Epidemiology Exam Preparation: Mastering Key Concepts and Methodologies, Exams of Advanced Education

Download Epidemiology Exam Preparation: Mastering Key Concepts and Methodologies and more Exams Advanced Education in PDF only on Docsity!

PHC 6001 Exam 3 With 100% Correct

Answers 2023

Abstract - Correct Answer-provides a short summary of the goals, methods, main findings, and conclusions of the study Introduction - Correct Answer-describes the context and motivation for the study materials and methods - Correct Answer-reports on the setting, design, data collection procedures and analysis of the study results - Correct Answer-describes characteristics of the study population and study findings discussion - Correct Answer-provides scientific interpretation of the findings, places the findings in the context of other research, and acknowledges the study's limitations conclusions - Correct Answer-briefly summarize the findings and their implications exposure of interest - Correct Answer-the factor that either causes, prevents, or treats the outcome outcome of interest - Correct Answer-the end point being studied source of study population - Correct Answer-underlying population from which the subjects were drawn ratio of propositi to comparison subjects - Correct Answer-ratio of exposed to unexposed subjects selection bias - Correct Answer-error that arises from systematic differences in selecting the study groups or in following the selected groups information bias - Correct Answer-error that arises from systematic differences in the way that information on the exposure and disease is obtained from the study groups recall bias - Correct Answer-occurs when individuals with particular adverse health events remember and report their previous exposure differently than individuals who are not affected interviewer bias - Correct Answer-when there are systematic differences in soliciting, recording, or interpreting information from in-person and telephone interviews

misclassification - Correct Answer-when the subjects exposure or disease status is incorrectly classified non-differential misclassification - Correct Answer-inaccuracies with respect to disease are independent of exposure or vice versa differential misclassification - Correct Answer-inaccuracies with respect to disease are dependent on the exposure status confounding - Correct Answer-bias in the crude measure of association between an exposure and disease that is the result of a third factor associated with the exposure and is an independent risk factor of the disease randomization - Correct Answer-act of ordering or assigning that results from a random process restriction - Correct Answer-admission criteria for study subjects is limited matching - Correct Answer-when the investigator selects study subjects so that the potential confounders are distributed in an identical manner standardization - Correct Answer- stratification - Correct Answer-the process of or result of separating a sample into several subgroups according to specific criteria chance - Correct Answer-refers to the likelihood that an unrepresentative sample was drawn due to "luck of the draw" P value - Correct Answer-probability of observing the study results or more extreme results given that the null hypothesis is true statistically significant (p-value) - Correct Answer-P value less than .05 for a 95% CI or a CI that does not include the null characteristics of a cause - Correct Answer-association time order direction time order - Correct Answer-the cause must precede the effect association - Correct Answer-a causal factor (X) must occur together with the effect (Y) direction - Correct Answer-there must be an asymmetrical relationship between the cause and effect

probabilists - Correct Answer-epidemiologists who believe that randomness or chance is an explanation for events determinists - Correct Answer-think that everything has a cause and that chance is merely a term that we use when we cannot explain something because of limitations in our knowledge rationalism - Correct Answer-states that knowledge accumulates through reason rather than observation empiricism - Correct Answer-emphasizes inductive inference method of difference - Correct Answer-A causes B if, all else being held constant, a change in A is accompanied by a subsequent change in B (John stuart mill) host factors - Correct Answer-a persons genetic makeup, gender, age, immunity level, diet, behaviors, and existing diseases environmental factors - Correct Answer-determinants that are external to the individual sufficient and component causes model - Correct Answer-multi-factorial model comprised of only the collection of factors (component causes) necessary to bring about the occurrence of the outcome (sufficient cause) Hills Causal criteria - Correct Answer-strength of association consistency specificity temporality biologic gradient plausibility coherence experimental evidence analogy screening - Correct Answer-designed to detect outcome within an apparently healthy population criteria for screening - Correct Answer-health related state or event is serious " " prevalent in target population " " has a detectable preclinical phase (DPCP) DPCP is fairly long health related state or event ad identified, effective intervention strength of association - Correct Answer-large associations more likely to be causal than small ones

consistency - Correct Answer-associations more likely to be causal if they are observed repeatedly by different people in different places, circumstances, and times specificity - Correct Answer-causes should lead to a single event and vice versa temporality (time order) - Correct Answer-cause must precede disease biological gradient - Correct Answer-association is more likely to be causal if its strength increases as the exposure level increases drawbacks of biological gradient - Correct Answer-1. possible for an exposure to exhibit a threshold effect below which there are no adverse outcomes

2. can have a curvilinear relationship plausibility - Correct Answer-should be an existing biological or social model to explain the association drawback of plausibility - Correct Answer-the association may be new to science or medicine coherence - Correct Answer-the cause-and-effect interpretation of our data should not seriously conflict with generally known facts of the natural history and biology of disease experimental evidence - Correct Answer-good method for testing a causal hypothesis drawback of experimental evidence - Correct Answer-often infeasible and unethical to conduct experimental studies Analogy - Correct Answer-