Social Psychology & Methods: Lecture Notes on Social Phenomena & Research - Prof. S. B. Kl, Study notes of History of Psychology

Download Social Psychology & Methods: Lecture Notes on Social Phenomena & Research - Prof. S. B. Kl and more Study notes History of Psychology in PDF only on Docsity! LECTURE 02: 1. Social Psychology vs. Sociology • Both interested in social phenomena • Sociology can be scientific • tends to talk more about populations • ex. Will low income folks be more likely to vote a certain way? • Social Psychology tends to focus on lab studies • tend to look at individuals 2. Methods A. Field vs. Lab Studies -Field Studies= study people's behavior in their natural setting, less common -useful to have a control group -Lab Studies= what people can do -needed for experimental control • Field Surveys= call and ask someone how they will vote • need to be random • need to be representative (a sample of people that capture) • wording/phrasing of question (can be misleading) • Ecological Validity= results of research are valid in the real world • Correlational= a linear relationship between variables • positive relation= as one increases, the other increases (also called direct) • can't predict accurately • zero correlation= two variables are independent, not related • range from -1.0, 0, to 1.0 • absolute value tells the strength of the relation • the greater the strength, the greater the predicability • negative correlation= as one increases, the other decreases • correlation doesn't necessarily equal causation LECTURE 03: 1. Methods (Continued) -Lab A. Cause • want to know if x and y are related in a cause and effect • if x doesn't happen, y doesn't happen • effect should reliably follow the cause • replicability= want to see if the same cause will also lead to the same effect B. Terms • cause -> independent variable (IV) • effect -> dependent variable (DV) • extraneous variables= could affect it -Example: Darley-Latane • bunch of hypothesis were contributed: • diffusion of responsibility= the more people watching, less likely to help • IV= number of watchers -> DV= helping • lacks ecological validity -Experimental Control -Plus/Minus • Lab: • Plus: Experimental Control •ables us to infer causality • Minus: Lacks ecological validity • doesn't always simulate what people will do in normal circumstances A. Mead (1932), Cooley (1902) -looking glass self B. Tests • Gallup -chimps -can learn language, have frontal lobe -10 chimps were raised in a group, 10 were raised isolated -when they look in the mirror, count how many touch their brows as a baseline before the experiment (as a measure of self) -while they are unconscious, paint a little spot of red on one of the brows -then count how many touch their brows -indirect way of showing that chimps raised in group have a sense of self 2. Self-Perception Theory (SPT) A.What? B. Ben's Rules -sometimes we don't know what we feel about a situation until we study our behavior 1. We observe our behavior and the context 2. If context can explain behavior, we attribute behavior to context: Situational Attribution 3. If context can not explain behavior, then we contribute behavior to the person (the self): Dispositional Attributional C. Tests • Festinger and Carlsmith; Insufficient Reward -I.V. how much you are offered to be paid -D.V. will a person rate the experiment they performed better depending on how much they're paid -people who got paid only a dollar said they enjoyed the experiment more than people who were paid 20 dollars • Lepper, et al; Overjustification Effect LECTURE 06: 1. Lepper • went to Bing Nursery school • divided kids into 3 groups; -Expected Reward, Unexpected Reward, No Reward • remove the situation, remove the motivation • undermining intrinsique motivation 2. SPT II: Emotions A. James- P (behavior) -> C (thinking) C (thinking) P (behavior) • Bodily changes ( P ) follow directly from the perception of an exciting fact. And those changes as they take place, are our emotions B. Moranan -injected people with epinephrine and asked if they felt anything • 71% no, 28% 'Should I?'(both no therapy), 1% yes (therapy) • If can simulate P -> E -epinephrine, adrenaline -if no P, no E -for every E, a unique P • Cannon: Each E accompanied by some general diffuse P • E= PxC 3. Schacter & Singer • cognitive labeling, emotional plasticity • supraxin 1. Epi-informed 2. Epi-uninformed 3. Epi-misinformed 4. Placebo LECTURE 07: 1. Self Perception II Emotions A. Schater & Singer • emotional plasticity: depends on how you interpret what you're feeling (on the situation or what you've been told) 2. Nisbett & Storms "Insomnia" • gave participants a placebo, what they're told is the variable • group A is told: symptoms, anxious • group B is told: symptoms, relax • group A was able to fall asleep faster and better • could associate their own anxiety with the "side effects" 3. Selfy: A. Self-awareness Theory, Duvall & Wicklund • many behaviors are automatic, doesn't require us to think about it constantly • we tend to be self aware when something ruins our routines • awareness can be directed either inwardly or outwardly i. Theory