Notes on Persuasive Speech: Rhetorical Situation, Occasions, Purposes, and Techniques - Pr, Study notes of Effective Business Communication

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Notes (Chronological Order for Semester) The Rhetorical Situation: Speaker, Speech, Audience, and Occasion (Situation)  3 types of occasions: ◦ Deliberative: Speech to a decision making body ◦ Forensic: Court of law ◦ Epedictic: Ceremonial There are lots of different purposes in persuasion: Convert, induce action, strengthen/weaken commitment, create identification  To persuade: ◦ Determine audience – Identify with ◦ Assessing audience motivations – Do they care?  Organizational patterns: Chronological, problem-solution, spacial, cause and effect, compare and contrast, topical, refutation  Ethos – Ethical stance & credibility  Logos – Logic, reasonable & rational argument  Pathos – Emotional appeal Sources need to advocate things – peer reviewed journals, etc. Transitions:  3 Types ◦ Sign posting: 1st, 2nd, 3rd^ (Basic) ◦ Review, Preview: I've been talking about this & now we'll talk about this ◦ Thematic Transition: Best tie together Parts of Speech: If you learn strucutre of speech you can't fail  Intro:

◦ Attention getter – Tied to topic (story, etc.) ◦ Ethos/Credibility Statement – What drew you to topic ◦ Relation/Connection to audience – Why the audience should care ◦ Thesis Statement – Topic sentence, very clear ◦ Preview – What are you talking about?  Main parts 2-  Conclusion: ◦ Signal the end is coming ◦ Restate main points and thesis What does it mean to persuade?  Ethical concerns over persuasion ◦ Define persuasion- to create, reenforce, modify or extinguish. This requires an intent, changing a thought, feeling, or action  5 Limiting Factors: ◦ Intention ◦ Effect ◦ Symbolic action ◦ Free will  There needs to be an exchange amongst 2 people or more in order to persuade  Ethical Guidelines: ◦ Is it ethical to lie? Caught in lying will taint credibility ◦ Hold respect to power of words ◦ Invoke participating democracy ◦ Treat people as ends and not means ◦ Provide good reasons → logic vs. irrationality Universalism vs Relativism  Universalism – Absolute Rights & Wrongs

◦ Universally true statements – Example. Rape is never justifiable  Relativism – Situational ethics ◦ Female genital circumcision – Culture vs. completely wrong  Utilitarianism ◦ Greatest good for most amount of people  Consequentialism ◦ Weigh cost and benefits, pros vs cons ◦ Takes a long time ◦ How do you weigh importance of pros and cons for all things? Things of relative importance  Ends vs. Means ◦ Justified in doing messed up things to do good ◦ OR - Good intent, doesn't matter what outcome is Arguments  Toulman Model ◦ Building a formal argument ◦ Claim with evidence Diagram: 3 Main parts Data Warrant Claim Data is: Evidence to support claim - Warrant is: Ties data and claim together Claim is: Argument you are making Sometimes there are also Backing & Rebuttal Data  4 Types of Data ◦ Examples:

▪ Are they typical? ▪ Negative instances accounted for? ▪ Have a sufficient # been examined? ◦ Analogy ▪ Cases alike in important ways? ▪ Is the description accurate? ◦ Argument from sign ▪ Presence of one thing indicates the existence of something else ▪ Are substance & sign in variate indicators of each other? ▪ Are sufficient signs present? ▪ Are contrary signs accounted for? ◦ Argument from principle ▪ Assume a premise (law is generally a held belief) and applyi t to a particular case ▪ Is the principle good or accurate? ▪ Should their be exceptions? ▪ Is the application accurate?