Effective Instructional Strategies and Classroom Management, Exams of Nursing

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ABCTE Professional Teaching Knowledge Exam Secrets

Study Guide: ABCTE Test Review For The American

Board For Certification Of Teacher Excellence

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The highest level in Bloom's Taxonomy. Includes verbs such as: assess, create, compare, solve, judge, recommend, rate, relate, criticize, evaluate, summarize, appraise. ✔✔Evaluate The second highest level in Bloom's Taxonomy. Includes verbs such as design, compose, invent, hypothesize, develop, construct, produce, plan, create, organize. ✔✔Synthesis A middle level in Bloom's Taxonomy. Includes verbs such as compare, analyze, classify, distinguish, categorize, differentiate, infer, survey, select, prioritize. ✔✔Analysis A middle level in Bloom's Taxonomy. Includes verbs such as organize, generalize, prepare, produce, choose, apply, solve, draw, show, paint. ✔✔Application a lower level in Bloom's Taxonomy. Includes verbs such as match, restate, paraphrase, give examples, express, illustrate, explain, defend, distinguish, summarize, interpret, interrelate. ✔✔comprehension The lowest level in Bloom's Taxonomy. Includes verbs such as select, list, name, define, describe, memorize, label, identify, recite, state, recognize. ✔✔knowledge Curricular standards communicate what? ✔✔what, when, and how to teach what lesson plans are designed to meet or achieve ✔✔standards the most important educational document ✔✔the lesson plan what does curriculum contain? ✔✔objectives, sample lessons, assessments, procedures, materials/equipment needed, activities, samples of student work what the student is supposed to learn ✔✔objective methods of determining effectiveness of the lessons ✔✔assessments What was the purpose of No Child Left Behind and the Every Student Succeeds Act? ✔✔to create a standardized curriculum for each subject area

what is curriculum? ✔✔what the students are supposed to learn as a result of a specific educational sequence of events anchor papers ✔✔the reference for all other work; what is expected by students Who can help translate curriculum? ✔✔administrators and content specialists order the steps of instruction: re-design, teach, repeat, review, give assessment, write assessment, identify time limit of unit, evaluate instruction, review for assessment ✔✔1. identify time limit of unit

2. write assessment
3. teach
4. review for assessment
5. give assessment
6. evaluate instruction
7. re-design
8. repeat Objectives should be specific enough that they can be used as ____________ questions. ✔✔Exam Lesson Objectives: what the students will ___________________ by the end of the lesson. ✔✔accomplish Agenda Items: what the class will ___________ to meet the lesson objectives. ✔✔do Pacing of material is dependant upon 3 things ✔✔1. nature of students
9. nature of material
10. goals of the teacher periodic measuring devices that indicate student growth and also verify successful lessons ✔✔assessments should you schedule assessments based on the calendar date or the progress of the class? ✔✔based on progress of the class Who do you need to know before you begin planning lessons? ✔✔your students who can help you get to know your students? ✔✔prior teachers, counselors, administrators, other colleagues How much repetition is enough? ✔✔as much as possible until mastery is acheived What should inform your instruction? ✔✔assessments

Name three important things to consider when choosing a seating arrangement. ✔✔1. visibility of students

2. movement by the teacher
3. space for isolation
4. students should always be in front of the teacher
5. utilize a second teacher's desk in the room
6. considers the distance between students what is fostered when students are seated close together or in groups? ✔✔interaction between students when should you prepare class rules and their consequences? ✔✔BEFORE school begins Name some ways to create a positive learning environment. ✔✔1. greet students at the door
7. display examples of student work
8. make the classroom feel open, welcoming, and caring Definition= The learning and practice of teaching ✔✔Pedagogy Lessons are intended for the _________________ of the audience, not for the ____________________ of the teacher. ✔✔benefit convenience What are the steps of the Learning Cycle based on Piaget's learning theory? ✔✔1. exploration
9. concept introduction
10. concept application In Piaget's learning cycle, exploration is what? ✔✔the beginning of instruction addresses the concrete level of thinking- lower order thinking skills teacher's job is to replace misconceptions with correct knowledge When beginning a lesson, you should provide... ✔✔a context for the material In Piaget's learning cycle, concept introduction is... ✔✔the teaching stage the guided discovery stage- students are constructing meaning based on the teacher's lessons

In Piaget's learning cycle, concept application is... ✔✔where students apply what they have learned to new situations students formulate a new idea or understanding should lead directly into the exploration stage of the next curricular concept what are some ways to identify what the students already know? ✔✔1. offer a pre-test on the material

2. group discussion
3. student interviews
4. classroom participation how can you provide context for learning new concepts? ✔✔create "bridges" between the old and the new what are some ways to stimulate active learning? ✔✔1. minimize unnecessary info or distractions
5. utilize sufficient relevant examples
6. organize curriculum around a central theme or idea
7. require review, memorization, repetition, and mnemonic devices
8. provide study and memory aides prior to the lesson warm-up, lecture, demonstrations, gallery walk, using graphic organizers, and questioning are all teaching strategies to use with what types of groups? ✔✔whole/large groups what is a "bell ringer"? ✔✔daily work that is completed by the students as soon as they enter the room allows the teacher time to complete clerical tasks this is the most common and efficient whole group teaching strategy ✔✔lecture what is the engagement time of most students during a lecture? ✔✔ 15 - 20 minutes what type of teaching is demonstrated by the teacher showing students a technique, process, or procedure example- the teacher shows the class how to write the letters in the alphabet before the students practice it themselves ✔✔directed-teaching what type of whole group teaching strategy is most relied upon in the classroom, but should never take the place of the teacher's lesson plan? ✔✔worksheets

how can worksheets benefit a lesson? ✔✔1. provide additional practice

2. provide repetition
3. can serve as a review of the material
4. helps refresh student's memories name some sources of technology utilized in the classroom. ✔✔1. computers/laptops/tablets
5. LCD projectors
6. SMART boards
7. the Internet
8. WebQuest Name 5 graphic organizers. ✔✔1. Venn Diagram
9. Quadrant/Frayer Model
10. KWL Chart
11. T-Chart
12. Outline
13. Concept Map/Web/Cluster
14. Timeline
15. Portfolio
16. Flow Chart
17. Flashcards What is a KWL chart? ✔✔a graphic organizer that allows students to iterate what they Know, what they Want to know, and what they have Learned about a concept. completed as 3 columns. Recall questions are best used for which age group? ✔✔elementary students Which type of questions are theoretical questions with hypothetical answers? Usually contain more than one answer ✔✔open-ended questions probing questions promote... ✔✔thoughtful inquiry deeper thinking by the student Which type of questions can provide an assessment of knowledge attainment? ✔✔guiding questions How long does it take for new learning to be understood and transferred into long-term memory? ✔✔5 seconds Do the quality of answers increase or decrease with increased wait time? ✔✔increase

An instructional response that asks the student to re-word their thinking so that the teacher can collect more info or provide clarity. ✔✔Clarifying a type of instructional response that restates or summarizes a student answer using different wording. ✔✔paraphrasing an instructional response that uses a neutral tone, promotes the flow of the lesson, continues thinking, and offers a non-committal response to the students. ✔✔Non- Judgmental an instructional response that imparts advice to the students ✔✔Advisory the manner in which students conduct themselves ✔✔student deportment What is a piggyback response? ✔✔where an answer builds upon the previous answer What is the SQ3R/SQ4R instructional strategy useful for? ✔✔useful in getting students to interact with reading passages. What are the elements of SQ3R/SQ4R? ✔✔1. survey

2. Questions
3. Reading/Relate
4. Recite
5. Review How are students grouped when they are differentiated? ✔✔they are grouped by academic need What is scaffolding? ✔✔breaking learning into parts What is think-pair-share? ✔✔an instructional strategy for small groups where students:
6. think- individually come to an answer
7. pair- work in pairs to combine responses into a new one
8. share- present new, combined reponses what is the RAFT instructional technique? ✔✔1. Role
9. Audience
10. Format
11. Topic what is a portfolio? ✔✔a collection of student work that demonstrates their level of achievement

can be used as assessment technique What are tiered assignments? ✔✔differentiation based on academic ability and preferred modality of learning What things do an effective lesson closure contain? ✔✔1. summary of objectives

2. connections between prior and future lessons What can a well-constructed lesson minimize? ✔✔Disruptions Every lesson has 3 things... ✔✔1. a beginning
3. a middle
4. an end applying behavior, knowledge, and skills acquired during a learning event the ability to effectively use acquired content knowledge and skills ✔✔learning transfer What is a teacher-centered lesson plan? ✔✔one where the teacher does most of the work students are passive learners Example= lecture what is a student-centered lesson? ✔✔one where the student does most of the work (accomplishing a task) students are motivated, active learners students are allowed to talk and answer questions Which is more effective for transfer of learning- a teacher-centered lesson or a student- centered lesson? ✔✔student-centered What is meta-cognition? ✔✔awareness and understanding of one's own thought processes. a successful teacher views discipline as a ___________________ and a ________________________. ✔✔process; product what is practical knowledge? ✔✔learning from others what is professional knowledge? ✔✔learning on the job

knowing __________ to teach is just as important as knowing ____________ to teach. ✔✔how; what New teachers can learn a lot from __________________ teachers. ✔✔successful what is the difference between a lockdown and a shelter-in-place? ✔✔a lockdown is when students and staff are locked in their rooms a shelter-in-place is when students and staff are locked inside the school; more secure The ability to effect a meaningful, positive change with lasting effects is called what? ✔✔significance Deliberate instruction includes intentional lessons. They also... ✔✔1. are well-planned

2. have a clearly-stated objective
3. show an understanding of the audience The Whole Child Approach to Education strives to train up students who are... ✔✔1. stewards of the world
4. citizens of the world Name some skills that "global learners" possess. ✔✔1. communication skills
5. cultural competency
6. problem-solving skills
7. collaboration skills
8. teamwork skills On the first day of school, what are the most important things to do in order to establish classroom management? ✔✔1. learn student names as quickly as possible
9. be positive
10. be prepared
11. begin class with a warm-up activity
12. greet students as they come in the door
13. familiarize students with the class rules/expectations never miss an opportunity to praise a child for... ✔✔1. effort
14. quality work
15. good behavior what do warm-up activities at the beginning of class do to benefit the student? ✔✔1. focuses the student on learning
16. can serve as a review of previously learned content what do warm-up activities at the beginning of class do to benefit the teacher? ✔✔1. works to control disruptions

2. provides an opportunity to perform clerical duties
3. helps to fill the entire instructional time A teacher should position themselves so that they can see as many __________________ as possible. ✔✔students where is the best place to sit when administering a whole-class test to students? ✔✔behind them How should homework relate to the learning process? ✔✔it should extend it; there should not be any new learning taking place during homework time, but merely be an extension of what has already been learned serve as a form of repetition and practice Name some subtle disciplinary strategies. ✔✔1. the "evil eye"
4. proximity
5. ask the student to stop their misbehavior
6. get the misbehaving student involved with the lesson
7. move the student's seat
8. use humor subtle disciplinary strategies do not interrupt the ____________ of the lesson. ✔✔flow a subtle disciplinary strategy that includes non-blinking eye contact with the misbehaving student ✔✔the "evil eye" what disciplinary strategy is LEAST disruptive to the lesson flow? ✔✔proximity No disciplinary tactic works for ____________ student ______________ time ✔✔every; every mentally participating to the speaker ✔✔active listening a condition that inhibits the ability of the student to concentrate ✔✔ADD (Attention Deficit Disorder) a condition that not only inhibits the ability to concentrate but also causes the learner to be impulsive, easily distracted, and overly active. ✔✔ADHD (Attention Deficit Hyperactive Disorder) the feelings, emotions, and attitudes of individuals ✔✔Affective Domain a rigid set of standards or rules for performing a task ✔✔algorithm

matching what is taught and tested to learning goals or standards ✔✔alignment moving from knowledge to the ability to use the information ✔✔application a standardized test that is designed to predict future performance levels in a given subject ✔✔Aptitude test classroom management in which rules are given and applied consistently but without hostility ✔✔assertive discipline a measure of what students know (declarative information) and are able to do (procedures) ✔✔assessment fitting new knowledge into existing processes ✔✔assimilation foundation skills such as reading and math that form the basis for other skills ✔✔basic skills changing an undesirable behavior through a prescribed learning theory ✔✔behavior modification the goals of the learning stated as observable behavior ✔✔behavioral objectives a baseline of data usually grade and/or subject specific ✔✔benchmark learning based on how the brain works ✔✔brain-based learning a teaching strategy in which students generate many ideas without concern about quality ✔✔brainstorming federal program in which money is given to districts that have a high number of disadvantaged students ✔✔Title I the place in the lesson where the teacher makes sure that students have mastered the learning before moving to the next step in the lesson ✔✔checking for mastery the place in the lesson where the teacher checks to make sure that students understand before moving on in the teaching process. ✔✔checking for understanding the mood of the classroom including teacher-student interactions, student-student interactions, and the belief system in the classroom ✔✔classroom climate the process of managing student behavior in the classroom ✔✔classroom control

the classroom climate as well as the teacher's ability to manage behavior and the tasks of the class ✔✔classroom management the part of the lesson in which the teacher summarizes the learning ✔✔closure teaching that includes modeling, observation of student behaviors and immediate feedback ✔✔coaching the mental operations of thinking ✔✔cognition thought and reasoning usually divided into two categories- knowledge or factual, and processes ✔✔cognitive development objectives that measure knowledge and/or processes demonstrated by the student ✔✔cognitive objectives the collective feelings or emotions of a group ✔✔cohesiveness a test to measure the ability of students to meet a given set of objectives, usually state or national objectives ✔✔competency test a graphic representation of relationships between and among a given set of criteria ✔✔concept map a learner-centered approach based on the idea that students construct knowledge for themselves based on what they already know and by interaction with new information ✔✔constructivism questioning in which the number of possible answers is very limited, usually to one possible answer ✔✔convergent questioning a teaching strategy in which students work together in groups toward a common goal ✔✔cooperative learning required curriculum for all students ✔✔core thinking that leads to new ideas or ways of looking at things ✔✔creative thinking a standardized test designed to measure a student's level of mastery of a given set of standards, goals, or objectives ✔✔criterion-referenced test occurs when all elements of society are valued and the language and traditions of the groups are maintained ✔✔cultural pluralism

learning that moves from general concepts to specific concepts ✔✔deductive learning reasoning that moves from general ideas to a specific conclusion ✔✔deductive reasoning Maslow used this term to describe the basic needs of survival, safety, belonging, and self-esteem ✔✔deficiency needs a test designed to identify areas of strength and weakness in a student ✔✔diagnostic test the control of student behavior in the classroom ✔✔discipline a teaching technique that follows the following processes:

1. identify the problem
2. develop a hypothesis
3. test the hypothesis
4. arrive at a conclusion ✔✔discovery learning practice that is repeated over time, usually at pre-set intervals ✔✔distributed practice thinking that leads to a conclusion or product that is unique to the individual ✔✔divergent thinking a disorder in which the individual has difficulty learning to read, write, and spell ✔✔dyslexia the ability to understand the feelings and actions of other ✔✔empathy questions that require judgment to be made ✔✔empirical questions The amount of time students are actively engaged in learning activities is known as _______ ✔✔engaged time the intentional design and delivery of information by the teacher to the students. Processes:
5. teacher models/demonstrates skills
6. substantial time for practice and opportunity to apply the skills
7. opportunity for feedback ✔✔explicit instruction motivation that is triggered by rewards outside the individual ✔✔extrinsic motivation

Free Appropriate Public Education that is guaranteed by federal law to special education students ✔✔FAPE assessment that takes place throughout the lesson ✔✔formative assessment the gathering of data, during the time the program is being developed, to guide the development process ✔✔formative evaluation structural organizers that visually help students to organize and see relationships in the learning ✔✔graphic organizers a method of grouping in which students of varying abilities, interests, achievement levels, and backgrounds are grouped together ✔✔heterogeneous grouping a method of grouping in which students with the same abilities, interests, achievement levels, and backgrounds are grouped together ✔✔homogeneous grouping an act that provides special education and services for children with disabilities ✔✔IDEA Individuals with Disabilities Education Act the phase of instruction that occurs after skills and strategies have been explicitly taught and practiced under teacher direction or supervision. Involves the application of newly taught skills in familiar formats or tasks and reinforces skill acquisition ✔✔independent practice a teaching strategy in which the student learns through discovery ✔✔indirect teaching making a general conclusion based on several examples ✔✔inductive reasoning asking questions to obtain information ✔✔inquiry the learning, idea, or processes becomes a part of the learner so that it is second nature ✔✔internalization motivation triggered from within usually from a perceived need or goal ✔✔intrinsic motivation repeating the practice over and over in a short span of time ✔✔massed practice the process of thinking about our thinking and how we learned information ✔✔metacognition

a teaching method that helps aid a student's ability to store and retrieve factual information ✔✔mnemonic a test designed to compare a student's score with the average score of a specified group ✔✔norm-referenced test rules that apply to everyong ✔✔norms a description of the desired results of learning ✔✔objective the rate at which progress is made through curriculum or at which the teacher conducts individual lessons ✔✔pacing the science of teaching ✔✔pedagogy the score at or below which scores fall ✔✔percentile questions that require students to think about their answers and to answer in a more complex or complete manner than their initial response ✔✔probing questions an instructional approach in which students learn to ask teacher-type probing questions ✔✔reciprocal teaching temporary support, guidance, or assistance provided to a student on a new or complex task providing appropriate instructional interactions on new or complex tasks with a goal of leading to independence ✔✔scaffolding our mental pictures that guide our behavior ✔✔schema how a person sees himself/herself ✔✔self-concept an enactment that represents real life to the extent possible ✔✔simulation a phase of instruction that occurs after the teacher explicitly models, demonstrates, or introduces a new skill or strategy phase where students practice new skills/strategies under teacher supervision while also receiving feedback on performance ✔✔structured/guided practice the assessment that comes at the end of a body of learning and is usually used to determine success or failure ✔✔summative assessment

1. allocating sufficient time for essential skills
2. organizing lessons to prevent confusion
3. introducing manageable and sequential units
4. identifying prerequisite skills and building on prior knowledge
5. reviewing previously taught skills
6. integrating old knowledge with new knowledge
7. progressing skills from easier to more complex ✔✔systematic instruction
8. begin with a short review of previous content
9. state objective
10. present new material in small steps; sufficient practice after each step
11. clear and detailed instructions and explanations
12. provide a high level of active practice
13. ask a large number of questions; check for understanding
14. guide students during initial practice
15. provide feedback and corrections
16. provide explicit instruction for independent practice and monitor ✔✔well-structured lessons the ability to apply knowledge in new situations ✔✔transfer the amount of time a teacher waits for a student to respond to a question ✔✔wait time Name 3 examples of serious offenses ✔✔1. fighting
17. bullying
18. sexual harassment
19. threats toward teacher/student
20. possession of weapon/drugs What does it mean to A.I.D. a situation? ✔✔Your response to the situation should be: A- appropriate I- immediate D- decisive Next to students, who are the best consumers of educational services? ✔✔parents How often should you inform parents of their students' progress? ✔✔regularly; for those who are struggling and for those who are doing well When speaking with parents, what should you be prepared with in regards to improving student progress? ✔✔possible interventions Uninformed parents are not able to ______________ their kids. ✔✔help

What are some key things to remember when speaking with parents? ✔✔1. communicate as a professional

2. maintain a professional appearance
3. avoid educational lingo
4. consider your non-verbal language What should dictate your conversation with parents when their students are struggling? ✔✔the data at hand parents will always want to know what? ✔✔how they compare to the rest of the class In what manner should you conduct parent conferences? ✔✔construct behavioral commentary in an uplifting manner and have a plan to correct poor progress What is PBIS? ✔✔Positive Behavior Interventions and Supports what is assessment? ✔✔1. information-gathering
5. documenting knowledge, skills, attitudes, and beliefs
6. determining whether or not objectives have been met
7. a measure of how well the student is learning and how well the teacher is teaching
8. student, teacher, parent, and institutional accountability
9. a method to analyze and improve teaching and learning
10. a means to motivate students What are the 6 purposes of assessment? ✔✔1. identify strengths and weaknesses of individual students
11. inform parents of their child's progress
12. show students their progress toward mastery
13. to promote a cyclical concept of continual learning (assessment>instruction>assessment...)
14. to evaluate the effectiveness of the instructional implementation
15. to present personalized student data What are some examples of summative tests/assessments? ✔✔SAT, AP tests, high- stakes exams Summative tests must be formulated in response to what content? ✔✔curricular objectives when should a teacher create summative assessments in the instructional process? ✔✔before teaching the unit What are some examples of formative assessments? ✔✔practice tests, classwork, self- reflection activities, anecdotal records

What is an attribute of effective student feedback? ✔✔it connects individual students with the exact area that needs improvement and also with proficient areas what are some examples of ipsative assessments? ✔✔musical competitions, athletic events What is an Ipsative Assessment? ✔✔An assessment that involves the comparison of scores over time. must be done with the same concepts, material, skills, or processes what is a diagnostic test? ✔✔a test which looks back on prior student learning and provides data that connects to new learning provides baseline data that is utilized before teaching the curriculum What are some examples of performance assessments? ✔✔speeches, debates, hands- on problem solving, original compositions, essays, illustrations what is a performance assessment? ✔✔an exhibition of skills (not a pen and paper test) What are some examples of criterion-referenced assessments? ✔✔statewide exams, driving test, citizenship test; any exam where you are considered proficient or not what are some examples of norm-referenced assessments? ✔✔IQ test, president's fitness test, cohort-referenced assessments What is a criterion-referenced assessment? ✔✔A student is measured based on his / her own mastery of a skill rather than comparing the student to others what is a norm-referenced assessment? ✔✔An assessment that compares a child's skills to other students who took the test what is the definition of a valid assessment? ✔✔a valid assessment is one that measures what it is intended to measure What is reliability in regards to assessment? ✔✔the ability of the assessment to replicate the same results what is the definition of bias in relation to assessments? ✔✔bias is some characteristics that is present that unfairly affects a student's score what are the three types of bias that can be present in assessments? ✔✔1. fairness

2. prejudice

3. stereotyping What are some ways to improve fairness in assessments? ✔✔1. do not include any non-essential vocabulary
4. do not present unlikely situations
5. test items should be equally familiar
6. test items should not be too lengthy what is an objective question? ✔✔there is only ONE correct answer what is a subjective question? ✔✔there is more than one correct answer What two things does a multiple choice question contain? ✔✔1. a stem (a question)
7. distractors (several answer choices) what are the most difficult types of questions on assessments? ✔✔essay questions because they are subjective and students need to study more in order to be successful what is a reluctant learner? ✔✔one who is unmotivated or unengaged what type of assessment can be used to display student growth over time? ✔✔portfolio What type of feedback will help students improve their learning and prepare for mastery? ✔✔feedback that is specific and descriptive What is a raw score? ✔✔Actual score before manipulation. what is the range of a data set? ✔✔The range of a set of data is the difference between the highest and lowest values in the set. what can you determine about a class's performance if the range is high? what if it is low? ✔✔if it is high, then achievement is highly varied if it is low, then the class performed at about the same level What does it mean if a student scores in the 25th percentile at a score of 39? ✔✔This means 25% of scores were at or below a score of 39 Describe the first quartile of a data set. ✔✔25% of scores are below this point; 75% are above this point the bottom 1/4 of the data set left-hand side of a curve

Describe the second quartile. ✔✔50% of scores are above this point, and 50% are below this point the median of the data set Describe the 3rd quartile. ✔✔25% of scores are above this point, 75% are below How is the Interquartile Range calculated? ✔✔quartile 3 - quartile 1 the difference between the upper and lower quartiles represents the bulk of the population of the data set what does the frequency distribution indicate? ✔✔how many students scored at the same level What is a histogram? ✔✔a graphic representation of related data; usually a bar graph what is skew? ✔✔when results favor one side or the other of a normal bell curve what does it mean if data is positively skewed? ✔✔the data favors the left side of the curve; a higher concentration of lower scores what does it mean if data is negatively skewed? ✔✔the data favors the right side of the curve; a higher concentration of higher scores what is central tendency? ✔✔It s the center of a distribution: Mean, Median or Mode What is the mode of a data set? ✔✔the most frequently occuring score what is the median of a data set? ✔✔the middle value of the data set what is the mean of a data set? ✔✔the mathematical average of all the scores What is the most common measure of central tendency? ✔✔mean How accurate is the mean of a data set? ✔✔CAN be accurate, but can also be swayed by extreme scores (either high or low) What is the most accurate measure of central tendency? ✔✔the median What is standard deviation? ✔✔the mean of the mean

the measure of the spread of scores around the mean in a normal curve If the standard deviation of a data set is a small number, what does this tell you about the data points? ✔✔they are clustered around the mean if it is a large number, the data points are widely spread What is the percentage of scores within each standard deviation? ✔✔67% of scores within 1 deviation of the mean 95% within 2 deviations 99.7% within 3 deviations State the steps for calculating the standard deviation. ✔✔1. determine the mean of the data set

2. subtract the mean from each score in the data set and square each result
3. add the results together and calculate the new mean (minus 1)
4. take the square root of the new mean What term is a co-relation which defines how well two separate variables go together? ✔✔Correlation Correlations are often used to predict what? ✔✔events Which type of correlational relationship would the following statement indicate? As one variable increases, so does the other. ✔✔Positive correlation Which type of correlational relationship would the following statement indicate? As one variable increases, the other decreases. ✔✔Negative Correlation What is the name of a statistic that indicates the degree/strength of the linear relationship between two variables? Often indicated by a +/-. ✔✔Pearson Product/Moment Correlation Coefficient What does a +1.0 correlation coefficient indicate? ✔✔perfect positive relationship; when A goes up, B also goes up What does a - 1.0 correlation coefficient indicate? ✔✔a perfect negative/inverse relationship; when A goes up, B goes down (and the inverse is also true) What does a 0.0 correlation mean? ✔✔there is no correlation between the two variables; the data points on a scatter plot are random or circular What does a correlation NOT prove/show? ✔✔cause & effect

What is the most common type of predictive correlation? ✔✔the pearson coefficient What are the steps to calculating variance of a data set? How is this different from calculating standard deviation? ✔✔1. Calculate the mean of the data set

2. Subtract the mean from each individual score and square the result
3. Add all the squared results together
4. divide this sum by the population size (or minus 1) When calculating standard deviation, after step 4, you would take the square root of the result. What does a negatively skewed graph tell us about the mean and median? ✔✔The median is greater than the mean. What does a positively skewed graph tell us about the mean and median? ✔✔The median is less than the mean. What does a normal curve tell us about the mean and median? ✔✔the median is equal to the mean Behavioral objectives must consist of two main components. What are these components? ✔✔1. they must be measurable
5. they contain an action verb What is the best way to close a lesson? ✔✔assess the effectiveness of the lesson through group work so the teacher can monitor and adjust before students work individually Have the students identify the important topics and conclusions in group discussions What does a teacher need to do in order to help students develop a concrete understanding of a rule relationship? ✔✔show them HOW and WHY the rule works When is the appropriate time to use a Venn diagram? ✔✔when comparing/contrasting TWO items When is the appropriate time to utilize a web cluster graphic organizer? ✔✔when you want students to identify the details of one specific topic When is a cause and effect chart most useful? ✔✔when showing the relationship between EVENTS When should you use a flow chart? ✔✔to show a process with multiple steps/options

What is the appropriate use for an outline? ✔✔to organize a LINEAR discussion or argument What are t-charts useful for? ✔✔examining TWO sides of the same topic (ex. Pro and Con) What drives the lesson, the activity or the objective? ✔✔the objective Students need to be taught what about graphic organizers before they can be used? ✔✔how to use them What is the best routine to foster learning in a middle-school aged class? ✔✔1. provide a warm-up activity

2. review yesterday's homework
3. introduce new material
4. provide guided practice of the new material
5. assign new homework What should a teacher do in order to make homework a useful teaching tool? ✔✔review the work done in order to correct mistakes/misconceptions before introducing new content Students should be provided time to do what before they work independently on homework? ✔✔they need time to practice what they have learned and be provided feedback What is the best way to aid retention of learning? ✔✔get the students actively involved in thier learning If more than half of your students performs poorly on a quiz, what should you do? ✔✔1. tell the students that the quiz will not count
6. re-teach the objectives
7. give the students a DIFFERENT quiz Should homework be a source of learning new material? ✔✔no. Homework should be a review of the concepts covered in class. Homework should not take hours to complete and the content should match the amount of time it requires to complete When are flashcards useful? ✔✔when learning new vocabulary words What is the best way to assess prior knowledge when beginning a lesson? ✔✔1. doing so in a way that you can correct any misinformation
8. doing so in a way that is open-ended and attention-grabbing

When working in small groups, what should the teacher do in order to make these groups effective? ✔✔1. hold individual students accountable by giving each a role

2. group by ability, not by social connection Should a teacher share the lesson objectives with their students? ✔✔yes.
3. helps the students to be on the same page as the teacher
4. helps the students to strive for the same learning goals
5. helps students to focus on the goal for the day How should complex information be taught? ✔✔in small steps with practice in between each step When starting a new unit, what types of questions should a teacher ask? ✔✔ones that have verifiable answers in order for students to build a store of information to pull from at a later time In the beginning of a teaching unit, what "W" questions should a teacher use? ✔✔what and where- they have verifiable answers Towards the end of a teaching unit, what "W" questions can a teacher begin to use? ✔✔How and why- those that involve more complex thinking What is an effective cognitive strategy for teaching students how to correctly spell words? (non-specific) ✔✔one that uses a specific routine that gets results What is the purpose of a self-checking worksheet for students? ✔✔it provides immediate feedback for the students on whether or not their answers are correct Disruptive students benefit from what kind of expectations? ✔✔those that are clear and consistently enforced Encouragement and sympathy do not correct bad behavior _________________. ✔✔Effectively If a student is unsure about their answer to a question, how should the teacher prompt them to show whether or not they are competent in the topic? ✔✔ask the student to explain WHY their answer is correct. Be sure to give them time to think and explain. A student who turns in homework with blatant errors is either asking for help or acting out. In either instance, what should be the course of action? ✔✔notify the parents and encourage them to ensure homework is done at home

What are the key elements in classroom management? ✔✔procedures When you want students to understand what is expected from their independent work, how should a teacher go about explaining/showing this? ✔✔1. perform the task together as a class

2. display student work What kind of praise can be considered ingenuine? ✔✔constant praise What should be the process for dealing with a student whose parents are obviously helping them with their homework? ✔✔discuss with the parent various strategies they can use to help their student benefit from the assignments What benefits do project-based assessments provide? ✔✔1. show concepts the students have learned
3. allows students to articulate those concepts
4. assesses the lesson objectives Any time that a student must ________________ a concept, they learn more about it. ✔✔teach Describe the 3 Sigma Rule in normal data distributions. ✔✔1. 67% of scores are within 1 deviation of the mean
5. 95% are within 2 deviations
6. 99.7 are within 3 deviations what is the best descriptor of central tendency of a data set? ✔✔the median it is not affected by extreme data points what is the most appropriate strategy for helping students master a concept? ✔✔modelling the strategy with concrete examples What is an outlier? ✔✔an extreme score at either end of a data set result in misleading statistical conclusions A teacher should monitor the progress of which students? ✔✔ALL students, not just those who are struggling Which type of questions elicit the widest range of possible answers? ✔✔why questions; they are the most open-ended the answers don't run out quickly, so the discussion tends to be interesting

How much time do students need to think through an answer to a question? ✔✔they need various amounts of time allowing students to answer right away stops the thinking process for other students when a student is unsure of their answer to a question, what should the teacher do BEFORE asking them to explain how they figured out the answer? ✔✔confirm whether their answer is correct or not When posing higher order thinking questions, typically a question is asked and followed by what? ✔✔a brief pause to allow students to formulate an answer then the teacher chooses a volunteer to answer What cannot be maintained if the students know the teacher will provide all the answers to their own questions? ✔✔student interest How should a teacher respond if a student asks a question that was previously asked in the class period? ✔✔re-state the answer using different language and examples After teaching a new, difficult concept the teacher should call on whom to provide answers to follow-up questions? ✔✔volunteers the risk is high on these questions; students who volunteer are willing to take the risk When in the teaching process is it appropriate to call on random students for answers? ✔✔after students have been allowed time to practice new concepts What are parents most concerned with when it comes to their child's progress? ✔✔the students' weaknesses how to help their child succeed What should a teacher provide in order for students to assess their own work and make adjustments before turning it in? ✔✔grading criteria/a rubric what is the best way for a teacher to check on students' general progress toward mastery during independent work periods? ✔✔circulate around the room and check student work while they are working this is the least disruptive way to assess their progress in class work time allows the teacher to provide the students with what? ✔✔feedback when should class rules be changed? ✔✔only when necessary