Developmental Psychology Theories and Concepts, Exams of Human Development

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Freud's stages are psychosexual while Erik Erikson's stages are - ANS - psychosocial. In Freudian theory instincts are emphasized. Erik Erikson is an ego psychologist. Ego psychologists - ANS - believe in man's powers of reasoning to control behavior. The only psychoanalyst who created a developmental theory which encompasses the entire life span was - ANS - Erik Erikson. The statement, "the ego is dependent on the id," would most likely reflect the work of - ANS - Sigmund Freud. Jean Piaget's theory has four stages. The correct order from stage 1 to stage 4 is - ANS - sensorimotor, preparations, concrete operations, formal operations. Some behavioral scientists have been critical of the Swiss child psychologist Jean Piaget's developmental research inasmuch as - ANS - his findings were often derived from observing his own children. A tall skinny pitcher of water is emptied into a small squatty pitcher. A child indicates that she feels the small pitcher has less water. The child has not yet mastered - ANS - conservation. In Piagetian literature, conservation would most likely refer to - ANS - volume or mass. A child masters conservation in the Piagetian stage known as - ANS - concrete operations— ages 7 to 11.

_______ expanded on Piaget's conceptualization of moral development. - ANS - Lawrence Kohlberg According to Piaget, a child masters the concept of reversibility in the third stage, known as concrete operations or concrete op- erational thought. This notion suggests - ANS - one can undo an action, hence an object can return to its initial shape. During a thunderstorm, a 6-year-old child in Piaget's stage of preoperational thought (stage 2) says, "The rain is following me." This is an example of - ANS - egocentrism. Lawrence Kohlberg suggested - ANS - three levels of morality. The Heinz story is to Kohlberg's theory as - ANS - a typing test is to the level of typing skill mastered. The term identity crisis comes from the work of - ANS - Erikson. Kohlberg's three levels of morality are - ANS - pre-conventional, conventional, and post- conventional. Trust versus mistrust is - ANS - Erik Erikson's first stage of psychosocial development. A person who has successfully mastered Erikson's first seven stages would be ready to enter Erikson's final or eighth stage, - ANS - integrity versus despair. In Kohlberg's first or preconventional level, the individual's mor- al behavior is guided by - ANS - consequences. Kohlberg's second level of morality is known as conventional morality. This level is characterized by - ANS - a desire to live up to society's expectations and a desire to conform.

Kohlberg's highest level of morality is termed postconventional morality. Here the individual - ANS - has self-imposed morals and ethics. According to Kohlberg, level 3, which is post-conventional or self-accepted moral principles, - ANS - is the highest level of morality. However, some people never reach this level. The zone of proximal development - ANS - was pioneered by Lev Vygotsky. Freud and Erikson - ANS - could be classified as maturationists. John Bowlby's name is most closely associated with - ANS - bonding and attachment. In which Eriksonian stage does the midlife crisis occur? - ANS - generativityversusstagnation The researcher who is well known for his work with maternal deprivation and isolation in rhesus monkeys is - ANS - Harry Harlow. The statement: "Males are better than females when performing mathematical calculations" is - ANS - true according to research by Maccoby and Jacklin. The Eriksonian stage that focuses heavily on sharing your life with another person is - ANS - intimacy versus isolation—ages 23 to 34. We often refer to individuals as conformists. Which of these individuals would most likely conform to his or her peers? - ANS - a 13-year-old male middle school student.

In Harry Harlow's experiments with baby monkeys - ANS - the baby monkey was more likely to cling to a terry cloth mother surrogate than a wire surrogate mother. Freud postulated psychosexual stages - ANS - oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital. In adolescence - ANS - males commit suicide more often than females, but fe- males attempt suicide more often. In the general population - ANS - suicide rates tend to increase with age. The fear of death - ANS - is greatest during middle age. In Freudian theory, attachment is a major factor - ANS - which evolves primarily during the oral age. When comparing girls to boys, it could be noted that - ANS - girls grow up to smile more, girls are using more feeling words by age 2 and girls are better able to read people without verbal cues at any age. The Freudian developmental stage which "least" emphasizes sexuality is - ANS - latency. In terms of parenting young children - ANS - boys are punished more than girls. When developmental theorists speak of nature or nurture they really mean - ANS - how much heredity or environment interact to influence development. Stage theorists assume - ANS - qualitative changes between stages occur.

Development - ANS - is a continuous process which begins at conception. Development is cephalocaudal, which means - ANS - head to foot. Heredity assumes - ANS - the normal person has 23 pairs of chromosomes, that heredity characteristics are transmitted by chromosomes and genes composed of DNA hold a genetic code. Piaget's final stage is known as the formal operational stage. In this stage - ANS - abstract thinking emerges and problems can be solved using deduction. Kohlberg lists _______ stages of moral development which fall into _______ levels. - ANS - 6, A person who lives by his or her individual conscience and universal ethical principles - ANS - has, according to Kohlberg, reached the highest stage of moral development and is in the post- conventional level of self-accepted moral principles. Freud's Oedipus Complex - ANS - is the stage in which fantasies of sexual relations with the opposite-sex parent occurs and occurs during the phallic stage. In girls the Oedipus complex may be referred to as - ANS - the Electra complex. The correct order of the Freudian psychosexual stages is: - ANS - oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital. Gibson researched the matter of depth perception in children by utilizing - ANS - a visual cliff. Theorists who believe that development merely consists of quantitative changes are referred to as - ANS - empiricists.

An empiricist view of development would be - ANS - behavioristic. In the famous experiment by Harlow, frightened monkeys raised via cloth and wire mothers - ANS - ran over and clung to the cloth and wire surrogate mothers. A theorist who views developmental changes as quantitative is said to be an empiricist. The antithesis of this position holds that developmental strides are qualitative. What is the name given to this position? - ANS - organicism. In Piaget's developmental theory, reflexes play the greatest role in the - ANS - sensorimotor stage. A mother hides a toy behind her back and a young child does not believe the toy exists anymore. The child has not mastered - ANS - object permanence and representational thought. The schema of permanency and constancy of objects occurs in the - ANS - sensorimotor stage birth to 2 years. John Bowlby has asserted that - ANS - conduct disorders and other forms of psychopathology can result from inadequate attachment and bonding in early childhood. The Harlow experiments utilizing monkeys demonstrated that animals placed in isolation during the first few months of life - ANS - appeared to be abnormal and autistic. According to the Freudians, if a child is severely traumatized, he or she may _______ a given psychosexual stage. - ANS - become fixated at An expert who has reviewed the literature on TV and violence would conclude that - ANS - watching violence tends to make children more aggressive.

A counselor who utilizes the term instinctual technically means - ANS - behavior that manifests itself in all normal members of a given species. The word ethology, which is often associated with the work of Konrad Lorenz, refers to - ANS - the study of animals' behavior in their natural environment. A child who focuses exclusively on a clown's red nose but ignores his or her other features would be illustrating the Piagetian con- cept of - ANS - centration. Piaget felt - ANS - teachers should lecture less, as children in concrete operations learn best via their own actions and experimentation. Piaget's preoperational stage - ANS - includes the acquisition of a symbolic schema. Sigmund Freud and Erik Erikson agreed that - ANS - each developmental stage needed to be resolved before an individual could move on to the next stage. The tendency for adult females in the United States to wear high heels is best explained by - ANS - sex role socialization. The sequence of object loss, which goes from protest to despair to detachment, best describes the work of - ANS - Bowlby. A counselor who is seeing a 15-year-old boy who is not doing well in public speaking class would need to keep in mind that - ANS - girls possess better verbal skills than boys and boys possess better visual-perceptual skills. Two brothers begin screaming at each other during a family counseling session. The term that best describes the phenomenon is - ANS - sibling rivalry.

A preschool child's concept of causality is said to be animistic. This means the child attributes human characteristics to inanimate objects. Thus, the child may fantasize that an automobile or a rock is talking to him. This concept is best related to - ANS - Piaget's pre-operational period, age 2 to 7 years. Elementary school counseling and guidance services - ANS - are a fairly new development which did not begin to gain momentum until the 1960s. Research related to elementary school counselors indicates that - ANS - these counselors are effective, do make a difference in children's lives, and more counselors should be employed. According to the Yale research by Daniel J. Levinson - ANS - Eighty percent of the men in the study experienced moderate to severe midlife crises and an "age 30 crisis" occurs in men when they feel it will soon be too late to make later changes. Erikson's middle age stage (ages 35-60) is known as generativity versus stagnation. Generativity refers to - ANS - the ability to do creative work or raise a family, the opposite of stagnation and the productive ability to create a career, family, and leisure time. A person who can look back on his or her life with few regrets feels - ANS - ego-integrity in Erikson's integrity versus despair stage. Sensorimotor is to Piaget as oral is to Freud, and as _______ is to Erikson. - ANS - trust versus mistrust Which theorist was most concerned with maternal deprivation? - ANS - H.Harlow When development comes to a halt, counselors say that the client - ANS - suffers from fixation. Kohlberg proposed three levels of morality. Freud, on the other hand, felt morality developed from the - ANS - superego.

Which theorist would be most likely to say that aggression is an inborn tendency? - ANS - KonradLorenz The statement, "Bad behavior is punished, good behavior is not," is most closely associated with - ANS - Kohlberg's pre-moral stage at the pre-conventional level. A critical period - ANS - makes imprinting possible and signifies a special time when a behavior must be learned or the behavior won't be learned at all. Imprinting is an instinct in which a newborn will follow a moving object. The primary work in this area was done by - ANS - Konrad Lorenz. Marital satisfaction - ANS - often decreases with parenthood and is lowest prior to a child leaving home. Maslow, a humanistic psychologist, is famous for his "hierarchy of needs," which postulates - ANS - lower-order physiological and safety needs and higher-order needs, such as self- actualization. To research the dilemma of self-actualization, Maslow - ANS - interviewed the best people he could find who escaped "the psychology of the average." Piaget is - ANS - a structuralist who believes stage changes are qualitative. _______ factors cause Down syndrome, which produces mental retardation. - ANS - Genetic Piaget referred to the act of taking in new information as assimi- lation. This results in accommodation, which is a modification of the child's cognitive structures (schemas) to deal

with the new information. In Piagetian nomenclature, the balance between assimilation and accommodation is called - ANS - equilibration. There are behavioral, structural, and maturational theories of development. The maturational viewpoint utilizes the plant growth analogy, in which the mind is seen as being driven by instincts while the environment provides nourishment, thus placing limits on development. Counselors who are maturationists - ANS - allow clients to work through early conflicts. Ritualistic behaviors, which are common to all members of a species, are known as - ANS - fixed-action patterns elicited by sign stimuli. Robert Kegan speaks of a "holding environment" in counseling in which - ANS - the client can make meaning in the face of a crisis and can find new direction. Most experts in the field of counseling agree that - ANS - no one theory completely explains developmental processes; thus, counselors ought to be familiar with all the major theories. Equilibrationis - ANS - the balance between what one takes in (assimilation) and that which is changed (accommodation). A counselor is working with a family who just lost everything in a fire. The counselor will ideally focus on - ANS - Maslow's lower-order needs, such as physiological and safety needs. The anal retentive personality is - ANS - stingy.

From a Freudian perspective, a client

who has a problem with alcoholism and

excessive smoking would be - ANS -

considered an oral character.