Effective Communication Strategies and Techniques, Exams of Advanced Education

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CMS 315M Exam

Interpersonal Communication - Answer- The process whereby one stimulates meaning in the mind of another through verbal and/or nonverbal means hypodermic communication - Answer- you absorb all that is communicated to you. Watching violent movies makes you violent organization - Answer- (quality of a message) you want to know what you want people to remember. Drop details that are unimportant Redundant - Answer- (quality of a message) You want to put emphasis on things that you want someone to remember Schema - Answer- (quality of a message) a category system for storing info (context) Better questions - Answer- (quality of a message) open ended questions will make people open up and talk more 4 components of selectivity - Answer- selective exposure, selective attention, selective perception, selective retention Selective exposure - Answer- (components of selectivity) involvement - things you are involved in proximity - close/easy to get utility - how useful something is reinforcement - seeing things several times Selective Attention - Answer- (components of selectivity) Novelty - be interesting Concreteness - trust/believability Stimuli - less competition of things going on Momentum - get attention by getting involved Selective Perception - Answer- (components of selectivity) Understand biases Reduce ambiguity - uncertainty of meaning Redundancy - different ways of saying the same thing Focus on Need - a need for: inclusion, efficiency, schemas

Selective Retention - Answer- (components of selectivity) Redundancy + Repetition Utility - you remember useful things Primacy/Recensy (beg/end) - you remember beg+end better than middle Salience - projecting things you want them to remember Characteristics (stereotypes) - Answer- (Aspects of Stereotypes) overgeneralized, extreme, negative, simplistic, kernel of truth, self-confirming Stereotypes lead to expectations - Answer- actions - man cooks = chef, woman cooks = housewife disconfirming - you wont let special cases disconfirm the stereotype (stupid asian) Where do you learn stereotypes - Answer- family, friends, media, limited observation why do we stereotype? - Answer- efficiency - you cant possibly know everyone ego defense - not how i am good, how someone is bad aggression - ex. wartime conformity - we want to be liked and fit in Steps to reduce stereotypes - Answer- Note differences in people. Not inadequacies in generalization. Find similarities. Increase your contact/exposure. How do you create change? - Answer- people want consistency, people don't want to be forece Manipulating Messages - Answer- evidence, fear appeals, WIFT, organization, WIFT - Answer- What's in it for them Foot in the door - Answer- Organization (manipulation) ask for something small and work up to more, and more.. Face in the door - Answer- you ask for something HUGE with intent of bargaining to small (but what you really want) Good news vs Bad news - Answer- always start with the good news, you receive bad news better when you're in a good mood Problem vs solution - Answer- always start/create with the problem, then offer a solution Agreements vs Disagreement - Answer- point out where you agree, so you can focus on where you disagree Revealing intent - Answer- DO NOT tell them your intent

Why Gossip? - Answer- interesting (way of retaining relationships), status, propaganda, record keeping, control (learn what is acceptable/unacceptable in your culture), Characteristics of Gossip - Answer- normally negative, involving and interesting, measure of integration (closeness of friends), short lived, highly efficient (moves very fast) Stop gossip about others - Answer- Redemptive positive evaluation - when you know something bad about someone will be said, start with something good about them Sarcasm - play off the importance Change the topic - shows you don't care Manage gossip about you - Answer- ignore, deny, label it, question why, go do source, simply distract, ride it out Decay stages - Answer- narrow, public, stylized, difficult, rigid, awkward, hesitant, judgment suspended Growth stages - Answer- broad, personal, unique, efficient, flexible, smooth, spontaneous, judgment given Coming together - Answer- initiating, experimenting, intensifying, integrating, bonding (in that order of increasing intensity) check pg. 34 Coming apart - Answer- differentiating, circumscribing, stagnating, avoiding, terminating check pg. 34 Five important misconceptions about Communication in relationships - Answer- ... The assumption of consistency - Answer- but that's not what you said yesterday The assumption of simple meaning - Answer- well, you said so you must of meant it! The assumption of communicator independence - Answer- it wasn't my fault") acknowledging interdependence forces you to ask yourself what you do to licit such a responses and what you can do to get responses you desire The assumption of obvious causation - Answer- you can't fool me. I know why you said that The assumption of finality - Answer- that settles it 8 communication dimensions that change

in developing and decaying relationships - Answer- ...

1. Narrow-broad - Answer- during the process of coming together, we predict communication that shows an increasing amount of talk and a gradually increasing amount of talk from talk from narrow short to broad more open terms
2. Public-Personal - Answer- this dimension is also referred to as the "depth" of social interaction. Should he relationship move forward, we will increasingly uncover more and more of our private and personal selves.
3. Stylized-Unique - Answer- the process of constructing a more intimate relationship eventually reaches a point of which we are interacting with the other person as a unique individual rather that as a member of a particular society. The handshake is one example of a stylized or conventional behavior that seems to fade away when people label themselves close friends.
4. Difficult-Efficient - Answer- As a relationship grows and more of the other person is revealed to us, there will be increased accuracy, speed, and efficiency in our communication
5. Rigid-Flexibility - Answer- Flexibility simply refers to the number of different ways any given idea or feeling can be communicated. The more advanced the stage of growth, the greater the flexibility
6. Awkward-Smooth - Answer- As knowledge of the other person increases, which lead to greater synchronization of interaction. The awkwardness decreases while the smoothness increases
7. Hesitant-Spontaneous - Answer- When actively engaged in decay processes, we will see an increased hesitancy
8. Overt judgment suspended-Overt judgment given - Answer- Although our first impressions of another person probably involve a number of covert judgments, these evaluations are usually unspoken until the relationship reaches a more advanced stage Interpersonal Needs Across the Lifespan - Answer- ... Infancy and childhood - Answer- Interpersonal needs are reflected in our behavior from the day we are born. Even before language is understood or spoken, the child is gaining a rudimentary understanding of interpersonal needs Adolescence - Answer- For many adults, early adulthood is a time of adventure, a time to try and "master the world

3. Sometimes we see only what we want to see or don't see what may be obvious to others because of our own needs, desires, or temporary emotional states. (selective perception) The Many Faces of Attraction - Answer- ... Reward or punishment - Answer- Some people believe they are attracted to particular others because they obtain personal rewards. Near or Far - Answer- Proximity also may facilitate or curtail attraction. Great deal of research verifies the fact that we are more likely to develop friendship with people we are exposed to more often. Similarity or dissimilarity - Answer- Many studies confirm the fact that we often desire and select friends, dates, and spouses who are similar to us in morals, background, interest, goals, ways of expressing ideals attitudes, or appearance Beauty or Beast - Answer- It is safe to say that the evidence from contemporary United States culture overwhelmingly supports the notion that initially we respond much favorably to people perceived as physically attractive than to those seen as less attractive. Types of disclaimers - Answer- ...

• Hedging - Answer- this conveys that what follows is tentative and I am willing to accept other views Credentialing - Answer- this conveys that I know you'll react unfavorably to what I'm about to say, but I'll try to establish special credentials that will soften that reaction
• Sin Licenses - Answer- This conveys that I know you'll react negatively, but that's the way it has to be
• Appeal for Suspended Judgment - Answer- This conveys that I know you're going to be tempted to react unfavorably, but wait until you hear the whole story Greeting sequence - Answer- ...
• Sighting, orientation, and initiation of the approach - Answer- ...
• Distant Salutation - Answer- This is the "official ratification" that a greeting sequence has been initiated and who the participants are. A wave, smile, or call may be used for recognition.
• Approach - Answer- As the greeters continued to move toward each other, gazing probably helped signal that channels were cleared for talking

• Close Salutation - Answer- As the participants negotiated a standing position, ritualistic comments such as " Hi, Bob! How are you doing?" were heard. And, if the situation called for body contact, it would occur at this time. Forms of Address - Answer- ... Formal-impersonal - Answer- the formal forms of address are generally used with strangers, new acquaintances, and those we perceive to have a greater status than we do. Ambiguous Formality - Answer- We just don't know how to address someone. It might be a situation in which we feel a particular person doesn't warrant deference any longer because status differences have grown fuzzy. Informal - Answer- The informal forms of address are usually derived from a person's first name Intimate-Affectionate - Answer- This form represents the least formal of the forms used to address others. Ordinarily, this form is reserved for close friends or intimates. Relationship "Openers" - Answer- ... In General Situations - Answer- " I feel a little embarrassed, but I'd like to meet you." At the beach - Answer- The water is beautiful today, isn't it?" At the Supermarket - Answer- Can you help me decide here? I'm a terrible shopper." At the Bar - Answer- What do you think of the band Characteristics of relationships - Answer- ...
• Variability - Answer- o Getting to know your partner in different settings
• School, home, stressed
• Duration - Answer- o The amount of time that you spend talking and exchanging with someone
• You may not even talk to someone, its just being around them
• Frequency - Answer- see someone all the time, but crossing campus, short conversation
• On the bus
• Talking, txting all the time
• Revelation - Answer- o You tell your partner secrets

• Dependence vs. independence - Answer- want to be able to depend on your partner, and have that reciprocated
• But you want to be independent at the same time too
• Honesty vs. dishonesty - Answer- o Most everyone values honesty in a relationship, but there are instances that you will lie
• Optimality vs. satisfaction - Answer- o Perfect? Maybe not. Good enough? Probably
• Love vs. comfort - Answer- A lot of relationships that are long lasting tend to slip out of love but they are "good together" good roomates
• Altruism vs. Selfishness - Answer- o What you get out of a relationship
• You say you want to please the other person, but at the same time you wan to be pleased
• Privacy vs. openness - Answer- o In a relationship you think that you should be open and share
• But you want your privacy
• Happiness vs. non-happiness - Answer- o The opposite of love is not-loving
• You dump someone and you don't hate them, you just don't love them anymore
• Attention vs. smothering - Answer- o You want your partner to pay attention to you, but you don't want them to stalk you 2 types of networking - Answer- social support - your friends help you do better in your life organizational - to further career, to be successful 4 ways our lives revolve around stories - Answer- 1) we think narratively

2. we learn values through stories
3. we create and share bonds through stories
4. people "get it" when you tell a story Ways to tell a good narrative - Answer- 1)have a point
5. tell it quickly
6. sense of caring
7. inclusive
8. vivid detail
9. validates basic values
10. make it personal
11. user factoids 7 basics of power - Answer- ...

punishment - Answer- do it or ill punch you in the face reward - Answer- people are attracted to rewards; both internalized (complements) and external (gifts) assigned - Answer- a given position refarant - Answer- respected wisdom - Answer- power in simple trusts, common knowledge network - Answer- power is in the people you know informational - Answer- doctors, they have power over us because they have knowledge that we need 3 rules of perceived sensitivity - Answer- ... listening - Answer- 1) listen to, tell someone else what they said

2. eliminate distractions (stimuli)
3. reformulate in your head
4. limit counter-arguments
5. group messages Understanding - Answer- you dont have to agree with people, you just need to get what they are going through Empathy - Answer- feeling the same thing as someone else, emotionally tied, deeper than understanding 3 levels of influence - Answer- ... compliance - Answer- (lowest level) Perceived concern - if i think you don't care, i wont listen to you perceived control - people listen to you when they believe you have control perceived scrutiny - when someone doesn't think you'll check, they won't do what you say Identification - Answer- you respect the person and want to be like them Internalization - Answer- doing something out of habit or due to mutual values