Developmental Psychology Exam 1 Study Guide: Chapters 1-3, Exams of Nursing

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DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY -

EXAM 1 - CHAPTERS 1-3 STUDY GUIDE

Developmental science is a field of study devoted to - correct answer understanding constancy and change throughout the lifespan Within the ____ view of development, new ways of understanding & responding to the world emerge at specific times. - correct answer discontinuous Although Justin spent his first 18 months in an orphanage, his adoptive mother believes that sensitive caregiving will help Justin overcome his early experiences. Justin's mother emphasizes the role of _____ in development. - correct answer nurture The lifespan perspective on human development assumes that development is - correct answer multidimensional and multidirectional According to the lifespan perspective, _______ is supreme in its impact on the life course. - correct answer no single age period Which of the following is an example of an age-graded influence? - correct answer Frank got his drivers license at age 16. Although Betty grew up in a rundown neighborhood, had divorced parents, and rarely saw her father, she is a successful, happy, and healthy adult. Betty's ability to adapt effectively in the face of threats to development is known as - correct answer resilience Charles Darwin's theory of evolution emphasized _____ & ______. - correct answer natural selection; survival of the fittest G. Stanley Hall and his student, Arnold Gesell, - correct answer launched the normative approach

According to the _____ perspective, people move through a series of stages in which they confront conflicts between biological drives and social expectations. - correct answer psychoanalytic According to Sigmund Freud, the - correct answer id is the source of basic biological needs & desires In contrast to Sigmund Freud, Erik Erikson - correct answer pointed out that normal development must be understood in relation to each culture's life situation In a historic experiment with 11 month old Albert, John Watson demonstrated that - correct answer children can be conditioned to fear a formerly neutral stimulus According to B.F. Skinner and operant conditioning, ______ will increase the the frequency of a behavior and _____ will decrease the frequency of a behavior. - correct answer reinforcement; punishment A _______ period is a time that is optimal for certain capacities to emerge. - correct answer sensitive Unlike Jean Piaget, Lev Vygotsky viewed cognitive development as a _____ process. - correct answer socially mediated Ecological systems theory views the person as - correct answer developing within a complex system of relationships affected by multiple levels of the surrounding environment A ______ is a prediction about behavior drawn from a ______. - correct answer hypothesis; theory Taking tests and answering questionnaires are examples of - correct answer research methods Dr. Wiren observes children's responses to bullying by watching them play in a park. This is an example of - correct answer naturalistic observation ______ ask research participants to provide information on their perceptions, thoughts, and feelings. - correct answer self-reports

The sex of a new organism is determined by whether - correct answer an X-bearing sperm or a Y-bearing sperm fertilizes the ovum. Gilles has had frequent and high exposure to radiation in his occupation for the past ten years. Gille's offspring are at greater risk for _____ than children whose fathers were not exposed to radiation. - correct answer childhood cancer The risk of bearing a child with down syndrome rises dramatically with - correct answer maternal age To detect development problems before birth, doctors use - correct answer prenatal diagnostic methods Most adopted children - correct answer become well-adjusted adults Higher-SES parents tend to emphasize the importance of _____ for their children, whereas lower-SES parents tend to emphasize _______. - correct answer psychological traits; external characteristics Of all Western nations, _____ has the highest percentage of extremely poor children. - correct answer United States The United States is strongly ______, whereas most Western European countries lean toward ______. - correct answer individualistic; collectivism Among African Americans, living within an extended family tends to produce - correct answer improved child rearing and reduced stress. The United States - correct answer does not rank well on any key measure of children's health and well- being. Wich of the following is strongly canalized? - correct answer infant motor development Bart & Nadia are gymnasts. Their son, 4 year old Dylan, participates in children gymnastics. This is an example of - correct answer a passive correlation

An ovum bursts from one of a woman's two ______ and is drawn into one of two _______. - correct answer ovaries; fallopian tubes Following fertilization, a one-celled ______ multiplies and forms a ______. - correct answer zygote; blastocyst The most rapid prenatal changes take place in the period of the - correct answer embryo By the _____ week of pregnancy, Monica will be able to learn the sex of her fetus. - correct answer 12th Viability occurs between _______ weeks - correct answer 22 and 26 The term teratogen refers to - correct answer any environmental agent that causes damage during the prenatal period. Which of the following is true about the harm done by teratogens? - correct answer The genetic makeup of the mother and the developing organism plays an important role. Willa gets regular headaches. While pregnant, Willa begins using aspirin to ease the pain because she is convinced the aspirin is harmless. What effects can Willa's regular aspirin use have on the developing organism? - correct answer Regular aspirin use is linked to low birth weight and poorer motor development. It is difficult to isolate the precise damage caused by illegal drugs during pregnancy because - correct answer drug-using mothers often take several drugs, display other high risk behaviors, and suffer from poverty and other stresses Adolescents prenatally exposed to smoking tend to have _____ than those born to mothers who did not smoke. - correct answer higher levels of disruptive, aggressive behavior

Small-for-date infants ______ than preterm infants - correct answer more often show show evidence of brain damage A _____ is an inborn, automatic response to a particular form of stimulation. - correct answer reflex Although newborns sleep more at night than during the day, their sleep-wake cycle are affected more by ____ than by _____ - correct answer fullness-hunger; darkness-light _______ doubles the risk of SIDS - correct answer Maternal cigarette smoking Which of the following is supported by research on colic? - correct answer Newborns who react especially strongly to unpleasant stimuli are at risk for colic. ________ helps stimulate early physical growth and is vital for emotional development as well - correct answer Touch