Digestive System Medical Terminology/study guide latest for revision/2024, Study notes of Nursing

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Digestive System Medical Terminology/study guide

latest for revision/

1. an/o anus
2. append/o appendix
3. appendic/o appendix
4. bar/o weight
5. bucc/o cheek

6. cec/o cecum

7. chol/e bile, gall
8. cholangi/o bile duct
9. cholecyst/o gallbladder
10. col/o colon
11. dent/o tooth

12. enter/o small intestine
13. esophag/o esophagus
14. gastr/o stomach
15. gingiv/o gums

16. gloss/o tongue
17. hepat/o liver
18. labi/o lip
19. lapar/o abdomen
20. lingu/o tongue

21. lith/o stone
22. odont/o tooth
23. or/o mouth
24. palat/o palate
25. pancreat/o pancreas
26. proct/o anus and rectum

27. pylor/o pylorus
28. rect/o rectum
29. -emesis vomit
30. -lithiasis condition of stones
31. -orexia appetite

32. -pepsia digestion
33. -phagia eat, swallow
34. -prandial pertaining to a meal
35. -tripsy surgical crushing 36 . -ostomy surgically create an opening 37 . -ptosis drooping 38 . endo- within 39 . retro- backward 40 peri- around

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diverticul/o pouch

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Anorexia A lack of appetite. 43 . Cachexia Wasting of muscle tissue due to weight loss that occurs with ilness (eg: cancer). 44 . Emaciation The state of being abnormally thin. 45 . Pica Abnormal craving for non-food substances that lasts for at least one month (eg: dirt, clay). 46 . Obesity An excessive accumulation of fat in the body. Morbid Obesity-- weighing more than twice the ideal weight. BMI

40 47

. Anorexia Ner- vosa An eating disorder, characterized by false perception of being overweight; results in voluntary starvation and ex- cessive exercising. 48 . Bulimia Nervosa An eating disorder, characterized by frequent episodes of binge eating followed by self-induced vomiting, misuse of diuretics, misuse of laxatives.. 49 . The Mouth Primary function: beings preparation of food for digestion. 50 . stomat/o mouth 51 . myc/o fungal 52 . Stomatitis An inflamed oral mucosa. 53 . Stomatomycosis A fungal disease of the mouth. 54 . Oral Thrush A stomatomycosis (fungal disease of the mouth) caused by the Candida albicans fungal infection. 55 Xerostosmia Dry mouth.

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xer/o dry 57 . When cracked sores form at the corners of the lips.

Cheilosis or che- litis 58 . cheil the lips 59 . osis abnormal condition 60 . Herpes labialis Cold sores or fever blisters, caused by the Herpes Sim- plex I virus 61 . The Palate Forms the roof of the mouth; hard plate is anterior, soft plate is posterior. 62 . Cleft Lip (harelip) and Cleft Palate Opening between the nose and soft palate in the mouth are birth defects. 63 . Palatoplasty A repair of a cleft palate. 64 . Uvula A^ structure^ important^ in^ swallowing;^ when enlarged caus- es snoring. 65 . Lingual Pertaining^ to^ the^ tongue. 66 . Sublingual Pertaining to under the tongue. 67 . Leukoplakia Painless white precancerous lesions of the tongue. 68 . leuk/o white 69 . plakia plaque 70 . Periodontium Refers^ to^ the^ structures^ around^ the teeth. 71 . odonti teeth 72 Dentin The substance teeth are constructed from.

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Dentition Means "about the teeth" 74 . Baby teeth.

Primary Denti- tion 75 . Dental Plaque Compromised of food particles and bacteria in crevices between teeth can lead to dental caries (cavities) in the teeth. Dental calculus, or tartar is 'calcified plaque'. Plaque can harden into a calculus. 76 . Calculus Hardened material due to calcium deposits. 77 . Halitosis Bad breath. 78 . Dental prophy- laxis A routine dental cleaning to prevent periodontal disease and dental caries. 79 . Prophylaxis Prevention. 80 . Gingiva The^ gums. 81 . Gingivitis Inflamed gums; a type of periodontal disease that can result in loss of teeth. 82 . Gingivectomy Surgical removal of diseased gum tissue. 83 . Edentulous Means "without teeth," or toothless. 84 . Ulcers Open lesions of the skin or mucous membranes. 85 . Acute necrotiz- ing ulcerative gingivitis Also called "trench mouth," is a bacterial infection that causes bleeding, ulceration, death of gum tissue. 86 . Periodentist Treats disorders of the structures around the teeth.

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Dentist Treats^ problems^ of^ the^ teeth. 88 . Orthodontist Corrects malocclusion or crooked teeth.

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Mastication Chewing. 90 . Three salivary glands of the mouth The parotid, the sub-lingual, the sub-mandibular. 91 . Parotiditis Painful inflammation of the parotid gland; can occur when individuals take poor care of their mouth. 92 . Pharynx Primary function: transports food from the mouth to the esophagus. 93 . pharyng/o pharynx 94 . Esophagus Primary function: transports food from the pharynx to the stomach. 95 . esophag/o esophagus 96 . Epiglottis The^ muscle^ flap^ that^ keeps^ food^ from^ going^ into the tra- chea. There are two circular muscles in the esophagus: the upper ad lower esophageal sphincters.

97. The low- er esophageal sphincter: Closes the esophagus off the stomach; protecting against regurgitation (backward flow) of gastric acids that would cause damage to the esophageal mucosa.

98. (^) Dysphagia Difficulty swallowing.
99. dys abnormal 100 . phagia swallowing 101 . Esophageal varices Swollen, over-distended veins with very thin walls in the esophagus. When these rupture, severe hemorrhage results. 102 . Gastroe- sophageal Reflux Disease (GERD) Reflux (backward flow) of gastric acid into the esophagus, resulting in pyrosis or dyspepsia (heartburn). 103 . Dyspepsia heartburn 104 . Barrett's esopha- gus A complication of GERD, is damaged to the epithelial tissue in the esophagus from gastric acid. This raises the risk for esophageal cancer. 105 . Stomach Primary^ function:^ breaks^ down^ food^ and^ mxes^ with diges- tive fluids (hydrochloric acid, digestive enzymes). Location: below the diaphragm in the abdominal cavity. 106 . gastr/o stomach 107 . Hernia A protrusion of a part or structure through the tissues that normally contain it. 108 . Hiatal Hernia Occurs when the stomach protrudes into the thoracic cavity through an abnormal opening in the diaphragm.

Common cause of GERD. 109 .

Barium Swallow or Upper GI Se- ries A radio-logical test where the patient swallows a sub- stance called barium. Barium-- lines the inside of the esophagus and stomach to detect pathology of the stomach or esophagus. The image of the rgans is seen on a TV screen.

110. Chyme The name for when food is mixed with gastric juices in the stomach.
111. Gastritis Inflammation of the stomach. 112. Peptic Ulcer Dis- ease A condition where ulcers form in the mucosa (muscle lining) of the stomach (gastric ulcers) or duodenum (duoe- nal ulcers), and is often caused by a bacteria. The bacteria is called Helicobacter pylori. Can also be caused by medications that erode the gastric mucosa. If an ulcer is deep enough, it can completely erode through the muscle, making a hole caused by 'perfora- tion'.
112. Endoscopy Performed by a gastroenterologist; to view the esophagus and the stomach through a scope. An endoscopic biopsy of an ulcer, or abnormal tissue, or removal of 'polyps' or small tumors, may also be per- formed.
113. Antacids Medications that neutralize gastric acid. 115. Proton Pump Inhibitors/H2 Blockers

PPI

(ome prazol e); H2B (cimetidine, ranitidine); Reduce production of acid by the stomach.

116. Eructation Belching (raising air form the stomach).

117. Nausea The urge to vomit.
118. emesis vomiting
119. Hyperemesis extreme vomitting
120. Hematemesis vomiting blood
121. Antiemetic Medication that reduces vomiting. 122. Gastrost omy Tube May be inserted surgically, or a percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy tube may be used for artificial feeding in patients with dysphagia.
122. Small Intestine Primary function: completes digestion, absorption of most nutrients. Three parts: duodenum, jejunum, ileum
123. Celiac disease gluten intolerance; resulting in malabsorption of food and diarrhea
124. Euphemisms poop
125. Defecation the act of passing feces (having bowel movement). 127. Bowel inconti- nence the inability to control the excretion of feces.
126. Steatorrhea fat in stool.
127. steat/o fat
128. Gastroenteritis Inflammation of the stomach and small intestine from eating substances contaminated with viral or bacterial pathogens.
129. Enteritis Inflammation of the small intestine from

eating sub- stances contaminated with viral or bacterial pathogens.

132. Dysentery Bacterial infection of the enteral tract (gastrointestinal tract) contracted by ingesting contaminated water or food.
133. Salmonellosis Salmonella; a type of dysentery from eating under-cooked meat or eggs. 134. Clostridium diffi- cile (c. diff) A highly contagious nocomial infection causing diarrhea which occurs when antibiotic therapy destroys normal bacteria that live in the intestinal tract, allowing the pathogens to flourish.
134. Hematochezia Flow of bright red blood in stool.
135. Melena Passage of black, tarry stool. Digested iron in blood makes the stool black. 137. Inflammat ory bowel disease a collection of diseases that cause inflammation and ul- ceration of the bowel. this includes ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease.
136. Ulcerative colitis a chronic condition where the innermost lining of the large intestine becomes inflamed and ulcerated.
137. Crohn's disease a chronic autoimmune disorder where all layers of the gastrointestinal tract, from mouth to anus, become in- flamed and ulcerated. when the ulceration's erode through the organs, an ab- normal connections can be formed called fistula. 140. Rectovaginal fis- tula

141. Enterocu ta- neous **fistula

142. Gastric** and Esophageal Surgery stool drains from the vagina. stool drains from an opening on the skin. Often involve moving some organs, and creating an anas- tomosis (surgical connection) in a new position.