EKG EXAM Questions with 100% Correct Answers | Updated & Verified, Exams of Advanced Education

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EKG EXAM Questions with 100% Correct Answers | Updated & Verified Hollow muscular organ located in the thoracic cavity between the lungs just behind the sternum - Correct Answer-HEART Innermost layer of the heart that forms the lining and folds back onto itself to form the four valves where the conduction system is found - Correct Answer-ENDOCARDIUM Middle and contractile layer of the heart made of striated muscle fibers interspersed with intercalated disks - Correct Answer-MYOCARDIUM Outermost layer of the heart that is actually the inner (visceral) layer of the pericardium - Correct Answer-EPICARDIUM Sac in which the heart is contained - Correct Answer-PERICARDIUM Right atrium, left atrium, right ventricle, left ventricle - Correct Answer-THE HEART CHAMBERS Receives deoxygenated blood returning to the heart from the body via the superior vena cava which carriers blood from the upper body and the inferior vena cava which carriers blood from the lower body - Correct Answer-RIGHT ATRIUM Receives deoxygenated blood from the right atrium which it pumps to the lungs for oxygenation through the pulmonary artery (trunk) to the right and left pulmonary arteries - Correct Answer-RIGHT VENTRICLE Only arteries in the body that carry deoxygenated blood - Correct Answer- PULMONARY ARTERIES Receives oxygenated blood returning from the lungs via the right and left pulmonary veins - Correct Answer-LEFT ATRIUM The only veins in the body that carry oxygenated blood - Correct Answer-PULMONARY VEINS Receives the oxygenated blood from the left atrium and pumps it to the body through the aorta - Correct Answer-LEFT VENTRICLE Largest artery of the body - Correct Answer-aorta Purpose is to prevent back flow of blood thereby assuring unidirectional flow though the heart - Correct Answer-HEART VALVES Tricuspid valve and mitral valve; located between the atria and ventricles - Correct Answer-ATRIOVENTRICULAR (AV) VALVES Pulmonic valve and aortic valve; shaped like half moon cusps - Correct Answer- SEMILUNAR VALVES Located between the right atrium and the right ventricle and has three cusps - Correct Answer-TRICUSPID VALVE Located between the left atrium in the left ventricle and has two cusps; also called the biscuspid valve - Correct Answer-MITRAL VALVE Located between the right ventricle and the pulmonary trunk - Correct Answer- PULMONIC VALVE Located between the left ventricle and aorta - Correct Answer-AORTIC VALVE caused by diseases of the valves or other structural abnormalities - Correct Answer- HEART MURMURS Produced by the closure of the valves - Correct Answer-HEART SOUNDS First heart sound is due to the closure of the mitral and tricuspid valves - Correct Answer-S1 or LUBB Second heart sound is due to the closure of the aortic and pulmonic valves - Correct Answer-S2 or DUPP Arteries are the right and left coronary from the aorta; veins accompany the arteries and terminate in the right atrium - Correct Answer-VESSELS OF THE HEART Heart is influenced by the autonomic nervous system (ANS) which is divided into the sympathetic - Correct Answer-NEURAL INFLUENCES OF THE HEART Affects both the atria and ventricles by increasing heart rate, conduction, and irritability - Correct Answer-SYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM affects the atria only by decreasing heart rate, conduction, and irritability - Correct Answer-PARASYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM primary characteristics of cardiac cells - Correct Answer-automaticity, excitability, conductivity, and contractility Fifth intercostal space, anterior axillary line - Correct Answer-V5 Fifth intercostal space, midaxillary line - Correct Answer-V6 Consists of placing 10 electrodes on the patient producing 12 Leads: I, II, III, aVR, aVF, aVL; VI-V6 - Correct Answer-ROUTINE EKG Graph paper with horizontal and vertical lines at 1-mm intervals. A heavy line appears every 5mm. Running speed 25mm/sec. Machine must calibrate so 1mV produces a deflection of 10mm. - Correct Answer-EKG GRID Represents amplitude measured in millivolts but expressed in millimeters: 0.1mV = 1mm - Correct Answer-VERTICAL AXIS Represents time: 1mm = 0.04 seconds; 5mm = 0.2 seconds - Correct Answer- HORIZONTAL AXIS Refers to movement away from isoelectric line either upward (positive) deflection or downward (negative) deflection - Correct Answer-WAVEFORM Line between two waveforms - Correct Answer-SEGMENT Waveform plus a segment - Correct Answer-INTERVAL Several waveforms - Correct Answer-COMPLEX Atrial activation, ventricular activation, and ventricular repolarization - Correct Answer- NORMAL ELECTROCARDIOGRAM COMPLEXES Deflection produced by artrial depolarization; does not exceed 0.1, is in duration or 2.5mm in height in standard, limb, and precordial leads - Correct Answer-P WAVE Atrial Activation - Correct Answer-P WAVE Ventricular Activation - Correct Answer-QRS Complex, Q Wave, R Wave, S Wave. Ventricular repolarization - Correct Answer-T Wave and U Wave Represents ventricular depolarized (activation). The ventricle is depolarized from the endocardium to the myocardium, to the epicardium - Correct Answer-QRS complex The initial negative deflection produced by ventricular depolarization - Correct Answer-Q WAVE The first positive deflection produced by the ventricular depolarization - Correct Answer- R WAVE The first negative deflection produced by the ventricular depolarization that follows the first positive deflection, R wave - Correct Answer-S WAVE The deflection produced by ventricular repolarization - Correct Answer-T WAVE The deflection seen following the T wave but preceding the next P wave. A prominent is due to hypokalemia (low potassium blood level) - Correct Answer-U WAVE Interval between two R waves - Correct Answer-RR INTERVAL P wave plus the PR segment. The normal interval is 0.12-0.2 sec - Correct Answer-PR INTERVAL Represents ventricular depolarization time. It should be no more than 0.1 sec in the limb leads and 0.11 sec in the percordial leads - Correct Answer-QRS INTERVAL (OR DURATION) Line from the end of the P wave to the onset of the QRS complex - Correct Answer-PR SEGMENT Point at which QRS complex ends and the ST segment begins - Correct Answer-J (RST) JUNCTION) From J point to the onset of the T wave - Correct Answer-ST segment Somatic tremors, wandering baseline, 60-cycle interference, broken recording - Correct Answer-ARTIFACTS Patients tremors or shaking the wires can produce jittery patterns on the EKG tracing - Correct Answer-SOMATIC TREMORS Sweat or lotion on the patient's skin or tension on the electrode wires can interfere with the signal going to the EKG apparatus causing the baseline of the tracing to move up and down on the EKG paper - Correct Answer-WANDERING BASELINE Can produce deflections occurring at a rapid rate that may mimic atrial flutter. This is caused by electrical appliances or apparatus being used nearby while the tracing is taken - Correct Answer-60-CYCLE INTERFERENCE The stylus goes up and down trying to find the signal. This can be caused by loose electrode or cables or by frayed or broken wires - Correct Answer-BROKEN RECORDING How are artifacts prevented? - Correct Answer-patient should be lying on a comfortable bed or table large enough to support the entire body;good contact between the skin and the electrode; EKG machine must be properly standardized; proper grounding; no patient contact with electronic equipment A noninvasive diagnostic procedure to determine the presence and severity of coronary artery disease - Correct Answer-STRESS TESTING What are some indications for stress testing? - Correct Answer-*EVALUATION OF THE CHEST PAIN IN PATIENT WITH NORMAL EKG. *EVALUATION OF PATIENT WHO HAS RECENTLY HAD A MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION. *DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT OF ARRHYTHMIAS What are some indications for terminating a stress test - Correct Answer-*PATIENT DEVELOPS CHEST PAIN, SHORTNESS OF BREATH,OR DIZZINESS. *BLOOD PRESSURE ABNORMALITIES Exercise stress test - Correct Answer-PERFORMED UNTIL AT LEAST 85% OF THE TARGET HEART RATE REACHED OR SYMPTOMS OR EKG CHANGES DEVELOP WHICH REQUIRES THE TEST TO BE TERMINATED. TARGET HEART RATE IS: 220 MINUS PATIENT'S AGE. Pharmocologic stress test - Correct Answer-appropriate for patients with physical limitations; Medications (adenosine, dipyridamole, or dobutamine)are given IV to increase heart rate to the target level; concluded after 85% of the target heart rate is achieved. Cardiac arrhythmias are due to what mechanism? - Correct Answer-ARRHYTHMIAS OF SINUS ORIGIN, ECTOPIC RHYTHMS, CONDUCTION BLOCKS, PREEXCITATION SYNDROMES Arrhythmias of Sinus Origin - Correct Answer-Where Electrical flow follows the usual conduction pathway but is too fast, too slow or irregular. Normal is 60-100 BPM; > 100 per minute, it is called sinus tachycardia; < 60 per minute, it is referred to as sinus bradycardia. Ectopic rhythms - Correct Answer-Electrical impulses originate from somewhere else other than the sinus node. Conduction block - Correct Answer-electrical impulses go down the usual pathway but encounter blocks and delays Preexcitation Syndromes - Correct Answer-The electrical impulses bypass the normal pathway and, instead, go down and accessory shortcut. What is myocardial ischemia? - Correct Answer-Occurs when there is a decrease in the amount of blood flow to a section of the heart. This is usually experienced as chest pain and discomfort and is called angina How are beta blockers used as a pharmacological cardiovascular agent? - Correct Answer-REDUCE HEART RATE,BLOOD PRESSURE, MYOCARDIAL CONTRACTILITY AND OXYGEN CONSUMPTION; EFFECTIVE IN THE TREATMENT OF ANGINA PECTORIS AND HYPERTENSION; USEFUL IN PREVENTING ATRIAL FIBRILLATION, ATRIAL FLUTTER, AND PAROXYSMAL SUPRA-VENTRICULAR TACHYCARDIA What are the adverse effect of beta blockers? - Correct Answer-hypotension, congestive heart failure and broncho-spasm. How is lidocaine used as a pharmacological cardiovascular agent? - Correct Answer- DRUG OF CHOICE FOR THE SUPPRESSION OF VENTRICULAR ECTOPY, INCLUDING VENTRICULAR TACHYCARDIA AND VENTRICULAR FLUTTER What are the adverse effect of lidocaine? - Correct Answer-Excessive doses can produce neurological changes, myocardial depression, and circulatory depression. Neurological toxicity is manifested as drowsiness, disorientation, decreased hearing ability, paresthesia, and muscle twitching, and eventual seizures. How is verapamil used as a pharmacological cardiovascular agent? - Correct Answer-IN THE TREATMENT OF PAROXYSMAL SUPRAVENTRICULAR TACHYCARDIA (PSVT), ALSO USEFUL IN SLOWING VENTRICULAR RESPONSE TO ATRIAL FLUTTER AND FIBRILLATION How is digitalis used as a pharmacological cardiovascular agent? - Correct Answer- INCREASES THE FORCE OF CARDIAC CONTRACTION AS WELL AS CARDIAC OUTPUT What are the signs and symptoms of digitalis toxicity? - Correct Answer-YELLOW VISION, NAUSEA, VOMITING, AND DROWSINESS How is nitroglycerin used as a pharmacological cardiovascular agent? - Correct Answer-POWERFUL SMOOTH MUSCLE RELAXANT EFFECTIVE IN RELIEVING ANGINA PECTORIS. IT IS EFFECTIVE FOR BOTH EXERTIONAL AND REST ANGINA Consent given by the patient who is made aware of any procedure to be performed, its risks, expected outcomes, and alternatives - Correct Answer-INFORMED CONSENT Key concept of HIPAA. All patients have a right to privacy and all information should remain privileged - Correct Answer-PATIENT CONFIDENTIALITY The failure to exercise the standard of care that a reasonable person would give under similar circumstances and someone suffers injury because of another's failure to live up to a required duty of care - Correct Answer-NEGLIGENCE What are the four elements of negligence 4 Ds? - Correct Answer-1.) DUTY: DUTY OF CARE (2. DERELICT: BREACH OF DUTY OF CARE (3. DIRECT CAUSE: LEGALLY RECOGNIZABLE INJURY OCCURS AS A RESULT OF THE BREACH OF DUTY CARE (4. DAMAGE: WRONGFUL ACTIVITY MUST HAVE CAUSED THE INJURY OR HARM THAT OCCURRED Wrongful act that results in injury to one person by another - Correct Answer-TORT Examples of common torts - Correct Answer-Battery, invasion of privacy, defamation of character How is morphine sulfate used as a pharmacological cardiovascular agent? - Correct Answer-TRADITIONAL DRUG OF CHOICE FOR THE PAIN AND ANXIETY ASSOCIATED WITH ACUTE MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION The unprivileged touching of one person by another. When a procedure is to be performed on a patient, the patient must give consent in full knowledge of the procedure and the risk it entails (informed consent) - Correct Answer-BATTERY The release of medical records without the patient's knowledge and permission - Correct Answer-INVASION OF PRIVACY Consists of injury to another person's reputation , name or character through spoken (slander) or written (libel)words - Correct Answer-DEFAMATION OF CHARACTER Good Samaritan Law - Correct Answer-DEALS WITH THE RENDERING OF FIRST AID BY HEALTH CARE PROFESSIONALS AT THE SCENE OF AN ACCIDENT OR SUDDEN INJURY. IT ENCOURAGES HEALTH CARE PROFESSIONALS TO PROVIDE MEDICAL CARE WITHIN THE SCOPE OF THEIR TRAINING WITHOUT FEAR OF BEING SUED FOR NEGLIGENCE Infection control/chain of infection - Correct Answer-consists of links, each of which is necessary for the infectious disease to spread. Infection control is based on the fact that the transmission of infectious diseases will be prevented or stopped when any level in the chain is broken or interrupted What are the links in the chain of infection? - Correct Answer-Agent --- mode of transmission --susceptible host ---portal of exit --portal of entry Infectious microorganisms that can be classified into groups namely: viruses, bacteria, fungi, and parasites - Correct Answer-AGENTS Method by which an infectious agent leaves its reservoir - Correct Answer-PORTAL OF EXIT specific ways in which microorganisms travel from the reservoir to the susceptible host - Correct Answer-MODE OF TRANSMISSION What are the five modes of transmission? - Correct Answer-Contact (direct & indirect), Droplet, Airborne, Common vehicle, Vectorborne Allows the infectious agent access to the susceptible host - Correct Answer-PORTAL OF ENTRY What are considered common portals of entry? - Correct Answer--Broken Skin - Mucous Membranes -Body systems exposed to the external environment such as the respiratory, gastrointestinal, and reproductive. What methods can limit the transmission of the infectious agents? - Correct Answer- STERILE WOUND CARE, TRANSMISSION-BASED PRECAUTIONS, AND ASEPTIC TECHNIQUE The infectious agent enters a person who is not resistant or immune - Correct Answer- Susceptible host The destruction of pathogenic microorganisms after they leave the body; involves environmental hygiene measures such as - Correct Answer-MEDICAL ASEPSIS Equipment cleaning and disinfection procedures. Methods are standards precautions and transmission-based precautions - Correct Answer-MEDICAL ASEPSIS The most important means of preventing the spread of infection - Correct Answer- HAND WASHING Protective clothing - Correct Answer-BARRIER PROTECTION What are some examples of PPE? - Correct Answer--Masks -Goggles -Face shields -Respirator An infection control method designed to prevent direct contact with blood and other body fluids and tissues by using barrier protection and work control practices - Correct Answer-STANDARD PRECAUTIONS When should standard precautions be used? - Correct Answer-when there is a possibility of contact with blood, body fluids, nonintact skin, mucous membranes, and recognized and unrecognized sources of infections When clotting reduces oxygen supply to a region of the heart it is known as _____. - Correct Answer-ISCHEMIA When the Atria repolarize (or are at rest), what is shown on the EKG tracing? - Correct Answer-PR SEGMENT True or False? You should stop a stress test because of a change of heart rhythm. - Correct Answer-FALSE What is missing in this outline of Pulmonary Circulation? - Correct Answer-AORTIC VALVE What is formed by the manubrium and the body of the sternum and helps in electrode placement? - Correct Answer-ANGLE OF LOUIS V1 is placed in the 4th intercostal space and is located on which side of the sternum? - Correct Answer-RIGHT The distance between P wave can be used to calculate what kind of rate? EQUATION = 1500/(DISTANCE B/W P WAVES)(# OF BOXES B/W p WAVES) OR 300/# OF BOXES B/W P WAVES - Correct Answer-ATRIAL RATES Which lead should be placed just below the nipple, in the 5th intercostal space on the midclavicular line (MCL)? - Correct Answer-V4 What arrhythmia is associated with the skipping of heartbeats on an EKG tracing? - Correct Answer-SINUS ARREST Which side of the sternum would you place V2 if the patient had dextrocardia? - Correct Answer-RIGHT V3 should be placed halfway between which two leads? - Correct Answer-V2 and V4 V6 is placed along the same horizontal plane as V4 and on the _____ line. (Hint: MAL) - Correct Answer-MIDAXILLARY The presence of an inverted or absent P wave indicates what type of arrhythmia? - Correct Answer-JUNCTIONAL RHYTHM 1 minute of an EKG strip is equivalent to how many millimeters in length? - Correct Answer-1500 mm A full cycle of Ventricles in action is shown as what on the EKG tracing - Correct Answer-QT INTERVAL What is a more medically correct term for chest pain? - Correct Answer-ANGINA True or False Systemic circulation refers to the part of the circulatory system in which the blood leaves the heart, services then re-enters the heart - Correct Answer-TRUE When the Ventricles remain depolarized (or contracted), what is shown on the EKG tracing? - Correct Answer-ST SEGMENT The normal human heart rate is between ___ and ___ bpm. - Correct Answer-60 and 100 An Inverted T Wave is an indicator for what type of arrhythmia? - Correct Answer- ISCHEMIA The distance between R wave to R wave can be used to calculate what kind of rate? EQUATION = 1500/(DISTANCE B/W R WAVES)(# OF BOXES B/W R WAVES) OR 300/# OF BIG BOXES B/W R WAVES - Correct Answer-VENTRICULAR RATES What arrhythmia is associate with having a heart rate of over 100/min? - Correct Answer-SINUS TACHYCARDIA Oxygen/carbon dioxide exchange takes place in the __of the lungs - Correct Answer- ALVEOLI When 4 chambers of the heart are at rest, what is shown on the EKG tracing? - Correct Answer-BASELINE An Elevated ST Segment is an indicator for what type of arrhythmia? - Correct Answer- MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION When the Ventricles repolarize (or are at rest), what is shown on the EKG tracing? - Correct Answer-T WAVE What arrhythmia is associated with having a heart rate of under 60/min? - Correct Answer-SINUS BRADYCARDIA What does the aV in such leads as aVR, aVL and aVF stand for? - Correct Answer- AUGMENTED VOLTAGE What is the standard number of leads in EKG tracing? - Correct Answer-12 When the heart is in a Diastolic State, what pacemaker releases an electrical? - Correct Answer-SA NODE What blood vessels contain a pulse? - Correct Answer-ARTERIES A full cycle of Atria in action is shown as what on the EKG tracing? - Correct Answer-PR INTERVAL When using a Sphygmomanometer (Blood Pressure Cuff) to measure blood pressure, the LAST audible thump when listening to the brachial artery with a Stethoscope denotes what kind of pressure? - Correct Answer-DIASTOLIC The average normal blood pressure is around_/_ - Correct Answer-120/70 What are you feeling for in a patient's wrist to find out their heart rate? - Correct Answer- RADIAL ARTERY In cardiology, what does M.I. stand for? - Correct Answer-myocardial infarction True or False Normal sinus rhythm (NSR) is between 70/min and 120/min - Correct Answer-FALSE What is missing in Cardiac Conduction System? - Correct Answer-BUNDLE OF HIS What chamber of the heart has the thickest myocardium? - Correct Answer-LEFT VENTRICLE True or False A patient that has fallen asleep will interfere with EKG testing - Correct Answer-FALSE True or False A Q wave is always negative - Correct Answer-TRUE What arrhythmia is associated with sawtooth waves between QRS complexes? - Correct Answer-ATRIAL FLUTTER The Angle of Louis provides the REFERENCE for finding which intercostal space? - Correct Answer-FOURTH When an Artificial Atrial Pacemaker is captured on EKG tracing, there is a _____ followed by a QRS complex. - Correct Answer-SPIKE If U waves are shown on EKG tracing, what type of vitamin deficiency is present? - Correct Answer-POTASSIUM A patient undergoing an EKG that begins to have a shortness breath should be moved to what position? HIGH FOWLER'S, FOWLER'S, OR SEMI-FOWLER'S POSITION - Correct Answer- SEMI-FOWLER'S POSITION