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ECPI BIO111 A&P CHAPTER 4 - CELLULAR METABOLISM EXAM, Exams of Advanced Education

American Public University System (APUS)Advanced Education

ECPI BIO111 A&P CHAPTER 4 - CELLULAR METABOLISM EXAM

Typology: Exams

2024/2025

Available from 05/12/2025

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ECPI BIO111 A&P CHAPTER 4 -
CELLULAR METABOLISM EXAM
Ana- - ANS-Up, upward, back, again, apart
Sub- - ANS-Below
Co- - ANS-Joint
Chondro- - ANS-Cartilage
Histo- - ANS-tissue
Strat- - ANS-cover, throw over, level
Macro- - ANS-Large or Long
Lys- - ANS-to break down
Anabolic Reaction (Synthesis) - ANS-Small molecules are built into larger ones;
requires energy.
Catabolism Reaction (decomposition) - ANS-Larger molecules are broken down into
smaller ones; releases energy.
Metabolism - ANS-Sum of all chemical reactions in the body
Name two types of Metabolic Reactions - ANS-Anabolic and Catabolism
Hydrolysis - ANS-the chemical breakdown of a compound due to reaction with water.
Used to decompose carbohydrates, proteins, and Lipids. Uses H2O to split the
substances. REVERSE of Dehydration Synthesis.
Dehydration Synthesis - ANS-Taking water away; smaller molecules are bound together
to form larger ones. H2O produced in the process, and used to produce
polysaccharides, proteins, and triglycerides. only for organic chemistry.
Cofactor - ANS-non-protein substance that combines with enzyme to activate it
Coenzyme - ANS-a nonprotein compound that is necessary for the functioning of an
enzyme.
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ECPI BIO111 A&P CHAPTER 4 -

CELLULAR METABOLISM EXAM

Ana- - ANS-Up, upward, back, again, apart Sub- - ANS-Below Co- - ANS-Joint Chondro- - ANS-Cartilage Histo- - ANS-tissue Strat- - ANS-cover, throw over, level Macro- - ANS-Large or Long Lys- - ANS-to break down Anabolic Reaction (Synthesis) - ANS-Small molecules are built into larger ones; requires energy. Catabolism Reaction (decomposition) - ANS-Larger molecules are broken down into smaller ones; releases energy. Metabolism - ANS-Sum of all chemical reactions in the body Name two types of Metabolic Reactions - ANS-Anabolic and Catabolism Hydrolysis - ANS-the chemical breakdown of a compound due to reaction with water. Used to decompose carbohydrates, proteins, and Lipids. Uses H2O to split the substances. REVERSE of Dehydration Synthesis. Dehydration Synthesis - ANS-Taking water away; smaller molecules are bound together to form larger ones. H2O produced in the process, and used to produce polysaccharides, proteins, and triglycerides. only for organic chemistry. Cofactor - ANS-non-protein substance that combines with enzyme to activate it Coenzyme - ANS-a nonprotein compound that is necessary for the functioning of an enzyme.

Enzyme - ANS-globular proteins that catalyze specific reactions. It increases the rates of chemical reactions. Control rates of BOTH Anabolic and Catabolic. What helps an enzyme do their job? - ANS-Cofactor and Coenzyme What is the active site on an Enzyme? - ANS-It is the region that binds the substrates (and cofactor, if any). Active Site on enzyme - ANS-Usually uniquely suited to bind to a particular target - the enzyme's substrate or substrates - and help them undergo a chemical reaction. Factors that affect enzyme activity and chemical reaction rates? - ANS-Excess Heat, extreme pH levels, specific chemicals, some poisons, electricity, radiation Cellular respiration formula - ANS-C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H Gylcolysis - ANS-the breakdown of glucose by enzymes, releasing energy and pyruvic acid. Anaerobic respiration. The first major stage in cellular respiration. Where does glycolysis occur? - ANS-It occurs in the cytosol. Is glycolysis aerobic or anaerobic? - ANS-It can be both, but without oxygen, it leads to fermentation. Usually it is anaerobic. Key points of glycolysis - ANS-- First reaction is the breakdown of glucose and it is a series of 10 reactions.

  • Consists of an energy-requiring phase followed by an energy-releasing phase.
  • It extracts energy by breaking down glucose (6 - Carbon) into 2 pyruvic acid (3 - carbon) molecules.
  • This is needed to start the process of glycolysis - splitting the glucose molecule. What are the products of glycolysis? - ANS-2 pyruvate, 2 ATP, 2 NADH Krebs cycle or citric acid cycle - ANS-a pathway of eight reactions that oxidize acetyl to carbon dioxide, producing several molecules of reduced NADH and also some ATP and reduced FADH2; the second major stage in cellular respiration Where does the Krebs cycle occur? - ANS-mitochondrial matrix What are the products of Krebs Cycle? - ANS-CO2, ATP (6), NADH (2), FADH2 (2) Characteristics of genetic code - ANS-- Contains a Triplet Code: sequence of 3 nucleotides that represents an amino acid, or signals beginning or end of a protein.
  • Sequence of bases in a gene determines the amino acid sequence in a polypeptide.

Electron Transport Chain - ANS-electrons are passed from one molecule to another in a series of redox reactions, and energy released in these electron transfers is used to form an electrochemical gradient. Final stage of cellular respiration. Where does the electron transport chain occur? - ANS-inner membrane of mitochondria Key points of Electron Transport Chain - ANS-- Delivery of electrons to ETC by NADH and FADH2.

  • Electron transfer and proton pumping - As electrons are passed down the chain, they move from a higher to a lower energy level, releasing energy. -Splitting of oxygen to form water - At the end of the electron transport chain, electrons are transferred to molecular oxygen, which splits in half and takes up H+ to form water.
  • Gradient-driven synthesis of ATP. Used to catalyze phosphorylation of ADP to ATP. Chemiosmosis theory - ANS-energy stored in the gradient is used to make ATP. What are the end products of Electron Transport Chain? - ANS-Water and ATP Is Electron Transport Chain anaerobic or aerobic? - ANS-aerobic (requires oxygen) ATP synthase - ANS-It synthesizes ATP. Used in Respiration. Uses energy to catalyze phosphorylation of ADP to ATP. ATP - ANS-(adenosine triphosphate) carries energy in a form the cell can use. MADE FROM CELLULAR RESPIRATION, from the food that we eat. What are the breakdown products of ATP? - ANS-Adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and a phosphate ion. ATP Formula - ANS-ATP -> ADP + P + energy C6H12O6 + O2 --> 32-38 ATP + CO2 + H2O What happens if pyruvate is lacking oxygen? - ANS-It will undergo a process called fermentation because it does not require oxygen and is therefore anaerobic. It will replenish the NAD+ from the NADH + H+ produced in glycolysis. Transcription - ANS-Process of copying DNA sequence onto an RNA sequence Translation - ANS-Process of converting the genetic code, carried by mRNA, into a sequence of amino acids that becomes a protein. Where does translation occur? - ANS-ribosomes (cytoplasm or rough ER) Where does Transcription occur? - ANS-Nucleus

Bases of DNA - ANS-Adenine, Thymine, Guanine, Cytosine Bases of RNA - ANS-Adenine, guanine, cytosine, uracil What base is found on RNA but not on DNA? - ANS-Uracil Base Pairing Rules - ANS-- Adenine pairs with Thymine

  • Cytosine with Guanine.
  • Uracil pairs with Adenine. Where is a codon found? - ANS-found in mRNA in segments, beginning with a start, and continuing until a stop codon is reached. Where is the anticodon found? - ANS-at one end of transfer RNA (tRNA) mRNA (Messenger RNA) - ANS-carries genetic code from DNA to ribosome. Read 3 bases at a time, which are called CODONS. tRNA (transfer RNA) - ANS-aligns amino acids during protein synthesis, along the mRNA strand on the ribosomes. Anti-codon on one end, which will match one on the other end in mRNA. rRNA (ribosomal RNA) - ANS-type of RNA that forms part of the ribosome. DNA polymerase - ANS-Enzyme involved in DNA replication that joins individual nucleotides to produce a DNA molecule RNA polymerase - ANS-enzyme that links together the growing chain of RNA nucleotides during transcription using a DNA strand as a template