EPPP Practice Exam Questions and Answers 2024, Exams of Nursing

Download EPPP Practice Exam Questions and Answers 2024 and more Exams Nursing in PDF only on Docsity! EPPP Practice Exam Questions and Answers 2024 J. Berry acculturation, integration Correct Answer is J. Barry conceptualizes acculturation as many models existing on a continuum, with the minority culture and the majority or mainstream culture at opposite poles. Integration would be displayed by an individual who has high retention of the minority culture and high maintenance of the mainstream culture. Lenore Walker cycle of violence, battered women Correct Answer is Lenore Walker describes a cycle of violence that involves three stags: tension building, acute battering incident, and loving contrition. According to Walker, most of the benefits of the relationship occur in the third stage, when the batterer offers apologies, assurances that the attacks will never happen again, and declarations of love. The relationship tends to remain stable when the balance between the costs of the abuse and the benefits of the relationship are fairly similar. As violence escalates, the relationship becomes more unstable, and the man escalates his charming behavior in an attempt to restore stability. behavioral contrast effect Correct Answer is If we are reinforced for performing two different operants, and reinforcement for one of these behaviors stops, we tend to increase the rate of the remaining reinforced behavior. That is probably because the reinforcement that remains seems to become more valuable. doctrine of comparable worth Correct Answer is States that workers (in particular, men and women) should get equal pay for performing jobs that have equivalent worth (use job evaluation) M. Seligman theory of learned optimism Correct Answer is In Seligman's theory of learned optimism, attributions of optimistic people are believed to be the opposite of attributions of depressed people. Since depressed people make internal, stable, and global attributions to negative events, optimistic people would tend to make external, unstable, and specific attributions in response to negative events. Therefore, we can readily eliminate "B" ("I didn't study enough") since that's an internal attribution. Choice "C" ("the teacher is always a tough grader") is a stable attribution. That leaves Choices "A" ("I was unlucky") and Choice "D" ("the test was hard this time") - which are both external and unstable attributions. Of the two, however, Choice "D" is better since being unlucky would imply that success is a matter of luck. Course of Antisocial Personality Disorder Correct Answer is The symptoms of Antisocial Personality Disorder (APD), particularly criminal behaviors, often become less evident as an individual grows older (DSM-TR-IV, p. 704). APD has a chronic course and while some symptoms like criminal behaviors may decrease, other symptoms such as difficulties with interpersonal relationships may persist. (See: Paris, J. (2004). Personality disorders over time: Implications for therapy, American Journal of Psychotherapy, 58(4), 420-429.) Group polarization Correct Answer is A group's decisions tend to be more extreme (in one direction or the other) than those that would be made by individuals in the group acting alone. This phenomenon is referred to as group polarization. One explanation for group polarization is that group members are more willing to support extreme decisions because, as group members, they won't have to take as much personal responsibility for their decisions as they would if they were acting alone. Solomon's four group design Correct Answer is a true experimental design used to evaluate the effects of pretesting, since some groups are pretested and others are not. MANOVA Correct Answer is A MANOVA (multivariate analysis of variance) is used to analyze the effects of one or more independent variables on two or more dependent variables that are each measured on an interval or ratio scale. factorial ANOVA Correct Answer is A factorial ANOVA (a.) is used to analyze data when a factorial design, which includes two or more independent variables, is used and the dependent variable is measured on an interval or ratio scale. Factorial designs also allow for the assessment of both main effects (the effects of each independent variable considered individually) and interaction effects (the effects of each variable at the different levels of the other variable). The study described in this question has two "significant main effects" for the independent variables: type of reading program and past level of reading comprehension. And a "significant interaction effect" means that the effects of the different reading programs varied significantly for students at different reading levels. For example, "Reading Program A" may have been highly effective for above average students, moderately effective for average students, yet ineffective for below average students. On the other hand, "Reading Program B" may have been only effective for below average students, while "Reading Program C" may not have been effective for any students. One-Way ANOVA Correct Answer is A one-way ANOVA (c.) is used when a study has one independent variable and more than two independent groups. Split-Plot (mixed) ANOVA Correct Answer is The split-plot (mixed) ANOVA (d.) is the appropriate technique when at least one independent variable is a between-groups variable and another independent variable is a within-subjects variable. Correct Answer is elimination or reduction in the frequency of a response achieved by the removal of the reinforcement maintaining the response. The extinction of temper tantrums would entail ignoring the child's behavior or not reinforcing it with attention. This technique has been found to be effective for reducing temper tantrums. thinning Correct Answer is Continuous schedules, or reinforcing every response, are associated with quick learning, satiation and extinction. The process of thinning, or switching from a continuous to an intermittent schedule, is used to increase the resistance to extinction once a behavior is established. Minuchin's family therpary Correct Answer is Salvador Minuchin's Structural Family Therapy is based on and extends general family systems theory. The goal is to restructure maladaptive family structures, including family subsystems and boundaries. Paresis Correct Answer is The term "paresis" means partial paralysis. Paresis can occur as a result of an injury to the spinal cord that does not result in its severation. Paraplegia Correct Answer is If the spinal cord is severed, the result could be paraplegia (paralysis of the lower limbs) Quadriplegia Correct Answer is (paralysis of all four limbs), hemiplegia Correct Answer is (paralysis of one side of the body), depending on the location of the lesion Dialectal behavior therapy treatment Correct Answer is Linnehan uses dialectical behavioral therapy (DBT) in the treatment of Borderline Personality Disorder. DBT is a type of cognitive behavioral therapy that emphasizes social skills training, self-soothing exercises, and group dynamics. The patient is offered intensive individual and group sessions that are a combination of psychoeducation and cognitive therapy. DBT has been shown to reduce hospitalization and self-mutilating behavior (Linnehan, Heard, and Armstrong, 1993). Schizophrenia Type I Correct Answer is -positive symptoms (delusions or hallucinations, inappropriate affect, and disorganized thinking) -neurotransmitter abnormalities or irregularities Schizophrenia Type II Correct Answer is mainly negative symptoms, worse premorbid functioning, earlier onset, worse recovery, worse response to medication, believed due to a structural brain problem MANOVA Correct Answer is used when two or more dependent variables are included in a study. Rather than using separate ANOVAs to evaluate the effects of each of the dependent variables, a researcher could use the MANOVA when all the dependent variables are measured on a ratio or interval scale. This also helps to control the experiment-wise error rate. Bronfenbrenner's ecological model Correct Answer is -microsystem: immediate environment, face-to-face rx (rx w/ parents, siblings, school, neighbors, etc) -mesosystem: interactions btwn components of microsystem (influence of family on bx at school) -exosystem: broader environ that affects child's environ (parents' workplace, school board, community, media) -macrosystem: overarching environ influences (cultural beliefs/practice, econ conditions, political ideologies) -chronosystem: environ events over lifetime that impact them (immediate and LT effects of change in family structure/ SES) Item characteristic curve Correct Answer is curve developed in Item Response Theory to represent the probability of getting an item correct based on test-taker characteristics; the slope of the curve is representative of how well the item differentiates/discriminates test-takers on the measured characteristic; position of the curve (left vs right) is representative of the item difficulty, and the Y-intercept is the probability of answering the item correctly just by guessing (answer A). self-verification theory Correct Answer is a theory that people want others to perceive them as they perceive themselves, regardless of whether they see themselves in a positive or negative light; holds that people strive for stable, subjectively accurate beliefs about the self because such beliefs give them a sense of coherence. item response theory Correct Answer is a mathematical approach to choosing test items in which the probability of a positive response to an item is determined by the person's estimated position on the underlying trait being measured, as well as by characteristics of the item -theoretical basis of computer adaptive assessment, in which tests tailored to the examinee's ability level are computer generated Overall, more reliable estimate of ability is obtained using shorter test with fewer items - you need a bank of items that have been systematically evaluated for level of difficulty -invariance of item parameters, holds that the characteristics of items should be the same for all theoretically equivalent groups of subjects chosen from the same population. Thus, any culture-free test should demonstrate such invariance; i.e., a set of items shouldn't have a different set of characteristics for minority and non-minority subgroups. For this reason, item response theory has been applied to the development of culture-free tests -research supports the notion that the assumptions of item response theory only hold true for very large samples - dexedrine Correct Answer is an isomer of amphetamine (trade name Dexedrine) used as a central nervous system stimulant, used in treatment of ADHD dolophine Correct Answer is used in treatment of heroin addiction depakote Correct Answer is mood stabilizer, used in treatment of biploar disorder tegretol Correct Answer is Mood Stabilizer, treatment of bipolar disorder relationship of fluid and crystallized intelligence Correct Answer is Cattell and Horn distinguish between fluid and crystallized intelligence. The former is independent of specific instruction and is relatively culture free, while the latter depends on exposure to education and is affected by cultural experiences. Cattell and Horn believed that these two aspects of intelligence are highly correlated and that crystallized intelligence develops through the use of fluid intelligence. treatment of borderline personality disorder Correct Answer is psychological and biological treatment methods; antidepressants (SSRI) and mood stabilizing medications; dialectal behavior therapy: (cognitive and behavioral therapy) goal is to accept negative affect without engaging in self-destructive behaviors, problem-focused treatment, combines individual and group components Marsha Linehan (1993) has been achieving success with borderline patients with her use of dialectical behavioral therapy (DBT) which involves a combination of groups skills training and individual outpatient therapy. This combination has been successful at decreasing premature dropout rates in group therapy, as well as reducing suicide attempts and inpatient hospitalization rates. Ethics and values Correct Answer is Values are concerned with what is good and desirable and ethics refer to correct or appropriate practice. Values and ethics are related in that the latter are usually derived from the former; for example, privacy is a value that is reflected in Correct Answer is persistent or recurrent inability to attain or maintain an erection until completion of sexual activity. Hypoactive Sexual Desire Disorder Correct Answer is iagnosed when a person has persistently deficient or absent sexual fantasies and desire for sexual activity. Sexual Aversion Disorder Correct Answer is extreme aversion to, or avoidance of, all genital contact with a sexual partner Sexual Dysfunction NOS (D) Correct Answer is reserved for sexual dysfunctions that do not meet the criteria for any specific sexual dysfunction. Severe prenatal malnutrition Correct Answer is Severe prenatal malnutrition is likely to have differential effects, depending on when in pregnancy it occurs. In the first trimester, it can result in congenital malformations and spontaneous abortion. In the third trimester (as well as in the first 3-6 months after birth), it is most likely to have a negative effect on the central nervous system -- specifically, the brain. Studies have suggested that these children often have an abnormally low number of brain cells and brain weight. The specific behavioral consequences may include apathy, unresponsiveness to environmental stimulation, irritability, an abnormally high-pitched cry, intellectual deficits, and lags in motor development. Gender concept development (3 stages) Correct Answer is Gender concept develops in a predictable sequence of stages during childhood. 1. "gender identity," which is the ability to categorize self and others as male or female. There is evidence that gender identity develops as early as 9 months or as late as 3 years, depending on how the researchers define it. 2. "Gender stability" - develops by 4 years of age, is an understanding that one's gender does not change over time. 3. "Gender constancy," which is characterized by an understanding that gender stays the same despite changes in appearance. Gender constancy is achieved by age 5 or 6. psychologists' endorsement of materials Correct Answer is The ethical standards say that psychologists cannot make false, deceptive, fraudulent, or misleading statements. Unless the psychologist's endorsements were based on sound expertise and her honest opinion of the publications in question, these standards would be violated. California Tarasoff Statute Correct Answer is gives clinicians explicit guidance about when a duty to act arises and tells clinicians what actions fulfill their duty. The first Tarasoff decision established a "duty to warn," however, the case was reheard several years later and the Tarasoff II decision modified the duty to warn to a "duty to protect." -"issues implicated by the Tarasoff case and its legal progeny account for a small percentage of forensic cases." mania, according to psychoanalytic theory Correct Answer is According to classical psychoanalytic theory, mania occurs as a defense against depression, due to an inability of the person to tolerate or admit to being depressed. Hypomanic episode Correct Answer is Hypomanic Episode is characterized by a period of persistently elevated, expansive, or irritable mood that lasts at least 4 days and is accompanied by three or more symptoms including: inflated self-esteem or grandiosity; decreased need for sleep; talkativeness; racing thoughts; distractibility; excessive involvement in high- risk pleasurable activities; and increase in goal-directed activity. The symptoms are not severe enough to cause marked impairment in functioning and there are no psychotic features. During a Hypomanic Episode many individuals exhibit increased productivity, efficiency, and creativity. Beck's cognitive therapy Correct Answer is A type of cognitive therapy developed by Aaron Beck in which the therapist works to develop a warm relationship with the person and has the person carefully consider the evidence for her beliefs in order to see the errors in her thinking ("collaborative empiricism"). -also emphasizes relatpse prevention, structure and goal-oriented Delusion of reference Correct Answer is person believes that objects or events in the immediate environment have an unusual and particular significance to him or her. In a , the this is not the case here. persecutory delusion Correct Answer is person feels that he or she is being mistreated in some way or conspired against; Systematized delusions Correct Answer is organized around a coherent theme Lazarus' theory (emotion theory) Correct Answer is Lazarus' theory proposes that a thought (cognitive appraisal) must precede any emotion or physiological arousal. Cannon-Bard (emotion theory) Correct Answer is Cannon-Bard (a.) states physiological and emotional arousal are experienced at the same time. -theory of emotion that says that a stimulus causes simultaneously psyiological arousal and the subjective experience of an emotion James-Lange Correct Answer is an event causes physiological arousal first, then interpretation and finally the experience of emotion Schachter-Singer Correct Answer is an event causes physiological arousal first, then reasoning and finally the experience of emotion Facial feedback Correct Answer is changes in facial muscles cue the brain and provide the basis of emotion. organizational process consultant Correct Answer is process consultant, rather than merely correcting problems for his or her client, focuses on an organization's underlying processes, with the goal of making changes in processes so that individuals within the organization can solve their own problems. Thus, choice D is the best answer, as it is the only one which offers a way in which the nurses and administrators can work together to solve the problem of dissatisfaction with work conditions. By comparison, choices A and B would have the consultant diagnose and "fix" the problem; these interventions would be consistent with the medical rather than the process model of consultation. absence seizures Correct Answer is Absence or Petit Mal Seizures are very brief (30 seconds or less) and are characterized by minimal motor activity and a lack of awareness. Absence seizures usually begin in childhood and most outgrow the condition by adulthood. Researchers believe that absence seizures originate in the thalamus (the central relay station for sensory information going to the cortex). complex partial seizure disorder Correct Answer is formerly known as temporal lobe epilepsy, originates in the temporal lobe brain basis of Parkinson's disease Correct Answer is basal ganglia severity error Correct Answer is occurs with raters who are unusually harsh in their ratings Another term for the strictness bias or error is severity error. This rater bias refers to the tendency of raters to rate all ratees using the low end of the rating scale. Central tendency bias MAOI Correct Answer is Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitor Drug effective for depression; any of a group of antidepressant drugs that inhibit the action of monoamine oxidase in the brain and so allow monoamines to accumulate self-directed work teams Correct Answer is Self-directed work teams are self-directed; i.e., they determine their own goals, plan their own work processes, and may even hire their own replacements. A distinguishing characteristic of self-directed work teams is that members are generalists (versus specialists), and each member has (or learns) a broad range of skills. A possible downside of self-directed work teams is that they are associated with higher absenteeism than more traditional work groups. Guilford theory of intelligence Correct Answer is J.P. Guilford identified 120 elements using factor analysis that he proposed in sum comprise intelligence. Convergent thinking is the ability to group or analyze divergent ideas usually leading to a unifying concept or single solution. Divergent thinking is the ability to generate creative, new ideas or to elaborate or branch off from traditional approaches, such as in brainstorming or "thinking out of the box." Galton theory of intelligence Correct Answer is Galton (a.) postulated that intelligence is an inherited trait distributed normally across the population. Thurstone's theory of intelligence Correct Answer is Thurstone (b.) applied his method of factor analysis to intelligence leading to his proposed theory of Primary Mental Abilities (that individuals possess varying degrees of sub-components of intelligence). Catell and Horn's theory of intelligence Correct Answer is Distinguishes between fluid and crystallized intelligence, and visual- spatial reasoning. confirmatory bias Correct Answer is seek, interpret, and create information that verifies our existing beliefs. Self-serving bias Correct Answer is tendency to attribute one's successes to internal factors and one's failures to external factors fundamental attribution bias or error Correct Answer is tendency to overestimate dispositional (personality) factors and underestimate situational factors in explaining a person's behavior Alzheimer's is related to under production of Correct Answer is acetylcholine Huessman et al., 2003; childhood exposure to tv violence Correct Answer is Unlike studies on children growing up in the 1960's which found aggressive behavior only in males, Huesmann et al. (2003) found childhood exposure to TV violence is stimulating an increase in adult aggression in males and females. This effect persists even when the effects of socioeconomic status, intellectual ability, and a variety of parenting factors are controlled. More childhood exposure to TV violence, greater childhood identification with same-sex aggressive TV characters, and a stronger childhood belief that violent shows tell about life "just like it is" predicted more adult aggression regardless of the initial aggressiveness of the child. sexual dimorphism Correct Answer is refers to any consistent differences between males and females in size or shape. Sexual dimorphism enables animals to readily identify males and females of their species which serves to facilitate mating. The cortex is the least developed part of the brain at birth. Subsequent development is due primarily to Correct Answer is myelination of existin neurons; Nearly all of the neurons are present at birth, and continued development of the brain following birth is due primarily to an increased number of dendrites and myelination of the existing neurons. The symptoms of OCD can be alleviated through CB treatments and medication interventions that reduce activity in the Correct Answer is caudate nucleaus The caudate nucleus appears to be overactive in people diagnosed with OCD. L.R. Baxter (1992) reports that both behavioral interventions and drug therapy affect metabolic rate in the caudate nucleus. reticular activating system Correct Answer is is involved in attention and arousal inferior colliculus Correct Answer is controls auditory reflexes locus coeruleus Correct Answer is may be associated with Depression and Panic Disorder. three components of long-term memory Correct Answer is Long-term memory has been divided into three components: semantic memory, procedural memory, and episodic memory. Semantic memory Correct Answer is memory for the rules of logic and inference, as well as knowledge about language (e.g., what words mean and how they are used) Procedural memory Correct Answer is information about how to do things, such as how to drive a car Episodic memory Correct Answer is contains information about events that have been personally experienced shared variability (in factor loading) Correct Answer is A method for interpreting the correlation between two different variables; calculated by squaring the correlation coefficient. For example, if the correlation between a predictor and critierion is .30, the variability shared between the variables is .09 (9%). (Or, put another way, 9% of variability in criterion scores is explained by variability in the predictor.) AIDS dementia complex Correct Answer is cognitive impairment associated with HIV. -occurs in about 2/3 of all AIDS patients. Usually, one of the first cognitive signs of dementia (both in AIDS and non-AIDS patients) is a loss of concentration and a mild memory loss, especially for recent events. signs of dementia Correct Answer is loss of concentration and a mild memory loss, especially for recent events. A therapist using Beck's cognitive approach to therapy would rely primarily on which michroskill to induce desirable changes in a depressed client Correct Answer is Questioning - a very important strategy in Beck's cognitive therapy and, in fact, the majority of communications by the therapist take the form of questions designed to help the client consider particular issues, options, and so on. Structural equation modeling Correct Answer is A multivariate technique used to evaluate the causal (predictive) influences or test causal hypotheses about the relationships among a set of factors -identify the underlying (latent) factors that relate to a set of measured variables and the nature of thecausal relationships between those factors Cluster analysis Correct Answer is used to identify homogeneous subgroups in a heterogeneous collection of observations Q-technique factor analysis Correct Answer is determines how many types of people a sample of people represents