Erik Erikson's Stages of Psychosocial Development and Cognitive Theories, Exams of Advanced Education

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ASWB Masters Exam 2024 questions and answers

Erik Erikson's stages of psychosocial development (1) Trust vs. Mistrust; (2) Autonomy vs. Shame; (3) Initiative vs. Guilt; (4) Industry vs. Inferiority; (5) Identity vs. Confusion; (6) Intimacy vs. Isolation; (7) Generativity vs. Self-absorption; (8) Integrity vs. Despair. autonmy vs shame and doubt Stage 2. 18 months - 3 years. personal growth and sense of autonomy and guilt. Usually potty trained. Trust vs. Mistrust 0-18 months dependent on caregiver initiatve vs. guilt Stage 3. 3-5 years grows a sense of purpose. May feel guilt when overwhelmed if not done well. If done well, initiative and drive and ability to work well with peers. Industry vs. Inferiority Stage 4. 5-12 years, when the child learns to be productive while balancing social relationships. Competence through achievement. Signs of self doubt and insecurity not growth. identity vs. role confusion Stage 5. 12-18 years. Stage during which teenagers and young adults search for and become their true selves. Lack self-identity and confusions in one's beliefs and ideas. Intimacy vs Isolation Stage 6. 18-40 years. love and intimacy. Ability to build life long relationships. Failure to do so results in loneliness. Generativity vs. Stagnation Stage 7. Ages 40-65 years old. which middle-aged people begin to devote themselves more to fulfilling one's potential and doing public service ego vs despair Frued's Psychosexual Stages

1. Oral Stage
2. Anal Stage
3. Phallic Stage
4. Latency Stage
5. Genital Stage Oral Stage 1. Frued 0-12 months, resolves around an infants mouth. Feelings of security when basic needs are met. When unmet it results in things like nail biting and smoking at supporting evidence. Anal Stage 2. Frued 1-3 years. Children are developing and expressing themselves and individual. May find pleasure to have control over bodily waste and expelling waste. Phallic Stage 3. Frued 3-6 years. Awareness of genitals, body differences, and curiosity of the opposite gender. Sexual reactions have been shown to surface. Latency Stage 4. Frued 6 through puberty. Sexual interests are dismissed and energy is diverted to new things they're learning. Genital Stage 5. Frued Puberty - adulthood. switch from self pleasure to looking for mutual pleasures. Jean Paget's theory of cognitive development Theorized that a child's intelligence changes as they grow. He outlined 4 stages of development. Sensorimotor Stage (Piaget) 0-2 years old. Object permanence, children understand that objects exist without sensing them. They learn through sight, sounds, smell, touch, and taste. Preoperational Stage (Piaget) 2-7 years old. Symbolic thought, learning that one thing can have multiple meanings. Kids enjoy playing pretend and learn to represent objects with words or pictures. Concrete Operational Stage (Piaget) 7-11 years old. Logical thought is the main focus of this stage. Children begin to rely on logical and concrete thinking during this stage. They are able to start putting events in sequence and organize their thoughts and feelings. Formal Operational Stage (Piaget)

12 throughout adulthood. Abstract thinking is the focus on this stage. Children are able to think of the abstract and use logic and reasons to solve problems. Large character development changes occur during this stage. Focuses on 5 sense to learn and grow mentally. Jean Piagets Cognitive Developmental Theory Rational Choice Theory Individuals will use rational thought to make choices that benefit their own self interests. Adam Smith during the mid 1700's. PIE Theory (Person in environment) Person is heavily influenced by their environment. Any issue a person develops can most often be associated with environmental influences they have been exposed to. 4 Core Types of Typical Development Cognitive. Emotional. Physical. Sexual Development. Birth - 3 years - Infant and Toddlers Brains are like sponges, and develop the most during this stage. Learn by using their sense of taste, touch, and smell, especially through play. 4 - 6 years - Young Children Children grow at a slower stage. Young children best respond to praise, reward systems, and clear rules and boundaries. 7 - 12 years - Older Children Independence and safety are crucial as they are developing all of their skills. 13 - 17 years - Adolescents Develop peer groups and relationships. 18 - 35 years - Young Adult relationships, career growth, starting a family. 36 - 64 years - Middle Aged Adults Affects of age on the body. Need to find hope and purpose in life. 65 - 79 years - Older Adults Balance independence with assistance. 80 years+ - Elders Decline in health mentally and physically.

Physical Health Caring for your body in a proper way, includes, balancing and maintaining physical activity and nutrition. Mental Health State of mind and ability to deal with life stressors. Life stressors include home, personal, work, and social life. Emotional Health Being in control of your behaviors, feelings, and thoughts. If a person is emotionally unwell it will seep into other areas of their lives. Social Health Interpersonal relationships with other people. Ability to adapt and act in a comfortable manner in a wide range of settings and situations. Spiritual Health Individuals emotions and feelings towards having a purpose in life. Impacts how a person shapes their moral and ethical values. Can be associated with spirituality, faith, and/or a belief in a higher power. Self Image the characteristics that a person sees in himself or herself Family Life Cycle Theory Family Development revolves around the patterns of change that occur in a family overtime. Stage 1 of family life cycle theory

1. young single adults leave parents homes and move out on their own. Develop their own sense of self and become their own person while still keeping connected with their family at a distance. Stage 2 of family life cycle theory
2. Young adults develop interpersonal and romantic relationships. Dynamic changes happen when partner is integrated into partners life. Stage 3 of family life cycle theory Young adults have children of their own and realign to their own family dynamics. Stage 4 of family life cycle theory Family now has adolescent children. Parents begin refocusing their careers and taking care of their aging parents. Stage 5 of family life cycle theory Parents accept being empty nesters. Realign focus on relationship with partners and dealing with the failing health and death of parents.

Stage 6 of family life cycle theory Parents shift to noticeable aging in the middle stages of their lives and children begin assisting in taking care of their parents. What are the 5 key catalysts to substance abuse?

1. Negative reinforcement or pain avoidance 2. positive reinforcement or pleasure seeking 3. incentive salience or craving 4. stimulus-response learning, or habits 5. inhibitory control dysfunction, or impulsivity Bandura's social learning theory Children learn from multiple ways. Learning through witnessing and through observations. Children seeking approval and praise, mimic behaviors where they see an individual receives praise. Bandura's Social Learning Theory John Bowlby's Attachment Theory Children need to bond and form attachments for their overall health and development. What years are the most important for bonding according to Bowlby's Attachment Theory? The first 5 years. Failure to do so can cause life-long harm. Bowlby's attachment theory, key point 1 Children are born with the innate instinct to bond with their primary caregiver. This is derived through instinct rather than a behavior that needs to be learned Bowlby's attachment theory, key point 2 The first two years of development are the most critical for a child's development. Bowlby's attachment theory, key point 3 Lack of support results in maternal deprivation that are permanent and irreparable. Maternal deprivation symptoms affectionless psychotherapy, depression, delinquency, overly aggressive, less intelligent. Cognitive, emotional, and social that will last throughout the child's life. Bowlby's attachment theory key point 4 Short term and long term separation from care givers that can result in a great deal of distress. There are 3 stages. Stage one of distress (Bowlby) Protest Infant or child will protest their source of attachment leaving or being absent by crying, screaming, or otherwise expressing outrage.

Stage two of distress (Bowlby) Despair The anger will subside outwardly and they may appear calm but they will be withdrawn. They'll be uninterested in engaging in activities around them, and will refuse or avoid any source of comfort from others. Stage 3 of distress (Bowlby) Detachment The child will eventually reengage with others around them. When/if the primary caregiver returns the child will often show feelings of anger and resentment towards their caregiver. They may also choose to reject their caregivers affections. Bowlby's Attachment Theory Key Point 5 Foundation in which children develop cognitive coloration to self to others and to the world around them. Bowlby's 3 key points of internal working model

1. Their own self-value 2. The trust worthiness of others 3. The interactions of themselves with others. How many core values does the NASW code of ethics have? Six

1. service
2. social justice
3. dignity and worth of the person
4. importance of human relationships
5. integrity
6. competence What is the first strategy of conflict resolution? Avoidance What stage is defined as the completion of the treatment goal and dismissal of the program. termination The achieved education, training, and certification required to enter a professional field and practice in that profession in an active capacity is known as what? Accreditation Formal Acknowledgment of education and training that provides the qualifications to perform in a line of work Accreditation Detailed information that is collected on an individual as part of the intervention process. Assessment

Characterized by a social workers commitment to help individuals, couples, families, groups, and communities identify their needs, decide how to meet those needs, utilize resources that can assist in resolving those needs, and assist in having those needs met and resolving the issues. Service Contusion medical term for bruise Behavioral Health Mental health, resilience, and well being are related to physical expressions or behaviors. Accessibility The ability to get and receive services Advocacy Intervening on the behalf of another individual or group or community in order to defend represent or support them. Best Practice A technique that is deemed to be the best way to address, cope, or deal with a given situation. Co-dependency An unhealthy relationship development between individuals where one individual prioritizes the other individuals needs over their own. Sublimation Defense mechanism where an individual take their negative feelings and channels them into safe and constructive activities Inhibitory control dysfunction The abuse of a substance out of an impulse behavior. Stimulus Response Learning The abuse of a substance as a habit that the individual has developed. Denial Individuals pushing events aside so that it does not take an emotional and mental toll that they are unprepared to deal with. Cognitive Behavioral Therapy This form of therapy is generally designed to take place for a short period of time. It is a goal-oriented therapy that focuses on cognitive and behavioral links.

Psychodynamic therapy This form of therapy puts a focus on specific life events that have occurred and past or present relationships. It explores how those things affect our feelings, thoughts, actions, and relationships now. This form of therapy takes upwards of a year or more to complete. Dialectical Behavioral Therapy It helps to build skills and change behavior patterns to help the individual handle their emotional health, cope with stress in a healthy way, improve their relationships with other people and live a life of healthy mindfulness. Humanistic/experiential/holistic therapy This therapy highlights nature and not behavior. It revolves around focusing on the person as a whole. This form of therapy can be a good choice for those with anxiety, depression, and low self-esteem, among other things. What is the second strategy of conflict resolution? competing Competing 2nd strategy of conflict resolution when an individual goes into a conflict with the mindset that they are going to win. What is the third strategy of conflict resolution? Accommodating Acommondating The third strategy of conflict resolution where the individual or group has to concede to the demands of others. What is the fourth stage of conflict resolution? Collaborating Collaborating The fourth stage of conflict resolution, where both parties are actively listening to find a solution that works for everyone involved. What is the fifth and final stage of conflict resolution? Compromising Compromising The fifth stage of conflict resolution where individuals come together to establish what they each want and then splitting the difference or finding a middle ground where they are each gaining something.

What is the tenth and final stage of anger management? Learning to control your anger and being willing to ask for help. What is the ninth strategy of anger management? Using relaxation techniques to dispelling anger. What is the eight strategy of anger management? Utilizing humor for reducing and expelling tension. What is the seventh strategy of anger management? Forgiveness. Holding onto negative feelings prevents you from moving forward. What is the sixth strategy of anger management? Stick with "I" statements and avoid blaming others or criticizing them for your reactions. What is the fifth strategy of anger management? Focus and identify the cause and explore solutions. What is the fourth strategy of anger management? To take a timeout. Remove yourself for a short period of time to reduce your stress. What is the third strategy of anger management? To exercise or do some sort of physical activity to reduce stress. What is the second strategy of anger management? To relax and calm down. What is the first strategy of anger management? Think before you speak. Partializing Techniques Taking small steps or actions in order to achieve desired techniques. Task-Centered Approaches Designed to be a short-term way to address problem solving. Contracting and goal setting techniques The social workers and client come together to create a written agreement that will act as a guide or a road map from where they're starting to where they're ultimately wanting to end. Psycho-educational Approaches

Using a balance of education and clinical influence as a means to deal with an underlying emotional trauma. It's most often used with children. It can help prevent emotional relapse, people are most likely to stick with this, and improve their quality of life. Cognitive and behavioral intervention These approaches are commonly used when dealing with issues that require an intervention.