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Detailed instructions and guidelines for emergency medical personnel on how to assess, treat, and transport trauma patients. It covers a wide range of topics, including head-to-toe assessments, extrication and immobilization techniques, splinting of fractures, management of chest and abdominal injuries, control of bleeding, and recognition of life-threatening conditions. The information is presented in a clear and concise manner, with multiple-choice questions to test the reader's understanding of the material. This document would be highly valuable for emergency medical technicians, paramedics, and other healthcare professionals who need to be prepared to provide effective and efficient care for trauma patients in emergency situations.
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While assessing a 21-year-old female who struck a tree head-on with her small passenger car, you note that her air bag deployed. You should: A) perform a head-to-toe assessment while she is in the car. B) extricate her immediately and transport to a trauma center. C) carefully assess her upper chest for seatbelt-related injuries. D) lift the air bag and look for deformity to the steering wheel. D During your secondary assessment of a 19-year-old female with multiple trauma, you note bilateral humeral deformities and a deformity to the left midshaft femur. Her skin is diaphoretic and her pulse is rapid and weak. Your partner has appropriately managed her airway and is maintaining manual stabilization of her head. The MOST appropriate treatment for this patient includes: A) carefully splinting each of her deformed extremities. B) applying a traction splint to immobilize her femur. C) immobilizing her to a backboard and rapidly transporting. D) splinting her femur fracture with padded board splints. C During your assessment of a patient with a head injury, you note that he opens his eyes when you pinch his trapezius muscle, is mumbling, and has his arms curled in toward his chest. You should assign him a GCS score of: A) 7. B) 10. C) 8. D) 9. A A short backboard or vest-style immobilization device is indicated for patients who: A) require prompt extrication from an automobile. B) are found supine and have stable vital signs. C) are in a sitting position and are clinically stable. D) are sitting in their car and are clinically unstable. C
Most of the serious injuries associated with scuba diving are caused by: A) too rapid of an ascent. B) alcohol consumption. C) too rapid of a descent. cold water temperature A Gastrointestinal bleeding should be suspected if a patient presents with: A) hematuria. B) hemoptysis. C) dyspnea. D) hematemesis. D A rapid, irregular pulse following blunt trauma to the chest is MOST suggestive of a: A) ruptured aorta. B) tension pneumothorax. C) pericardial tamponade. D) myocardial contusion. D Which of the following organs would MOST likely bleed profusely when injured? A) Liver B) Bladder C) Intestine D) Stomach A A 31-year-old male fell and landed on his left elbow. Your assessment reveals that the elbow is grossly deformed, his forearm is cool and pale, and the distal pulse is barely palpable. His vital signs are stable and he denies any other injuries. Your transport time to the closest appropriate hospital is approximately 12 minutes. You should: A) gently straighten the elbow and apply an air splint. B) gently manipulate the elbow to improve circulation. C) apply a heat pack to the elbow to reduce swelling. D) splint the elbow in the position found and transport. D Which of the following statements regarding the rule of nines is correct? A) The posterior of a child's leg is equal to 13.5% of the BSA. B) The anterior trunk of an adult is equal to 18% of the BSA.
C) The anterior arm in the adult is equal to 9% of the total BSA. D) A child's head is equal to 14% of his or her total BSA. B When splinting a possible fracture of the foot, it is MOST important for the EMT to: A) use a pillow as a splint. B) observe for tissue swelling. C) apply a pneumatic splint. D) leave the toes exposed. D If a person is standing near a building that explodes, which of the following injuries would he or she MOST likely experience as a result of the pressure wave? A) Impaled objects B) Severe burns C) Fractured bones D) Stomach rupture D Following a stab wound to the left anterior chest, a 25-year-old male presents with a decreased level of consciousness and signs of shock. Which of the following additional assessment findings should increase your index of suspicion for a cardiac tamponade? A) Diminished breath sounds B) A rapid, irregular pulse C) Engorged jugular veins D) Widening pulse pressure C In older patients, the first indicator of nontraumatic internal bleeding may be: A) weakness or dizziness. B) a heart rate over 120 beats/min. C) diaphoresis and pale skin. D) a low blood pressure. A A construction worker fell approximately 30 feet and landed in a pile of steel rods. Your assessment reveals that he is pulseless and apneic and has a 10-inch steel rod impaled in his left leg. You should: A) control the bleeding, carefully remove the steel rod, begin CPR, and transport as soon as possible. B) control the bleeding, begin CPR, stabilize the steel rod, immobilize his spine, and transport immediately.
C) stabilize the steel rod, control the bleeding, begin CPR, and rapidly transport to a trauma center. D) remove the steel rod, control the bleeding, apply an AED, begin CPR, and transport to a trauma center. B During your assessment of a patient with blunt chest trauma, you note that the patient has shallow breathing and paradoxical movement of the left chest wall. You should: A) request a paramedic to decompress the chest. B) make note of it and continue your assessment. C) apply high-flow oxygen via nonrebreathing mask. D) assist ventilations with a bag-valve mask. D The driver of a sport utility vehicle lost control and struck a utility pole head-on. The driver was killed instantly. The passenger, a young female, is conscious and alert and has several small abrasions and lacerations to her left forearm. Treatment for the passenger should include: A) transport to a trauma center. B) a secondary assessment at the scene. C) transport to a community hospital. D) a focused exam of her forearm. A An injury that separates various layers of soft tissue, resulting in complete detachment or a flap of skin, is called a(n): A) incision. B) avulsion. C) laceration. D) amputation. B Early bruising following abdominal trauma often manifests as: A) gross distention. B) localized pain. C) dark purple marks. D) red areas of skin. D Immediate death from blunt chest trauma following a motor vehicle crash is MOST often the result of: A) traumatic aortic rupture. B) penetrating lung injuries.
C) a tension pneumothorax. D) a massive cardiac contusion. A With regard to musculoskeletal injuries, the zone of injury is defined as the: A) area of obvious deformity over the site of impact. B) exact part of the bone or joint that was disrupted. C) area of soft-tissue damage surrounding the injury. D) part of the body that sustained secondary injury. C A patient who presents with profound cyanosis following a chest injury: A) requires prompt ventilation and oxygenation. B) should be placed in Trendelenburg's position. C) is most likely experiencing severe blood loss. D) has most likely experienced a ruptured aorta. A Early signs and symptoms of intra-abdominal bleeding include: A) widespread ecchymosis. B) bruising only. C) pain and distention. D) significant hypotension. C Force acting over a distance is the definition of: A) potential energy. B) work. C) kinetic energy. D) latent energy. B Bones are connected to other bones by bands of tough fibrous tissues called: A) tendons. B) ligaments. C) cartilage. D) bursa. B A fracture caused by minimal force that is associated with diseases such as cancer and osteoporosis is called a __________ fracture. A) greenstick B) comminuted
C) pathologic D) transverse C High humidity reduces the body's ability to lose heat through: A) radiation. B) conduction. C) evaporation. D) convection. C A 39-year-old male accidentally cut his wrist while sharpening his hunting knife. He is conscious and alert with adequate breathing, but is bleeding significantly from the wound. You should: A) control the bleeding with direct pressure. B) apply oxygen with a nonrebreathing mask. C) apply a tourniquet proximal to the wound. D) ensure the patient has a patent airway. A Burns are classified according to: A) degree and location. B) location and pain. C) extent and location. D) depth and extent. D Perfusion is MOST accurately defined as the: A) ability of the systemic arteries to constrict as needed to maintain an adequate blood pressure. B) circulation of blood within an organ in adequate amounts to meet the body's metabolic needs. C) effective transfer of oxygen from the venules across the systemic capillary membrane walls. D) effective removal of carbon dioxide and other metabolic waste products from the body's cells. B You are transporting a 28-year-old man with a frostbitten foot. The patient's vital signs are stable and he denies any other injuries or symptoms. The weather is treacherous and your transport time to the hospital is approximately 45 minutes. During transport, you should: A) cover his foot with chemical heat compresses. B) administer oxygen via a nonrebreathing mask. C) rewarm his foot in 102°F to 104°F (38.9°C to 40°C) water. D) protect the affected part from further injury. D
What part of the nervous system controls the body's voluntary activities? A) Sensory B) Autonomic C) Central D) Somatic D When a person is exposed to a cold environment: A) sweat is produced and is warmed when the vessels constrict. B) peripheral vessels constrict and divert blood away from the skin. C) blood vessels dilate and divert blood to the core of the body. D) the skin becomes flushed secondary to peripheral vasodilation. B When a light is shone into the pupil: A) the opposite pupil should dilate. B) it should become larger in size. C) both pupils should dilate together. D) it should become smaller in size. D A simple pneumothorax: A) is caused by penetrating chest trauma. B) often has a nontraumatic cause. C) heals on its own without any treatment. D) is commonly caused by blunt chest trauma. D Hyperextension injuries of the spine are MOST commonly the result of: A) falls. B) diving. C) hangings. D) compression. C Which of the following is a severe burn in a 35-year-old patient? A) Full-thickness burn to 5% of the body surface area B) Superficial burn covering 50% of the body surface area C) Circumferential partial-thickness burn to the chest D) Partial-thickness burn to 20% of the body surface area C
Which of the following statements regarding abdominal trauma is correct? A) Most of the vital abdominal organs lie within the retroperitoneal space. B) The liver is well protected and is rarely injured during a traumatic event. C) Hollow abdominal organs are vascular and bleed profusely when injured. D) The absence of abdominal pain does not rule out intra-abdominal bleeding. D It would be MOST appropriate to perform a focused secondary assessment on a patient who: A) struck his or her head and is experiencing nausea or vomiting. B) was restrained during a high-speed motor vehicle crash. C) fainted and fell to the ground from a standing position. D) has blood draining from the ears following a head injury. C Which of the following scenarios is an example of a direct injury? A) A child dislocates his elbow after falling on his outstretched arm. B) A passenger fractures her patella after it strikes the dashboard. C) A person lands on his or her feet and fractures the lumbar spine. D) A skier dislocates his knee after a twisting injury to the ankle. B The meninges, along with the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) that circulates in between each meningeal layer, function by: A) regenerating brain cells after they have been damaged. B) delivering oxygen directly to the CNS. C) producing leukocytes that protect the brain from infection. D) acting as a shock absorber for the brain and spinal cord. D Bone marrow produces: A) blood cells. B) lymphocytes. C) electrolytes. D) platelets. A A partial-thickness burn involves the outer layer of skin and a portion of the: A) fatty layer. B) muscle fascia. C) dermal layer. D) epidermis. C
When a patient experiences a severe spinal injury, he or she: A) will likely be paralyzed from the neck down. B) most commonly has a palpable spinal deformity. C) often loses motor function on one side of the body. D) may lose sensation below the level of the injury. D In contrast to Lyme disease, Rocky Mountain spotted fever: A) causes painful joint swelling after a few days or weeks. B) presents with flu-like symptoms and a bull's-eye rash. C) can cause paralysis and cardiorespiratory collapse. D) may be confused with rheumatoid arthritis. C You respond to a residence for a 40-year-old female who was assaulted by her husband; the scene has been secured by law enforcement. Upon your arrival, you find the patient lying supine on the floor in the kitchen. She is semiconscious with severely labored breathing. Further assessment reveals a large bruise to the left anterior chest, jugular venous distention, and unilaterally absent breath sounds. As your partner is supporting her ventilations, you should: A) perform a focused secondary exam. B) immediately request ALS support. C) insert an oropharyngeal airway. D) obtain a set of baseline vital signs. B Which of the following statements regarding lightning strikes is correct? A) Lightning strikes may cause cardiac dysrhythmias that spontaneously resolve. B) Victims who are struck by lightning often experience severe full-thickness burns. C) The tissue damage pathway caused by lightning usually occurs through the skin. D) Cervical spine fractures are the most common cause of lightning-related deaths. A If one or more occupants in the same vehicle are killed in a crash, the EMT should: A) allow the survivors to refuse transport if they have no obvious injuries. B) rapidly assess only the survivors who have experienced obvious trauma. C) transport the survivors only if they have injuries or complain of pain. D) suspect that all living occupants experienced the same serious trauma. D Pleural fluid is contained between the: A) visceral and parietal pleurae. B) parietal pleura and the heart.
C) parietal pleura and the chest wall. D) visceral pleura and the lung. A Bruising to the right upper quadrant of the abdomen following blunt trauma is MOST suggestive of injury to the: A) liver. B) kidney. C) spleen. D) stomach. A Which of the following statements regarding the vitreous humor is correct? A) It is a clear, watery fluid that cannot be replaced if it is lost during an eye injury. B) It is a clear, watery fluid that is located in front of the lens and can be replaced if it is lost. C) It is a clear fluid that is produced by the lacrimal glands and cannot be replaced if it is lost. D) It is a clear, jellylike fluid near the back of the eye that cannot be replaced if it is lost. D A(n) __________ fracture occurs in the growth section of a child's bone and may lead to bone growth abnormalities. A) greenstick B) metaphyseal C) epiphyseal D) diaphyseal C To obtain the MOST accurate reading of a patient's core body temperature, you should place a special hypothermia thermometer: A) into the patient's rectum. B) under the patient's tongue. C) under the patient's armpit. D) behind the patient's knee. A When a hollow organ is punctured during a penetrating injury to the abdomen: A) it commonly protrudes through the injury site. B) it will bleed profusely and rapidly cause shock. C) the abdomen will become instantly distended. D) peritonitis may not develop for several hours. D
Which of the following types of muscle is under direct voluntary control of the brain? A) Skeletal B) Cardiac C) Smooth D) Autonomic A A young male was shot in the abdomen by an unknown type of gun. He is semiconscious, has shallow breathing, and is bleeding externally from the wound. As you control the external bleeding, your partner should: A) obtain baseline vital signs. B) assist the patient's ventilations. C) perform a secondary assessment. D) apply a nonrebreathing mask. B The energy of a moving object is called: A) kinetic energy. B) converted energy. C) potential energy. D) latent energy. A Which of the following is of LEAST importance when initially assessing the severity of a burn? A) Age of the patient B) Area(s) burned C) Past medical history D) Known drug allergies D A man has a large laceration across his lower abdominal wall and a loop of bowel is protruding from the wound. He is conscious and alert and there is minimal bleeding from the wound. You should: A) cover the exposed bowel with a moist sterile dressing and then secure it in place with a dry bandage. B) cover the bowel with a dry sterile dressing, elevate his lower extremities, and cover him with a blanket. C) gently irrigate the exposed bowel with sterile saline and then cover the wound with a dry sterile dressing. D) make one attempt to replace the bowel back into the abdomen and then cover the wound with a sterile dressing.
Which of the following statements regarding drowning is correct? A) Hypoxia in the drowning victim initially occurs due to water in the lungs. B) Laryngospasm following submersion in water makes rescue breathing difficult. C) Artificial ventilations can easily be performed in patients with a laryngospasm. D) Large amounts of water enter the lungs in a small number of drowning victims. B Common signs and symptoms of an airway burn include all of the following, EXCEPT: A) chest pressure. B) hoarseness. C) singed nasal hair. D) soot around the mouth. A In contrast to a Level III trauma center, a Level I trauma center must: A) have access to an emergency physician within 30 minutes. B) be able to stabilize patients before transferring to a higher level facility. C) have general surgeons that are in-house 24 hours a day. D) be involved in trauma prevention programs. C You receive a call to a local gymnasium for a basketball player with a dislocated shoulder. Upon arrival, you find the patient, a 17-year-old male, sitting on the ground. He is holding his left arm in a fixed position away from his body. There is an obvious anterior bulge to the area of injury. You should: A) gently attempt to move his arm toward his body. B) place a pillow under his arm and apply a swathe. C) flex his arm at the elbow and then apply a sling. D) assess distal pulse, motor, and sensory functions. D Because the depth of an open abdominal wound is often difficult to determine: A) prompt transport to the hospital is essential. B) vital signs should be monitored frequently. C) the EMT must perform a thorough exam. D) the abdomen must be vigorously palpated. A Coordination of balance and body movement is controlled by the: A) brain stem. B) cerebrum.
C) cerebellum. D) medulla. C The EMT must assume that any unwitnessed water-related incident is accompanied by: A) an air embolism. B) cold-water immersion. C) alcohol intoxication. D) possible spinal injury. D A 4-year-old female has a peanut lodged in the external auditory canal of her right ear. You should: A) thoroughly flush her ear with sterile saline. B) use tweezers to try to remove the object. C) remove the peanut with a cotton-tipped swab. D) transport her to the emergency department. D A football player was struck by another player in the right flank area just below the posterior rib cage. He complains of severe pain and point tenderness to the area. Your assessment reveals that there is a small amount of blood in his underwear. You should be MOST suspicious for: A) blunt injury to the kidney. B) a ruptured urinary bladder. C) external genitalia injury. a lacerated liver or spleen. A A 30-year-old male sustained a stab wound to the neck when he was attacked outside a nightclub. During your assessment, you should be MOST alert for: A) injury to the cervical spine. B) alterations in his mental status. C) potential airway compromise. D) damage to internal structures. C Care for a patient with a fractured tibia and suspected compartment syndrome includes: A) applying traction to maintain distal pulses. B) keeping the leg at the level of the heart. C) immobilizing the leg with an air splint. D) applying chemical hot packs to the leg. B
You arrive at the scene of a major motor vehicle crash. The patient, a 50-year-old female, was removed from her vehicle prior to your arrival. Bystanders who removed her state that she was not wearing a seatbelt. The patient is unresponsive, tachycardic, and diaphoretic. Your assessment reveals bilaterally clear and equal breath sounds, a midline trachea, and collapsed jugular veins. You should be MOST suspicious that this patient has experienced a: A) massive hemothorax. B) pericardial tamponade. C) laceration of the aorta. D) tension pneumothorax. C Functions of dressings and bandages include all of the following, EXCEPT: A) control of external hemorrhage. B) protection from further injury. C) prevention of contamination. D) immobilization of the injury. D When a driver is in a car equipped with an air bag, but is not wearing a seatbelt, he or she will MOST likely strike the __________ when the air bag deploys upon impact. A) windshield B) door C) steering wheel D) dashboard B Whether you are using a commercial device or a stick and triangular bandage as a tourniquet, it is important to remember that: A) the tourniquet should only be removed at the hospital because bleeding may return if the tourniquet is released. B) you should try to control the bleeding by applying pressure to a proximal arterial pressure point first. C) bulky dressings should be securely applied over the tourniquet to further assist in controlling the bleeding. D) the tourniquet should be applied directly over a joint if possible because this provides better bleeding control. A A 17-year-old female dislocated her patella while playing soccer. Her knee is flexed and she complains of severe pain. You should: A) flex her knee slightly more and assess for distal circulation.
B) make one attempt to return the patella to its normal position. C) gently straighten her knee and apply a padded board splint. D) keep her knee flexed and secure it with padded board splints. D Blood stasis, changes in the vessel wall, and certain medications affect the: A) ability of the blood to effectively clot. B) systolic blood pressure exclusively. C) ability of red blood cells to carry oxygen. D) white blood cells' ability to fight infection. A During an altercation in a bar, two patrons got into a fist fight. The first patient, a 44-year-old female, was struck in the mouth and refuses EMS care. The second patient, a 39-year-old female, has a small laceration to her left knuckle and also refuses EMS care. Which of the following statements regarding this scenario is correct? A) You should contact the police and have the patients arrested. B) The 39-year-old female is at high risk for an infection. C) The patient struck in the mouth should be immobilized. D) The 44-year-old female is at high risk for an infection. B What layer of the skin forms a watertight, protective seal for the body? A) Muscular layer B) Dermis C) Subcutaneous layer D) Epidermis D In which of the following patients should you remove an impaled object? A) A conscious and alert patient with a fishhook impaled in the eye B) An apneic patient with a shard of glass impaled in the abdomen C) A semiconscious patient with an ice pick impaled in the chest D) A pulseless and apneic patient with a knife impaled in the back D Placing a pregnant patient in a supine position during the third trimester of pregnancy: A) may decrease the amount of blood that returns to the heart. B) results in spontaneous urinary incontinence if the bladder is full. C) is recommended if the patient has severe abdominal discomfort. D) often causes hypotension secondary to cardiac compression. A
The cricoid cartilage: A) lies superior to the cricothyroid membrane in the neck. B) lies superior to the thyroid cartilage in the neck. C) is easier to see and palpate than the thyroid cartilage. D) is the only complete circular cartilage of the trachea. D Common signs of a skull fracture include all of the following, EXCEPT: A) mastoid process bruising. B) noted deformity to the skull. C) superficial scalp lacerations. D) ecchymosis around the eyes. C A flail chest occurs when: A) multiple ribs are fractured on both sides of the thoracic cage. B) a segment of fractured ribs bulges during the inhalation phase. C) more than three ribs are fractured on the same side of the chest. D) a segment of the chest wall is detached from the thoracic cage. D When immobilizing a trauma patient's spine, the EMT manually stabilizing the head should not let go until: A) an appropriately sized cervical collar has been applied. B) the head has been stabilized with lateral immobilization. C) the patient has been secured to the ambulance stretcher. D) the patient has been completely secured to the backboard. D You have applied a dressing and roller-gauze bandage to a laceration on the arm of a young female. During transport, she begins to complain of numbness and tingling in her hand. You should: A) carefully manipulate her arm until the symptoms subside. B) assess distal circulation and readjust the bandage as needed. C) remove the gauze bandage and replace it with an elastic one. D) remove the bandage and dressing and apply another one. B When treating a partial-thickness burn, you should: A) rupture any blisters to prevent an infection. B) avoid the use of creams, lotions, or antiseptics.
C) cover the burn with a moist, sterile dressing. D) immerse the affected part in warm water. B Hypothermia can worsen internal bleeding secondary to: A) cardiac arrhythmias. B) a decreased heart rate. C) blood-clotting abnormalities. D) severe muscular rigidity. C During your assessment of a 22-year-old male who was assaulted, you note widespread contusions and abrasions to his face, chest, and abdomen. His pulse is rapid and weak, and his skin is cool and clammy. You should: A) perform a focused physical exam of his abdomen. B) administer oxygen and prepare for rapid transport. C) conclude that he is experiencing intracranial bleeding. D) place him in a sitting position and give him oxygen. B With regard to the pediatric rule of nines, the: A) thorax is proportionately larger than an adult's. B) head is proportionately smaller than an adult's. C) legs are proportionately smaller than an adult's. D) arms are proportionately larger than an adult's. C In which of the following situations would external bleeding be the MOST difficult to control? A) Carotid artery laceration and a systolic blood pressure of 60 mm Hg B) Femoral artery laceration and a blood pressure of 140/90 mm Hg C) Jugular vein laceration and a systolic blood pressure of 90 mm Hg D) Antecubital vein laceration and a blood pressure of 138/92 mm Hg B Two of the MOST common mechanisms of injury for blunt trauma are: A) motor vehicle collisions and stabbings. B) low-caliber gunshot wounds and falls. C) gunshot wounds and vehicle ejections. D) falls and motor vehicle collisions. D Signs and symptoms of a tension pneumothorax include all of the following, EXCEPT: A) collapsed jugular veins.
B) altered mental status. C) unilaterally absent breath sounds. D) profound cyanosis. A The mesentery is: A) a complex network of blood vessels that supply blood to the liver. B) a membranous fold that attaches the intestines to the walls of the body. C) the point of attachment between the small and large intestines. D) a layer of thick skeletal muscles that protects the abdominal organs. B A 22-year-old male was walking on the beach and had sand blown into his eyes. He complains of pain and decreased vision to his right eye. Treatment should include: A) flushing his eye starting laterally. B) covering both eyes and transporting. C) irrigating his right eye laterally. D) irrigating both eyes simultaneously. C A 22-year-old male was kicked in the abdomen multiple times during an assault. He is conscious but restless and his pulse is rapid. Your assessment reveals a large area of bruising to the right upper quadrant of his abdomen. The MOST appropriate treatment for this patient includes: A) applying oxygen via nasal cannula. B) performing a focused physical exam. C) a detailed assessment of his abdomen. D) preparing for immediate transport. D A 31-year-old male was bitten on the leg by an unidentified snake. The patient is conscious and alert and in no apparent distress. Your assessment of his leg reveals two small puncture marks with minimal pain and swelling. In addition to administering oxygen and providing reassurance, further care for this patient should include: A) transporting only with close, continuous monitoring. B) applying ice to the wound and transporting quickly. C) supine positioning, splinting the leg, and transporting. D) elevating the lower extremities and giving antivenin. C Shivering is a mechanism in which the body generates heat by: A) decreasing the metabolic rate. B) retaining excess carbon dioxide.
C) increasing the metabolic rate. D) decreasing the use of oxygen. C A utility worker was trimming branches and was electrocuted when he accidentally cut a high- power line. He fell approximately 20 feet and is lying unresponsive on the ground; the power line is lying across his chest. You should: A) apply insulated gloves and assume manual control of his c-spine. B) rapidly assess the patient after ensuring that the power line is not live. C) quickly but carefully move the patient away from the power line. D) manually stabilize his head as your partner assesses for breathing. B Hypovolemic shock occurs when: A) at least 10% of the patient's blood volume is lost. B) the patient's systolic BP is less than 100 mm Hg. C) the clotting ability of the blood is enhanced. D) the body cannot compensate for rapid fluid loss. D A Colles fracture involves a fracture of the: A) distal ulna. B) proximal radius. C) distal radius. D) radius and ulna. C The sebaceous glands produce sebum, a material that: a. pulls the hair erect when you are cold. b. facilitates shedding of the epidermis. c. discharges sweat onto the skin's surface. d. waterproofs the skin and keeps it supple. D A 22-year-old male was kicked in the abdomen multiple times during an assault. He is conscious but restless and his pulse is rapid. Your assessment reveals a large area of bruising to the right upper quadrant of his abdomen. The MOST appropriate treatment for this patient includes: a. a detailed assessment of his abdomen. b. applying oxygen via nasal cannula. c. performing a focused physical exam. d. preparing for immediate transport. D
Which of the following interventions is the MOST critical to the outcome of a patient with multisystem trauma? a. Elevation of the lower extremities b. Early administration of oxygen c. Intravenous fluid administration d. Rapid transport to a trauma center D The ________ nerves control the diaphragm. a. costal b. vagus c. phrenic d. intercostal C Early signs and symptoms of intra-abdominal bleeding include: a. pain and distention. b. widespread ecchymosis. c. bruising only. d. significant hypotension. A A 40-year-old unrestrained female impacted the steering wheel of her vehicle with her chest when she hit a tree while traveling at 45 mph. She is conscious and alert, but is experiencing significant chest pain and shortness of breath. Which of the following injuries is the LEAST likely? a. Pulmonary contusion b. Multiple rib fractures c. Cardiac contusion d. Head injury D Crepitus and false motion are: a. only seen with open fractures. b. most common with dislocations. c. positive indicators of a fracture. d. indicators of a severe sprain. C Following blunt trauma to the face, a 21-year-old male complains of a severe headache and decreased ability to move his eyes. This patient's clinical presentation is MOST consistent with: a. a ruptured eyeball. b. optic vessel compression.
c. a blowout fracture. d. a lacerated globe. C Which of the following statements regarding crush syndrome is correct? a. Compromised arterial blood flow leads to crush syndrome and can occur when an area of the body is trapped for longer than 4 hours. b. Provided that a patient with a crush injury is freed from entrapment within 6 hours, the amount of tissue damaged is generally minimal. c. Tissue damage that occurs in crush syndrome is severe, but kidney injury is unlikely because toxins are quickly eliminated from the body. d. With crush syndrome, massive blood vessel damage occurs following severe soft-tissue injuries, such as amputation of an extremity. A A 45-year-old female was the unrestrained passenger of a small car that rear-ended another vehicle at a moderate rate of speed. She is conscious and alert, but complains of pain to both of her knees. There is visible damage to the dashboard on the passenger's side of the vehicle. In addition to fractures or dislocations of the knees, you should be MOST suspicious for: a. anterior hip dislocation. b. a thoracic spine fracture. c. posterior hip dislocation. d. fracture of the tibia or fibula. C When evaluating the mechanism of injury of a car versus pedestrian collision, you should first: a. determine if the patient was propelled away from the vehicle. b. approximate the speed of the vehicle that struck the pedestrian. c. determine if the patient was struck and pulled under the vehicle. d. evaluate the vehicle that struck the patient for structural damage. B When a patient experiences a severe spinal injury, he or she: a. may lose sensation below the level of the injury. b. will likely be paralyzed from the neck down. c. often loses motor function on one side of the body. d. most commonly has a palpable spinal deformity. A An air embolism associated with diving occurs when: a. high water pressure forces air into the mediastinum. b. the diver hyperventilates prior to entering the water.
c. the diver holds his or her breath during a rapid ascent. d. the alveoli completely collapse due to high pressure. C When immobilizing a child on a long backboard, you should: a. defer cervical collar placement to avoid discomfort. b. secure the head prior to securing the torso and legs. c. place the child's head in a slightly extended position. d. place padding under the child's shoulders as needed. D When activated, the sympathetic nervous system produces all of the following effects, EXCEPT: a. pupillary constriction. b. shunting of blood to vital organs. c. increase in heart rate. d. dilation of the bronchiole smooth muscle. A In which of the following situations would the EMT be the LEAST likely to immobilize a patient's spine? a. No distracting injuries or evidence of intoxication b. No spinal pain, but tingling in the extremities c. Unresponsive, but moving all extremities equally d. Pain to the c-spine, but no numbness or tingling. A Which of the following joints allows no motion? a. Sternoclavicular joint b. Shoulder joint c. Skull sutures d. Sacroiliac joint C Common signs and symptoms of a sprain include all of the following, EXCEPT: a. ecchymosis. b. point tenderness. c. swelling. d. deformity. D Air bags are designed to: a. be used with or without a shoulder harness. b. prevent the driver from sustaining head trauma.
c. prevent a second collision inside the car. d. decrease the severity of deceleration injuries. D Which of the following statements regarding abdominal eviscerations is correct? a. The protruding organs should be kept warm and moist. b. Most eviscerations occur to the left upper quadrant. c. Adherent material is preferred when covering an evisceration. d. The organs should be replaced carefully to avoid heat loss. A All of the following snakes are pit vipers, EXCEPT for the: a. rattlesnake. b. copperhead. c. cottonmouth. d. coral snake. D A 54-year-old male accidentally shot himself in the leg while cleaning his gun. Your assessment reveals a small entrance wound to the medial aspect of his right leg. The exit wound is on the opposite side of the leg and is actively bleeding. The patient complains of numbness and tingling in his right foot. You should: a. gently manipulate the injured leg until the numbness dissipates. b. manually stabilize the leg above and below the site of injury. c. assess distal pulses as well as sensory and motor functions. d. control the bleeding and cover the wound with a sterile dressing. D A laceration: a. rarely penetrates through the subcutaneous tissue to the muscle. b. is a jagged cut caused by a sharp object or blunt force trauma. c. is an injury that separates various layers of soft tissue. d. is a sharp, smooth cut that is made by a surgical scalpel. B When caring for a patient with an open facial injury, the EMT's immediate priority should be to: a. closely assess the patient's airway. b. wear gloves and facial protection. c. manually stabilize the patient's head. d. consider the mechanism of injury. B
To assess a patient's general body temperature, pull back on your glove and place the back of your hand on his or her skin at the: a. forehead. b. chest. c. abdomen. d. neck. C You have sealed the open chest wound of a 40-year-old male who was stabbed in the anterior chest. Your reassessment reveals that he is experiencing increasing respiratory distress and tachycardia, and is developing cyanosis. You should: a. begin ventilatory assistance. b. partially remove the dressing. c. begin rapid transport at once. d. call for a paramedic ambulance. B A 19-year-old male is unresponsive, apneic, and pulseless after being struck in the center of the chest with a softball. Based on the mechanism of injury, what MOST likely occurred? a. Collapse of both lungs due to fractured ribs that perforated the lung tissue and caused cardiac arrest b. Fracture of the sternum that caused a rupture of the myocardium and led to a cardiac dysrhythmia c. Ventricular fibrillation when the impact occurred during a critical portion of the cardiac cycle d. Asystole secondary to massive intrathoracic hemorrhage due to traumatic rupture of the aorta C Burns to pediatric patients are generally considered more serious than burns to adults because: a. pediatric patients have a proportionately larger volume of blood. b. pediatric patients are more prone to hyperthermia. c. most burns in children are the result of child abuse. d. pediatric patients have more surface area relative to total body mass. D When assessing a patient who experienced a blast injury, it is important to remember that: a. primary blast injuries are the most easily overlooked. b. secondary blast injuries are usually the least obvious. c. solid organs usually rupture from the pressure wave. d. primary blast injuries are typically the most obvious. A
Irritation or damage to the pleural surfaces that causes sharp chest pain during inhalation is called: a. pneumothorax. b. dyspnea. c. pleurisy. d. pneumonitis. C Which of the following statements regarding shoulder dislocations is correct? a. Most shoulder dislocations occur anteriorly. b. Posterior dislocations are most common. c. They involve the acromion process and humerus. d. They are caused by forced arm adduction. A Hypoperfusion is another name for: a. shock. b. hypoxemia. c. cyanosis. d. cellular death. A If a person's tidal volume decreases, but his or her respiratory rate remains unchanged: a. minute volume will decrease. b. excess carbon dioxide will be eliminated. c. minute volume will increase. d. minute volume will remain unchanged. A In contrast to animal bites, the bite of a human: a. carries with it a wide variety of virulent bacteria and viruses. b. is usually less severe because the human mouth is cleaner. c. typically results in a minor infection that is slow-spreading. d. is associated with a much higher incidence of rabies infection. A An injury that separates various layers of soft tissue, resulting in complete detachment or a flap of skin, is called a(n): a. amputation. b. laceration. c. incision. d. avulsion.