Televised violence and video game violence both lead to... ANS more aggressive behavior. Children and adolescents who are in the upper 5% (very heavy for their height) are defined as being _____ ANS overweight How many children or adolescents are considered overweight? ANS 1/6 Basal metabolic rate ANS The speed at which the body consumes calories. Slower basal metabolic rate, slower calories are burned and more likely for weight to be gained. Anorexia nervosa ANS A disorder marked by a persistent refusal to eat and an irrational fear of being overweight. Bulimia nervosa ANS Alternate between binge eating periods, when they eat uncontrollably, and purging through self-induced vomiting or with laxatives. Many teens participate in organized sports. How many today? ANS 4.3 million boys and 3 million girls. Some athletes use anabolic steroids to improve performance... ANS Chemically similar to testosterone, increases muscle size and strength and promotes more rapid recovery from injury. 2% of high school students report using steroids. What explains adolescent deaths? ANS Adolescents take risks that adults often find unacceptable. Changes in the brains efficiency are attributed to what? ANS Myelination, which contributes to more rapid and efficient information processing. Content knowledge, strategies, and metacognitive skill ANS Having knowledge at a young age prepares you to learn more about the subject later in life, and also helps to develop strategies appropriate for specific tasks. Lawrence Kohlberg ANS Moral dilemma theories Kohlberg's 6 stages of moral reasoning skills ANS 1). Individuals do what authorities say is right to avoid punishment 2). instrumental orientation - people look out for their own needs 3). interpersonal norms - aim is to win approval of other people by behaving how others want them to. 4). social system morality - social roles, expectations, and laws exist to maintain order 5). social contract - believe a common set of rules and laws benefit everyone from each other. 6). universal ethical principle - dominates moral reasoning with principles such as justice, compassion, and equality. Preconventional level (1st subgroup of Kohlberg theory) ANS moral reasoning is based on external forces. Includes: Obedience and instrumental orientation Conventional level (2nd subgroup) ANS Adolescents and adults look to society's norms for moral guidance. Includes: interpersonal norms and social system morality Postconventional level (3rd subgroup) ANS Moral reasoning is based on a personal moral code. Includes: Social contract and Universal ethical priciples Kohlberg ANS What if you knew nobody was watching? not all cultures and religions share emphasis on individual rights; consequently, moral reasoning might be based on different values in other cultures. ANS ... Carol Gilligan ANS Argued that Kolhberg's emphasis on justice applies more to males than to females. Self- concept ANS refers to the attitudes, behaviors, and values that make a person unique. Erik Erikson ANS Account of identity has been particularly influential in our understanding of adolescence. Argued that adolescents face a crisis between identity and role confusion. Some adolescents may envision themselves as rock stars; other may imagine being professional athletes... ANS Much of the testing and experimentation is career oriented. Adolescent egocentrism ANS The self-absorption that marks the teenage search for identity Adolescents are simply much more interested in their own feelings and experiences than anyone else's. ANS ... Imaginary audience ANS many adolescents feel that they are actors whose performance is watched constantly by their peers Personal fable ANS Teenagers' tendency to believe that their experiences and feelings are unique and that no one has every felt or thought as they do. Illusion of invulnerability ANS belief that misfortune happens only to others. Ethnic identity ANS They feel a part of their ethic group and learn the special customs and traditions of their group's culture and heritage Adolescents with strong ethnic identity do better in school and are more likely to go to college than others ANS ... Successive generations become more assimilated into mainstream culture, and less with ethnic culture. ANS ... Self-esteem usually ______ during adolescence ANS stabilizes