Early Childhood Education: Theories, Pioneers, and Best Practices, Exams of Childhood Development

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Early Childhood Education 40 Questions with Answers

Idea of the "whole child" - CORRECT ANSWER

1. physical
2. intellectual
3. emotional
4. social intentional teaching - CORRECT ANSWER using every situation that comes up as a teaching method; always have a purpose for decisions multiple intelligences - CORRECT ANSWER 1. musical
5. logical
6. bodily kinesthetic
7. linguistic
8. spatial
9. interpersonal
10. intrapersonal
11. naturalist stages of professional development - CORRECT ANSWER 1. survival
12. consolidation
13. renewal
14. maturity purposes of ECE programs - CORRECT ANSWER 1. support children's learning and development
15. provide care for children sponsorship - CORRECT ANSWER can be public (federal, state or country), or private Head Start - CORRECT ANSWER -a federally funded program designed to ameliorate the effects of poverty on young children -for low income families

-leads to positive effects on IQ, college attendance, delayed parenthood & employment quality care - CORRECT ANSWER 1. high ratio of adults:children

2. professional development programs for teachers
3. good salaries
4. individualized curriculum Alliance for Childhood - CORRECT ANSWER -an early childhood advocacy organization -concerned standards will lead to unrealistic expectations "Trilemma of child care" - CORRECT ANSWER 1. the need for QUALITY programs to support development
5. The need for adequate COMPENSATION for staff
6. The need for AFFORDABLE child care programs for families paideia - CORRECT ANSWER the idea of a well-rounded education ideas of Plato, Aristotle, Quintillian - CORRECT ANSWER -education should begin with the young child -human beings are essentially good -both boys & girls should be educated -development of mind & body are important

• play is valuable Martin Luther - CORRECT ANSWER -education should be for all children -literacy is important' -all aspects of development are important Comenius - CORRECT ANSWER -birth to age 6 is of high importance -language is the foundation for later learning -education begins with nurture -learning should be meaningful/relevant -picture books (Orbis Pictus) -toys in education

Locke - CORRECT ANSWER -child as a blank slate ("tabula rasa") -knowledge is received through the senses -nurture > nature -prolonged swaddling is not good for children -respectful loving relationships -playful teaching -focus on the child Rousseau - CORRECT ANSWER -child is inherently good -education should begin at birth and continue to adulthood -children learn best from direct experiences and exploration -children learn through undirected play (free play) Pestalozzi - CORRECT ANSWER -all children have a right to education -education can awaken the potential of each child -the first year of life is most important in a child's development -instruction should be adapted to each child's interests, abilities and stage of development -focus on sensory learning -self paced learning Owen - CORRECT ANSWER -education of young people can transform the nature of people and society -natural consequences will teach children right from wrong -don't pressure children to learn -sensory learning, stories, singing, dancing, physical exercise -play is valued -caring teachers Froebel - CORRECT ANSWER -father of the kindergarten -Germany in 1837 -play is essential to education -forms of life, mathematics and beauty -"gifts and occupations" ~ use manipulative's ("gifts" ie. blocks, balls) and hand working activities ("occupations" ie. cutting, folding)

Bertha Meyer Ronge - CORRECT ANSWER established the first kindergarten in England Margarethe Meyer Shurz - CORRECT ANSWER founded the first American kindergarten in Wisconsin John Dewey - CORRECT ANSWER 1. improve society through schooling

2. help people develop their full potential
3. prepare citizens to live in a democratic society The Montessori Method - CORRECT ANSWER -Maria Montessori -believed children went through periods during which they have interest & capacity for the development of particular skills -grouped in mixed ages Reggio Emilia - CORRECT ANSWER -free to families (uses tax $$) -all children have potential -parents are an active part in the child's learning -physical space of the school encourages encounters, communication & relationships -see into other rooms; very open space -children stay with the same teacher for 3 years (0-3,3-6) -teachers/children explore through projects -curriculum emerges from children's interests -teachers work in pairs -lots of documentation through the school Atelierista - CORRECT ANSWER teacher trained in the visual arts Atelier - CORRECT ANSWER a studio for children and teacher to use as a resource center
   • children are not told what to do, only how to use tools Developmentally Appropriate Practice - CORRECT ANSWER DAP - learning about the characteristics of children at different ages

Principals of Child Development - CORRECT ANSWER 1. The child develops as a whole

2. Development follows predictable patterns
3. Rates of development vary
4. Development is influenced by maturation and experiences
5. Development proceeds from top down and center outward
6. Culture affects development Maturational Theory - CORRECT ANSWER -Arnold Gesell -genetic inheritance & maturity determine a major portion of development -concept of readiness ~ a period of development in which a specific skill/response is likely to occur Construtivist Theory - CORRECT ANSWER -Jean Piaget -children construct their own understanding of the world -changes as they grow -children must be actively engaged with people and objects Piaget's 3 kinds of knowledge - CORRECT ANSWER 1. physical
7. social
8. logical schema - CORRECT ANSWER informational categories children break things into due to experiences they have assimilation - CORRECT ANSWER including new info or objects into current schemas accommodation - CORRECT ANSWER creating a new schema for something that doesn't fit a current schema Piaget's Stages of Cognitive Development - CORRECT ANSWER 1. Sensorimotor (0-

2. ~ develops object permenance

2. Preoperational (2-7) ~ develops conservation; is egocentric
3. Concrete operational (7-11) ~ develops transitive inference; logical thought
4. Formal operational (11+) ~ develops deductive reasoning; abstract thought

Stages of Moral Development - CORRECT ANSWER -Laurence Kohlberg

1. Preconventional (2-7) ~ decisions are based on self interest
2. Conventional (7-12) ~ choose to uphold rules because they exist; concerned with approval
3. Postconventional (12+) ~ makes decisions based on conscience Sociocultural Theory - CORRECT ANSWER -Vygotsky -helps understand children's social life

• learn through interactions with adults and more able peers -use of scaffolding Ecological Theory - CORRECT ANSWER -Uri Bronfenbrenner -not just who the child's parents are, but everyone around them in their environment -Child -->Microsystem -->Mesosystem --> Exosystem -->Macrosytem Stages of Social and Emotional Development - CORRECT ANSWER -Erik Erikson -psychosocial theory

1. Trust v. Mistrust (infant)
2. Autonomy v. Shame (toddler)
3. Initiative v. Guilt (preschool)
4. Industry v. Inferiority (school age) Self-Actualization Theory - CORRECT ANSWER -Abraham Maslow -Hierarchy of Needs
5. Physiological (basic need) - air, food, water, etc.
6. Safety (basic need) - security of relationships & emotions
7. Love (growth need) - family, friends, sense of belonging, etc.
8. Esteem (growth need) - respect
9. Self-Actualization (growth need) - justice, creativity, truth, playfulness