Developmental Science: Theories, Concepts, and Perspectives, Exams of Advanced Education

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EDF 3110 Exam 1 with 100% Correct

Answers 2023

Definition of developmental science - Correct Answer-studying both change and constancy throughout the lifespan theory - Correct Answer-an orderly, integrated set of statements that describes, explains, and predicts behavior **used to organize observations discontinuous development - Correct Answer-the view that development is a process in which new ways of understanding and responding to the world emerge at specific times continuous development - Correct Answer-the view that development is a process of gradually augmenting the same types of skills that were there to begin with Nature-Nurture debate - Correct Answer-disagreement among theorists about whether genetic or environmental factors are more important influences on development nature - Correct Answer-inborn and biological, based on genetic inheritance, stability of characteristics nurture - Correct Answer-physical and social world, influence biological and psychological development, plasticity (development is open to lifelong change and change occurs based on influential experiences) stability - Correct Answer-persistence of individual differences; lifelong patterns established by early experiences resilience - Correct Answer-ability to adapt effectively in the face of threats to development; factors include personal characteristics, warm parental relationship, social support outside family, and community resources and opportunities **boy's close, affectionate relationship with father who combines warmth with appropriate expectations for maturity age-graded influence - Correct Answer-influences on lifespan development that are strongly related to age and therefore fairly predictable in when they occur and how long they last **walking shortly after first birthday, acquire native language at school, each puberty around age 12-14, menopause for women in late 40s and 50s, etc. history-graded influence - Correct Answer-influences on lifespan development that are unique to a particular historical era and explain why people born around the same time

(called a cohort) tend to be alike in ways that set them apart from people born at other times **baby boomers nonnormative influence - Correct Answer-influences on lifespan development that are irregular, in that they happen to just one or a few individuals and do not follow a predictable timetable **piano lessons during childhood with an inspiring teacher, battle with cancer, etc. lifespan perspective - Correct Answer-a dynamic systems approach to development that assumes development is lifelong, multidimensional and multidirectional, highly plastic, and affected by multiple interacting forces psychoanalytic perspective (Freud & Erikson) - Correct Answer-emphasis on individual's unique life history; conflicts between biological drives and social expectations; interprets human development in terms of motives and drives (drives are often unconscious and influence every aspect of a person's life; stages of development occur in sequence; first theory to consider parent/child relationship; how parents manage child's innate impulses and drives Freud's three parts of the personality - Correct Answer-Id: largest portion of the mind; unconscious, present at birth; source of biological needs/desires Ego: conscious, rational part of personality; emerges in early infancy, redirects id impulses in acceptable ways; **mediates between id and superego Superego: the conscience; develops from ages 3 to 6 through interactions with caregivers **when the id impulse to grab an attractive toy from a playmate confronts the superego's warning that such behavior is wrong, the ego must mediate between these two forces behaviorism - Correct Answer-development involves an increase in learned behaviors and may vary person to person classical conditioning - Correct Answer-Pavlov; the creation of a new involuntary response to a stimulus that did not normally produce that response **Office episode operant conditioning - Correct Answer-B.F. Skinner; increasing the rate of an already occurring response through reinforcement **Big Bang Theory episode Social Learning Theory - Correct Answer-Bandura; learning occurs through modeling, also known as imitation or observational learning **2 year old watching mom get ready for work and after several mornings, 2 year old picks up brush and rubs it against her face. monkey see, monkey do!

reinforcement - Correct Answer-using certain stimuli to increase the occurrence of a response Ecological Systems Theory - Correct Answer-biologically influenced dispositions join with environmental forces at multiple levels to mold development (Microsystem, Mesosystem, Exosystem, Macrosystem, Chronosystem) Piaget's Cognitive-Developmental Theory - Correct Answer-Piaget proposed 4 discontinuous stages *sensorimotor: birth-2 years-infants "think" by acting on the world with their senses *preoperational: 2-7 years-preschoolers use symbols *concrete operations: 7-11 years-school-age children understand that a certain amount lemonade or play dough remains the same even after its appearance changes *formal operations: 11 years on-capacity for abstract, systematic thinking ****children actively construct and explore their world sensitive period - Correct Answer-an optimal time for certain capacities to emerge; individual is especially responsive to environment; boundaries less defined than critical period correlational study - Correct Answer-reveals relationships between characteristics and behaviors, but does not permit cause-and-effect inferences (correlation does NOT equal causation) cross-sectional study - Correct Answer-different groups are studied at the same time longitudinal study - Correct Answer-investigator studies the same group of participants repeatedly at different times; can be affected by dropout rates and practice effects (more exposure results in more progress) sequential study - Correct Answer-investigators might study participants over the same ages but in different years, or they might study participants over different ages but during the same year experimental study - Correct Answer-participants randomly assigned to treatment conditions; detects cause-and-effect relationships; findings may not apply in real-world conditions random assignment - Correct Answer-unbiased procedure used to assign participants to treatment conditions; increases chances that characteristics will be equally distributed across conditions dependent variable - Correct Answer-variable being measured and not manipulated; expected to be influenced by the independent variable

independent variable - Correct Answer-manipulated by the experimenter; expected to cause changes in another variable correlation coefficient - Correct Answer-a number ranging from +1.00 to -1.00 that describes the strength and direction of the relationship between two variables genotype - Correct Answer-genetic makeup of an individual phenotype - Correct Answer-observable characteristics of an individual mitosis - Correct Answer-process by which DNA duplicates itself; produces new body cells containing the same genetic information gametes - Correct Answer-sex cells: sperm and ovum (each has 23 chromosomes) schemes - Correct Answer-a specific psychological structure or an organized way to make sense of an experience accommodation - Correct Answer-adjusting old schemes and creating new ones to better fit environment adaptation - Correct Answer-building schemes through direct interaction with environment assimilation - Correct Answer-using current schemes to interpret the external world X-linked inheritance - Correct Answer-a pattern of inheritance in which a recessive gene is carried on the X chromosome, so that males are more likely than females to be affected niche-picking - Correct Answer-a type of gene-environment correlation in which individuals actively choose environments that complement their heredity embryo - Correct Answer-6 weeks; groundwork laid for all body structures and internal organs blastocyst - Correct Answer-hollow, fluid-filled balls formed by the zygote by the fourth day fetus - Correct Answer-30 weeks; "growth and finishing" phase zygote - Correct Answer-2 weeks; fertilization, implantation, start of placenta fertilization - Correct Answer-union of human egg and sperm

implantation - Correct Answer-end of the first week, blastocyst begins to implant in the uterine lining Stages of Labor - Correct Answer-1. Dilation and effacement of the cervix: contractions of the uterus cause dilation and effacement of the cervix

2. Delivery of the baby: with each contraction, the mother pushes, forcing the baby down the birth canal, and the head appears
3. Delivery of the placenta: with a few final pushes, the placenta is delivered conception - Correct Answer-implantation of egg occurs and baby is conceived placenta - Correct Answer-the organ that permits exchange of nutrients and waste products between the bloodstreams of the mother and the embryo, while also preventing the mother's and embryo's blood from mixing directly stages of pregnancy - Correct Answer-First Trimester (1-12 weeks): period of the embryo (3rd through 8th week); organ systems develop; first signs of human structure- neural tube, spinal cord and brain, eyes, nose, arms, legs; 15-20% of all embryos spontaneously abort during this period Second Trimester (13-24 weeks): period of the fetus (9th week to birth); many organs are well-developed by 20 weeks-eyes sensitive to light, fetus reacts to sounds; external genitals form; fetal movements felt by mother Third Trimester (25-term): age of viability age of viability - Correct Answer-occurs sometime between 22-26 weeks; the age at which the fetus can first survive if born early lanugo - Correct Answer-white, downy hair that covers the entire body of the fetus, helping the vernix stick to the skin teratogen - Correct Answer-any environmental agent that causes damage during the prenatal period Fetal Alcohol Syndrom - Correct Answer-the most severe form of FASD, distinguished by slow physical growth, facial abnormalities, and brain injury; usually affects children whose mothers drank heavily throughout pregnancy **irreversible defects & no cure Marasmus - Correct Answer-a wasted condition of the body caused by a diet low in all essential nutrients, which usually appears in the first year of life Kwashiorkor - Correct Answer-a disease caused by an imbalanced diet very low in protein that usually appears after weaning, between 1 and 3 years of age; symptoms include an enlarged belly and swollen feet

Food Insecurity - Correct Answer-Uncertainty of quantity of food (Some days the child might have plenty of food, other days the child has no food) Rh Factor Incompatibility - Correct Answer-a condition that arises when the Rh protein is present in the fetus's blood but not in the mother's, causing the mother to build up antibodies; if these enter the fetus's system, they destroy red blood cells, reducing the oxygen supply to organs and tissues Preeclampsia - Correct Answer-a complication in which the blood pressure increases sharply and the face, hands, and feet swell in the last half of pregnancy Apgar Scale - Correct Answer-a rating system used to assess a newborn baby's physical condition immediately after birth on the basis of five characteristics: heart rate, respiratory effort, reflex irritability, muscle tone, and color Appearance Pulse Grimace Activity Respiration **Know the Apgar rating scale (0-2; 0= poor score, 2= good score) Reflex - Correct Answer-an inborn, automatic response to a particular form of stimulation Eye blink - Correct Answer-protects infants from strong stimulation rooting - Correct Answer-helps infant find the nipple sucking - Correct Answer-permits feeding moro - Correct Answer-in human evolutionary past, may have helped infant cling to mother palmar grasp - Correct Answer-prepares infant for voluntary grasping tonic neck - Correct Answer-may prepare infant for voluntary reaching stepping - Correct Answer-prepares infant for voluntary walking babinski - Correct Answer-unknown hearing - Correct Answer-can hear a wide variety of sounds; prefer complex sounds to pure tones; can distinguish between a variety of sound patterns when only few days old; listen longer to human speech than to non-speech sounds; can detect the sounds of any human language

smell - Correct Answer-have odor preferences at birth; can locate odors and identify mother by smell from birth taste - Correct Answer-have a preference for sweet tastes at birth; can readily learn to like new tastes touch - Correct Answer-sensitive to touch around mouth and on palms and soles of feet; use touch to investigate their world; severe pain overwhelmed nervous system with stress hormones and can be relieved with local anesthesia, sugar solution, or physical touch vision - Correct Answer-least developed sense at birth; limited visual acuity; actively explore environment (scan for interesting sights and track moving objects; not yet good at discriminating colors infant and toddler growth pattern - Correct Answer-Height increases 50% by age 1, 75% by age 2 Weight doubles by 5 months Growth occurs in spurts Individual and group difference in size and rate skeletal age - Correct Answer-best estimate of physical maturity Cephalocaudal growth - Correct Answer-"head to tail" lower part of body grows later than the head Proximodistal growth - Correct Answer-"near to far" eremites grow later than head, chest, and trunk neurons - Correct Answer-nerve cells that store and transmit information **require stimulation for neurons to be maintained; Neurons that are stimulated by input from the surrounding environment continue to establish new synapses, on the other hand those that are seldom stimulated lose their synapses, in a process called synaptic pruning synaptic pruning - Correct Answer-loss of synapses by seldom-stimulated neurons, a process that returns them to an uncommitted state so they can support future development programed cell death - Correct Answer-an aspect of brain growth whereby, as synapses form, many surrounding neurons die, making space for these connective structures cerebral cortex - Correct Answer-the largest, most complex structure of the human brain, containing the greatest number of neurons and synapses and accounting for the highly developed intelligence of the human species

Core Knowledge Perspective - Correct Answer-infants are born with a set of innate knowledge systems, or core domains of thought, each of which allows a ready grasp of new, related information *Physical: awareness of basic object properties *Linguistic: enables swift language acquisition in early childhood *Psychological: infants' early orientation toward people *Numerical: basic addition/subtraction knowledge Sociocultural Theory - Correct Answer-socially mediated changes in thought and behavior vary culture to culture (Vygotsky) Information Processing Theory - Correct Answer-from the time information is presented as input until it emerges as a behavioral response at output, information is actively coded, transformed, and organized Working Memory - Correct Answer-the number of items that can be briefly held in mind while also engaging in some effort to monitor or manipulate those items Self-conscious emotions - Correct Answer-emotions involving injury to or enhancement of the sense of self, including guilt, shame, embarrassment, envy, and pride **toddler begins to be aware of self as separate and unique **feeling guilt when we have harmed someone and want to correct the wrongdoing emotional regulation - Correct Answer-strategies for adjusting our emotional state to a comfortable level of intensity so we can accomplish our goals temperament - Correct Answer-early-appearing, stable individual differences in reactivity (quickness and intensity of emotional arousal, attention, and motor activity) and self regulation (strategies that modify that reactivity) *Easy: establishes regular routines and tend to adapt well to new experiences; cheerful reaction *Difficult: usually have irregular daily routines, overreact negatively to experiences; negative reaction *Slow-to-warm-up: not overreacting but not really engaged in trying to figure out, negative mood; moody social referencing - Correct Answer-actively seeking emotional information from a trusted person in an uncertain situation; used by caregivers to teach children how to react **caregiver's emotional expression (happy, angry, or fearful) influences whether a 1- year-old will be wary of strangers, play with an unfamiliar toy, or cross the deep side of a visual cliff overextension - Correct Answer-a vocabulary error in which young children apply a word too broadly **a child calls every car a "truck" because his parents own a truck

underextension - Correct Answer-a vocabulary error in which young children apply a word too narrowly, to a smaller number of objects and events than is appropriate *16 month old used "bear" only to refer to the worn and tattered bear she carried constantly emotions - Correct Answer-Self-conscious emotions appear between ages 1 1/2 and 3: shame, embarrassment, guilt, pride, envy; requires awareness of self as separate and unique and adult instruction in when to feel emotions basic emotions - Correct Answer-Happiness: smile-from birth; social smile-6-10 weeks; laugh-3-4 months *Anger and sadness: general distress-from birth; anger-4-6 months; sadness-response to disrupted caregiver-infant communication *Fear: first fears-second half of first year; stranger anxiety-most frequent expression of fear deferred imitation - Correct Answer-the ability to remember and copy the behavior of models who are not present **puppet novel to infant and infant performed those actions a day later object permanence - Correct Answer-the understanding that objects continue to exist when out of sight **A-not-B search error: baby reaches for object several times at first hiding place (A) then see it moved to a second (B), they still search for it in the first hiding place (A) telegraphic speech - Correct Answer-two-word utterances that focus on high-content words, omitting smaller, less important ones **"More cookie" & "Mom happy"