Earth science reviewer, Summaries of Law

Download Earth science reviewer and more Summaries Law in PDF only on Docsity! EARTH SCIENCE REVIEWER Important Biological Factors Characteristic of Earth Necessary to Support Life • Radius : 6,371 km • Surface area : 510.1 million km² • Land area : 148.9 million km² • Mass : 5.972 × 10^24 kg • Distance from Sun : 149.6 million km • Age : 4.543 billion years • Population : 7.888 billion (2021) World Bank Earth’s Subsystem and Flow of Matter and Energy 1. Atmosphere Thermospshere – The beautiful color of aurora borealis or northern lights occur in this atmospheric layer. 2. Geosphere “geos” ROCKS naturally occurring solid aggregate of minerals, organic material or natural glass. Regolith 3. Hydrosphere “hydro” Cryosphere – ice • It also plays an important role in absorption and redistribution of solar radiation. 4. Biosphere “bio” • It is composed of all living things and the areas where they are found. It includes all animals, microbes, and plants. • Extension It is also in this zone that the interaction between the different subsystems is most dynamic. Biogeochemical Cycles It involves biological, geochemical, and chemical factors. It allows the circulation of important nutrients that form and support life like carbon, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus, calcium, and water. It also maintains the balance of substances in the different subsystem of the Earth. Any interference and disturbances in the flow of matter and energy may cause damage to any of the subsystems and its components. Minerals • Naturally occurring inorganic solid with a definite chemical composition and a crystalline structure. Temperature Water Atmosphere Energy Nutrients -“blanket” -“atmos” and “sphaira” Different Gases: Nitrogen Oxygen Argon Others… • The earth is composed of mineral elements, either alone or in a myriad of combinations called compounds. • A mineral is composed of a single element or compound. Hematite Chromite Copper Quartz Gold Feldspar Fluorite PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF MINERALS PHYSCIAL PROPERTIES: 1. Crystal Habit 2. Luster 3. Cleavage and Fracture 4. Hardness 5. Color 6. Streak Additional Properties: 1. Magnetism 2. Reaction with Acid 3. Striation 4. Specific Gravity 5. Taste, Odor Feel CHEMICAL PROPERTIES: 1. Native Elements 2. Silicates 3. Oxides 4. Sulfides 5. Sulfates 6. Halides 7. Carbonates 8. Phosphates 9. Mineraloid 1. Crystal Habit It refers to the overall shape or growth pattern of the mineral. It can be described as equant, elongate and platy. Equant – three dimensions of the mineral have about the same length, like that of a cube or sphere. (ei. garnet) Elongate – forms prismatic or prism- like crystals that are thicker than the needle as in a pencil. (ei. Indicolite) Platy – looks like a flattened and thin crystal (like plate). (ei. Wulfenite) 2. Luster The overall sheen of its surface – it may have the sheen of polished metal, or that of an unpolished metal that is pitted by weathering – or it may have the sheen of glass, or look dull or earthy, etc. 3. Cleavage and Fracture 4. Hardness Sampling, Analysis, Comminution, Concentration, Dewatering 1. Sampling 2. Analysis 3. Comminution 4. Concentration 5. Dewatering Transportation TYPES OF FOSSIL FUEL FORMATION COAL OIL NATURAL GAS Fossil fuels These are made from decomposing plants and animals. These fuels are found in Earth’s crust and contain carbon and hydrogen, which can be burned for energy Coal It is a material usually found in sedimentary rock deposits where rock and dead plant and animal matter are piled up in layers. More than 50 percent of a piece of coal’s weight must be from fossilized plants. Oil Most of the oil that we are using today started forming millions of years ago. Oil is an organic material, mostly algae, which was buried in mud at the bottom of the sea and lakes. It is used mainly to produce transportation fuels and petroleum-based products. Philippines imports crude oil and petroleum from Saudi Arabia and Russia. The majority of the market are Petron Corporation, Pilipinas Shell, and Chevron Philippines. “Originally found as a solid material between layers of sedimentary rock, like shale. This material is heated in order to produce the thick oil that can be used to make gasoline” Natural gas It is usually found in pockets above oil deposits. It can also be found in sedimentary rock layers that don’t contain oil. Natural gas is primarily made up of methane. It is a naturally occurring hydrocarbon gas with the mixture of methane. It is the Earth’s cleanest fossil fuel and is odorless and colorless in its natural state. Natural gas is produced from sedimentary rock formation by forcing chemicals, water, and sand down a well under high pressure. The Philippines’ main domestic source of energy is the Malampaya natural gas field which is located at Palawan Island. Energy Resources Renewable energy is energy derived from natural sources that are replenished at a higher rate than they are consumed. Geothermal Energy Resource Hot and Cold ENDOGENIC - EXOGENIC Hydroelectric Power Resource WATER IS LIFE HYDROLOGIC CYCLE ENERGY IN CURRENT VOLUME GRAVITY HYDROELECTRIC PP Two Types of Water Sources • Surface Water Water present on the surface of the earth in the form of oceans, rivers, lakes, reservoir, ponds and streams is called surface water. The water in rivers and lakes comes from rain and melting of snow on mountains. Rivers flow into the sea. • Underground Water Some of the rainwater seeps through the soil on to the non-porous rocks below. This is underground water. Sometimes due to high pressure, this water sprouts out in the form of springs. It can be obtained by digging wells or sinking tube wells, etc. Groundwater lies under the surface of the land, where it travels through and fills openings in the rocks. The rocks that store and transmit groundwater are called aquifers. Water quality describes the condition of the water, including chemical, physical, and biological characteristics, usually concerning its suitability for a particular purpose such as drinking or swimming. Water has physical and chemical characteristics. Some of the physical attributes include temperature, color, taste, odor, and turbidity. The temperature of water affects some of the important physical properties and characteristics of water: thermal capacity, density, specific weight, viscosity, surface tension, specific conductivity, salinity, and solubility of dissolved gases, etc. Human activities that may affect the quality and quantity of soil Checklist of Activities Farming Dams Plant Trees eo LL an Fertilizers, September Water the Soil Control Storm Water Maintain pH NN ith Monitor Growth Indigenous Crops Soil is one of the most important natural resources that require conservation practices. Most of the methods that are utilized ta promote sustainable use of the soil are: 1, Tree Planting; Roots of trces firmly hold on the soil making it stagnant and prevent soil erosion. As they grow, their roots go deeper and spread wider into the soil. In addition, soil under a vegetative cover is saved from crosion duc to wind as this cover acts as a wind barrier. Terraces Building: A terrace is a leveled section of a hilly cultivated area Having its unique topography, it prevents rapid surface rumoff of water. Terracing gives the landmass a stepped appearance like the famous Philippine Rice Terraces, thus slowing the washing down of soil. Dry stonewalling is method used to create terraces in which stone structures are made without using mortar for binding, 3. No-till Farming: Tilling is the process of preparing soil for plowing, Th conserving the soil, no-till farming which is a way of growing crops without disturbing it through tillage is highly recommended. The process of tilling is, beneficial in mixing fertilizers in the soil, making rows and preparing the surface for sowing, Unfortunately, tilling activity ean lead to compaction of oil, loss of organic matter in the soil and the death of soil organisms. No-till farming is a way to prevent the soil from this harm.