EPPP CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY NEWEST 2024-2025 ACTUAL EXAM COMPLETE 268 QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS, Exams of Psychology

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EPPP CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY NEWEST 2024-

2025 ACTUAL EXAM COMPLETE 268

QUESTIONS AND CORRECT DETAILED

ANSWERS. GRADED A

A fundamental tenet of feminist psychotherapy is its emphasis on - ANSan egalitarian relationship A Gestalt therapist views which of the following as a key factor in healthy human growth: a. the presence of role models b. the drive to maintain homeostasis - ANSb. Homeostasis is an important concept in Gestalt therapy. People are motivated by a struggle for balance and the achievement of balance is referred to as "organismic self-regulation" A Gestalt therapist would most likely ____ a client's question: a. analyze b. ignore c. discourage d. mimic - ANSC. Discourage - Gestalt therapists view questions as fostering intellectualization and masking true feelings. Thus, Gestalt therapists typically discourage their clients' questions.

A Milan systemic family therapist will emphasize the use of which of the following in therapy: a. directives b. "holons" c. manuevers, coalitions and games d. questions - ANSD. For systemic therapists, questions are not only means for obtaining information but also act as a therapeutic intervention. "Circular questions" help define and clarify confused ideas and behaviors and introduce new information to family members. A structural family therapist would most likely attribute a family's problems to which of the following: a. double bind communication b. enmeshment or disengagement c. family obligations and debts d. triangulation - ANSB. Structure family therapists are concerned with a family's structure - this approach is associated with Salvadore Minuchin. Minuchin views a family's dysfunction as being the result of boundaries that are too flexible or permeable (enmeshment) or too rigid (disengagement).

A therapist instructs a client who suffers from insomnia to polish his hardwood floors whenever he wakes up during the night. Apparently, this therapist is familiar with the work of: a. Milton Erickson b. Salvador Minuchin - ANSb. The task described in the question is an example of an "ordeal". Paradoxical techniques and ordeals associated with Milton Erickson and Jay Haley (who was strongly influenced by Erickson) A therapist who is talking to clients about their need for identity is most likely a proponent of: a. Gestalt Therapy b. Reality Therapy c. Adlerian Therapy - ANSB. Reality Therapy, founded by Glaser, focuses on the need for identity According to Beck what three levels of cognition play a role in causing and maintaining psychopathology: - ANSAutomatic thoughts, schemata, and cognitive distortions According to Freud, how important is transference? - ANSTransference is necessary for the process of treatment and working through transference is important source of personal growth

According to Jung, the more aware of the ______ unconscious one becomes, the more of the _______ unconscious is revealed and one's psyche internally self- regulates and neurosis resolves. - ANSpersonal, collective According to Perls, name the six types of defenses that may result in a person who is more controlled by the self-image and less controlled by the self. - ANSIntrojection, Projection, Retroflection, Deflection, Confluence, and Isolation According to Yalom, how many stages does a therapy group typically pass through in the beginning months? - ANSThree formative stages According to Yalom, what should a group leader consider when managing a group's development? - ANS1. Leader needs to be knowledgeable about group dynamics and be able to handle and manage conflicts

2. The group leader should be able to handle multiple transferences and countertransferences. Yalom believes that transference is inevitable in a group but that it must be resolved in a way that benefits the group. 3.The leader should be able to encourage participation from all group members. Participation should be in the form of sharing past and present experiences in an honest way.

Discussion of presenting symptoms should be avoided. Accordng to Yalom, co-therapists can be advantagous for the group, how so when it comes to transference? - ANSCo-therapists broaden the range of possible transferential reactions, which makes the nature and degree of the patients' transference distortions more evident. An intervention is set up for all preschool children in a community whose mothers have low IQs. The goal of the program is to counteract the potential negative effects of the mothers' subaverage intellectual functioning on the children's development. This is an example of: a. primary prevention b. secondary prevention c. tertiary prevention - ANSC. The intervention is for all children of mothers who have low IQs, not just for children who have been individually identified as having early signs of developmental problems. Consequently, this program is best described as primary prevention. As defined by Greenson (1965), what are the four steps of psychoanalysis? - ANS1. Confrontation 2. Clarification 3. Interpretation 4. Working Through Berne Transactional Analysis, three ego states? - ANSAdult, Child, Parent

During the course of group therapy, some members being to express anger toward a female member because they feel she is "hiding behind a facade" rather than revealing her true self. Other members say she should be left alone. According to Irvin Yalom: a. conflict represents a normal stage in the group process and should be allowed to run its course b. conflict should be expressed and then processed to clarify its meaning - ANSYalom views conflict in group therapy as a natural phenomenon and considers it to be a useful theapeutic tool if handled correctly. For a therapist working from the perspective of object relations theory, a patient is: a. developmentally frozen b. operating out of primitive defenses c. exhibiting "boundary disturbances" d. experiencing "basic anxiety" - ANSA. Object relations theory, like psychoanalytic theory, emphasizes the importance of early childhood experiences on personality development. For object relations theorists, pathology is the result of early disturbances in object relations that interfere with development. In therapy, the therapist acts as a "new object" who enables the patient to resume development.

For Bowen, "triangles" form in families in order to: - ANSre-establish homeostasis. According to Bowen, Triangles help reduce tension and increase stability and, thereby restore homeostasis. For Carl Jung, projection of aspects of the collective unconscious onto the therapist represents: a. a form of transference b. "symbolization" - ANSJung believed that when transference occurs, elements of the personal and collective (transpersonal) unconscious are projected onto the therapist For Salvador Minuchin, symptoms: a. result from faulty dynamics b. represent a response to stress c. represent a desire to change - ANSb. Stress, according to Minuchin, can produce healthy change or unhealthy change. In the latter case, stress results in symptoms. An important goal in structural therapy is identifying more functional ways to respond to stress. For the followers of Carl Rogers, heart palpitations, hyperventilation, tension headaches and nausea are considered:

a. manifestations of denied threats to the self concept b. a result of overwhelming environmental stress c. the consequence of being unable to fulfill one's own needs - ANSa. Incongruence results when the evaluations made by others are inconsistent with one's self concept, one way it is dealt with is to deny the external experience by saying it does not exist or by distorting it. Rogers believed that such denial doesn't really work. For instance, the denied objects can emerge as visceral symptoms associated with anxiety. For what diagnoses is individual and group therapy concurrently indicated for? - ANSborderline and narcissistic personality disorder, as treatment of these disorders typically requires extensive intrapersonal exploration and external support From a family systems perspective, "negative feedback" is: a. disruptive b. corrective c. dysfunctional d. idopathic - ANSB. The concept of "feedback loops" is part of systems theory, which underlies family therapy. Negative feedback is viewed as corrective; that is, it provides the system with the information it needs in order to adjust itself homeostatically

From a humanistic perspective, psychopathology is viewed as a result of: a. blocked potential b. "dis-integration" c. misperceptions - ANSHumanists therapists share a belief inherent capacity for humans to grow toward the achievement of their potential. Neurosis and psychosis are generally viewed as the result of interference with that potential. From a psychoanlaytic perspective, anxiety is due to: a. a threat to one's unified self concept b. the inability to deal with external threats - ANSB. Freud's personality theory emphasized conflicts between the internal instincts and the demands of reality. From the perspective of ego-psychology, psychopathology results when the ego: a. becomes too autonomous b. loses its autonomy c. is damaged due to overwhelming life circumstances d. becomes swelled due to too much praise - ANSAnna Freud and Heinz Hartmann, healthy behavior is under the ego's conscious control, and pathology may result when the ego loses this control and its autonomy from the id

Gestalt therapy utilizes principles drawn form several theoretical viewpoints. For example, like humanistic-existential approaches, Gestalt therapy emphasizes a concern for self-actualization. Gestalt Therapy can also be seen as a being similar to the psychoanalytic approach, particularly with regard to its emphasis on dream analysis, its view that therapy must be an emotional experience a. stress on the importance of awareness as a key element in personality change b. stress on the importance of early experience as a key factor in personality development - ANSa. Psychoanalytic therapy stresses the importance of insight in behavior change, similarly, Gestalt therapy stresses the importance of awareness How are strokes categorized? - ANSSocial or Cover & Positive or Negative How came up with Strategic Family Therapy? - ANSJay Haley How can parallel process be utilized in as a beneficial process? - ANSThe process can be reversed: When a supervisor responds appropriately to a counselor's behavior, the counselor, in turn, responds appropriately to the client.

How did Adler define "style of life"? - ANSA person's compensatory patterns of behaviors as defense mechanisms. In extreme cases, this results in overcompensation and can be socially maladaptive, they become self destructive. According to Adler, the neurotic, psychotic, and deliquent are striving to overcome inferiority feelings through unproductive lifestyles. How did Adler define inferiority complexes? Which resulted in what? - ANSEvery child experiences feelings of inferiority that supply the motivation to grow, dominate, and be superior; this resulted in the masculine protest. How did Haley view therapy? - ANSTherapy is a power struggle between the client or family and the therapist, in which the therapist struggles to disrupt the family's patterns of problematic and symptomatic behavior. How did Kohut describe narcissism? - ANSWhen a young child's natural self love (narcissism) is undermined by a parent's inevitable failure to satisfy all the child's needs, the child develops a protective grandiose self How did Minuchin see families? How are improvements made? - ANSMinuchin "sees the family as an organism, a complex system that is underfunctioning"

He believes improvements in the family process will lead to improvements in individuals in the family. How did the Ego Analysts differ from Freud? - ANSPlaced greater emphasis on the ego's role personality development than Freud. View healthy behavior under conscious control. More emphasis on current experiences and less on transference. How did the Ne0-Freudians differ from the Freudians? - ANSThey downplayed the importance of instinctual forces and instead focused on social and cultural determinants of personality How did this differ from other family therapies? - ANSTook the concept of family system one step further by including members of the extended family and viewed family dysfunction as apart of an intergenerational process How did you define archetypes? - ANSmotifs, images, or symbols that exist prior to experience, are manifested by all individuals in all cultures and are instinctual. How do Ellis's RET and Beck Cognitive Therapy differ? - ANS1. RET holds that irrational beliefs lead to maladaptive behavior where CT holds that thoughts are

dysfunctional when they interfere with normal cognitive processing and not necessarily because they are irrational.

2. RET is more behavioral than CT.
3. In RET, the therapist is more likely to directly challenge a patient's dysfunctional beliefs while in CT, the patient is usually encouraged to test out these beliefs in his or her own. How do feminist and non-sexist therapy differ? - ANSFeminist therapy views contributing to political change as a therapy goal How do you make reframing work? - ANSOffering a new meaning that is acceptable, believable and makes sense In order to do this, the therapist needs to have a good understanding of the client's perception of reality How does a narrative therapist work? - ANSThe client is encouraged to re-author their life stories with alternative stories of self identity along their preferred ways of life and to think of their lives within the framework of different stories.

Techniques include: excavating unique outcomes, thickening the new plot, and linking the new plot to past and future How does Minuchin define detouring? - ANSboundary problem when subsystems use non-members to defuse subsystem conflicts Detouring is the spouses reinforce deviant behavior in the child because it takes the focus off of problems they are having with each other How does narrative therapy work? - ANSIt helps the client realize that - "the person is not the problem, the problem is the problem". The re-authored stories externalize a client's condition and this process of externalization seperates the client from the problem and the relationship with it. How does neurosis happen in Horney's theory? - ANSThe healthy individual integrates all three types of behavior while the neurotic individual relies primarily on only one How does psychoanalytic theory, define anxiety? - ANSsignals the breakdown of the defensive structure such as when the defenses do not work well and an impulse starts to break through

How does Self-in-Relation theory view human development? - ANSProgression from infantile dependency towards a mature state of interdependency and the relational self is believed to develop through internalization of the caretaker's empathic attitude. How does Self-in-Relation theory work? - ANSGoal of therapy is to increase clients' interpersonal connections - most importantly mother-daughter - because psychopathology is a client's disconnection from others Notion of mutuality is central to the theory - relationships are viewed as reciprocal

• the therapist should allow themselves to be affected by clients as well as the reverse How does the superego form? - ANSAs a result of a child satisfactorily passing through the Oedipal development stage How else could you define a defense mechanism? - ANSAre unconscious mechanisms that operate to avoid activating the anxiety that would be caused by conscious awareness of the conflict How founded Stress Inoculation Training? What is it? - ANSMeichenbaum - 1975

CBT technique involves both skills training and modification of maladaptive cognitions that interfere with adaptive behavior How is a family considered an open system? - ANSAble to receive energy by interacting with the environment. Energy works to restructure and revitalize the family system. How is crisis intervention different than therapy? - ANSIt is more an approach to treatment than a theory of treatment. It involves a short commitment (usually five to eight sessions), which is in line with the normal course of crisis. How is hypnosis defined? - ANSA state of relaxed wakefulness with relative suspension of peripheral awareness How is Object Relations Family Therapy different from other family therapies? - ANSA core tenet of object relations family therapy but not most systems-based models, is that insight is a core requirement for family change Problems in current relationships between family members can be interpreted in terms of transferences resulting from the early mother-child relationship

The family transferances to the therapist are an important focus of interpreation as well. How is thermal handwarming used to treat migraine headaches? - ANSIdea is to reduce pressure on muscles in the forehead by reducing blood flow to the extracranial arteries by increasing bloodflow to the fingertips. Can be used for fecal incontinence and Raynaud's disease How long does Solution-Focused Brief Therapy last? - ANSSix sessions How's is Beck's Cognitive Therapy characterized? - ANSIt is collaborative process of empirical investigation, reality testing, and problem solving between therapist and patient. The patient's maladaptive interpretations are treated as testable hypothesis Hypnosis is best described as a response to a suggestion involving: a. a measurable physiologic change b. alterations in memory, mood, and perception c. artificial sleep - ANSB. The mechanism underlying hypnosis continues to allude researchers but is generally believed to be related to increased suggestibility.

The unusual behaviors exhibited by hypnotized people seem to reflect alterations in memory, perception, and mood that occur in response to suggestion. If you were a feminist therapist, you would most likely: a. view gender-based oppression as a primary cause of your female clients' problems b. consider a woman to be the expert regarding her own problems - ANSB. a feminist therapist would most likely consider the women to be an expert on her own problems. Although feminist therapists do consider gender-based oppression as an important cause of women's problems, they would not automatically assume that is the primary cause of all their patients problems, as implied by choice A. In Family Systems Theory, what is Equifinality? - ANSDifferent causes lead to the same end result for the family. Ex. when to family members argue, the resulting effect on the system will be the same - Patterns of behavior that are important not the individual topics or controversy

In Family Systems Theory, what is equipotentiality? - ANSOne cause can lead to different results. One action member by a family member can cause another family to take very different actions / paths. In Family Systems Theory, what is homeostasis? - ANSThe tendency for the system to restore the status quo in the event of a change or disruption in the system. The degree to which homeostasis exists in a family is determined by the system's management of negative and positive feedback In Family Systems Theory, what is negative feedback? - ANSMaintenance of a family homeostasis by attempting to correct deviations in the status quo. ex Father yells at kid when kid becomes disruptive In Family Systems Theory, what is Non-Summativity? - ANSThe whole is greater than the sum of the parts. Look at the family as a whole as opposed to the sum of the individuals. In Family Systems Theory, what is positive feedback? - ANSThe disruptions of a family homeostasis by encouraging or creating deviations in the status quo

ex. Stay at Home Mom gets a job requiring husband and children to make adjustments In Family Systems Theory, what is wholeness? - ANSEvery part of the system is interrelated; if change enters one part of the system; the other parts of the system are also changed In Family Systems Therapy, what does mimesis mean? - ANSIt is the therapeutic technique in which the therapist joins the family system by imitating its manner, style, affective range, or the content of its communication. In Freud's theory, what is the logical ordered aspect of personality? - ANSEgo In Horney's theory, how does the child defend against the anxiety? - ANSThe child adopts certain modes of relating to others: movement toward others, movement against others, or movement away from others In structural family therapy, the continuum of boundaries can lead to enmeshment and disengagement, define them. - ANSEnmeshment results from overly unclear boundaries that promote dependence

Disengagement results from overly rigid boundaries that promote isolation In the terminology of general systems theory, a disruption to the family's homeostasis is referred to as a. negative feedback b. positive feedback - ANSB. Encouraging changes that disrupt family homeostasis and deviate from the status quo is referred to positive feedback. Negative feedback occurs when change is discouraged and homeostasis is maintained. Is hypnosis effective? - ANSGenerally shown hypnotherapy to be effective with the level of one's ability to be hypnotized appearing to be predictive a person's response to treatment Is self monitoring effective for behavior change? - ANStends to have minor and short term effects by itself is effectively used with other treatments such as habit reversal and CBT

Is there a difference between higher functioning members of a group and lower functioning members in what is important to them? - ANSHigher functioning rate interpersonal learning and universality as most important Lower functioning - instillation of hope is most useful Name and define three types of stimulus control techniques. - ANS1. Narrowing - involves restricting the target behavior to a limited set of stimuli

2. Cue Strengthening - involves linking a behavior that is targeted for increase to a specific cue or set of cues
3. Competing Responses - involves either identifying and eliminating responses that block desirable behaviors, or encouraging responses that block undesirable behaviors Name four techniques of structural family therapists. In what overall fashion are they used? - ANSThe techniques used by structural family therapists are directive and oriented toward bringing about concrete changes in behavior and family interactions.
4. Joining
5. Creating a Family Map

3. Restructuring the Family
4. Blocking People recalling childhood memories of trauma for the first time while under hypnosis will: a. believe the accuracy of the memories while under hypnosis but will be skeptical of those memories when no longer hypnotized whether or not those memories are true b. believe the accuracy of the memories while under hypnosis and will likely continue to believe them when no longer hypnotized whether or not they are true

• ANSb. One of the problems with memories recalled under hypnosis is that people tend to be more certain about the accuracy of those memories whether they are true or false. Research has demonstrated that clients who are members of ethnic groups benefit when mental health practioners use culturally-responsive strategies. In terms of dominant, (Spanish) language use by Hispanic clients in therapy sessions, the research suggests that it is associated with which of the following a. clients are more willing to discuss embarrassing or painful topics b. there is a greater chance that repressed memories will emerge into consciousness - ANSAnswer is B - memorize it

Research on "therapeutic alliance" has shown that: a. the stronger the alliance during the first few therapy sessions, the more positive the therapy outcome regardless of the type of therapy. b. gradual development of a therapeutic alliance is associated with the best therapy outcome regardless of the type of therapy - ANSa. One of the more consistent findings is that the therapeutic alliance between a therapist and a client is related to a number of outcome measures, with more positive outcomes being associated with a strong alliance developing within the first few therapy sessions. This is true for all types of therapies. Sullivan's concept of parataxic distortion is most similar to the Freudian notion of a. resistance b. catharsis c. displacement d. transference - ANSd. parataxic distortions occur when an individual deals with others as if they were significant persons from his or her early life The notion that there are three major life tasks - friendship, occupation, and love - is most consistent with the philosophy of: a. Perls b. Berne

c. Rogers d. Adler - ANSd. Adler believed that people are motivated primarily by an innate social interest and that the goal in life is to act in ways fullfill social responsibilities. The psychiatrist Milton Erikson most often used hypnosis in therapy to: a. help a client relax b. help a client recall unconscious material c. help the therapist take charge of the treatment - ANSC. Erikson used hypnotherapy as a basis for client change. Hypnotic technique "required the therapist to assume full charge of the treatment and to issue directives...as a way of gaining leverage with patients, and, ultimately manipulating them to change". What are "early maladaptive schemas"? - ANSSelf defeating emotional and cognitive patterns that begin early in development and repeat throughout life What are and define the three steps of stress inoculation training. - ANS1. Cognitive preparation - educating the client as to how his or her faulty cognitions prevent appropriate and adaptive coping.