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Name: ___________________________ Class: _________________ Date: __________
Chapter 01
- Living systems are incredibly diverse in size, shape, environment, and behavior. It
is estimated that there are between 10 million and 100 million different species.
Despite this wide variety of organisms, it remains difficult to define what it means
to say something is alive. Which of the following can be described as the smallest
living unit?
a. DNA
b. cell
c. organelle
d. protein
- The central dogma provides a framework for thinking about how genetic
information is copied and used to produce structural and catalytic components of
the cell. From the choices below, select the order of components and biochemical
processes that best correlates with the tenets of the central dogma.
a. DNA [transcription] RNA [translation] protein
b. protein [translation] RNA [transcription] DNA
c. DNA [translation] RNA [transcription] protein
d. RNA [transcription] protein [translation] DNA
- Proteins are important architectural and catalytic components within the cell,
helping to determine its chemistry, shape, and ability to respond to changes in the
environment. Remarkably, all the different proteins in a cell are made from the
same 20 __________. By linking them in different sequences, the cell can make
protein molecules with different conformations and surface chemistries, and
therefore different functions.
a. nucleotides
b. sugars
c. amino acids
d. fatty acids
- Which statement is FALSE about mutations?
a. A mutation is a change in the DNA that can generate offspring less fit for
survival than their parents.
b. A mutation can be a result of imperfect DNA replication.
c. A mutation is a result of sexual reproduction.
d. A mutation is a change in the DNA that can generate offspring that are as
fit for survival as their parents are.
- Changes in DNA sequences from one generation to the next may result in
offspring that are altered in fitness compared with their parents. The process of
change and selection over the course of many generations is the basis of
a. mutation.
b. evolution.
c. heredity.
d. reproduction.
- Select the option that best finishes the following statement: Evolution is a process
a. that can be understood based on the principles of mutation and selection.
b. that results from repeated cycles of adaptation over billions of years.
c. by which all present-day cells arose from four to five different ancestral
cells.
d. that requires hundreds of thousands of years.
- A cell’s genome
a. is defined as all the genes being used to make protein.
b. contains all of a cell’s DNA.
c. constantly changes, depending upon the cell’s environment.
d. is altered during embryonic development.
- Which statement is FALSE about the events/conclusions from studies during the
mid-1800s surrounding the discovery of cells?
a. Cells came to be known as the smallest universal building block of living
organisms.
a. fluorescein
b. formaldehyde
c. osmium tetroxide
d. methylene blue
13.Prokaryotic cells do not possess
a. a nucleus.
b. replication machinery.
c. ribosomes.
d. membrane bilayers.
14.Which three characteristics best support the rapid evolution of prokaryotic
populations?
a. microscopic, motile, anaerobic
b. aerobic, motile, rapid growth
c. no organelles, cell wall, can exchange DNA
d. large population, rapid growth, can exchange DNA
15.The world of prokaryotes is divided into two domains (bacteria and archaea),
each as different from the other as from eukaryotes. Select the observable
characteristic that best distinguishes archaea from bacteria.
a. can metabolize inorganic substances
b. are found in extremely harsh environments
c. thrive in anaerobic conditions
d. are photosynthetic organisms
16.After 12 years of painstaking work, researchers managed to grow in a laboratory
bioreactor an archaeon species that belongs to the lineage of archaea with the
most eukaryotic-like genes. Which of the following characteristics of this organism
is most relevant to our understanding of the evolution of eukaryotes?
a. cellular protrusions extending from the cell body
b. native to hydrothermal vents on the ocean floor
c. required methane gas for growth in bioreactor
d. originally identified off the coast of Greenland
17.The __________ is made up of two concentric membranes and is continuous with
the membrane of the endoplasmic reticulum.
a. plasma membrane
b. Golgi network
c. mitochondrial membrane
d. nuclear envelope
18.The nucleus, an organelle found in eukaryotic cells, confines the __________,
keeping them separated from other components of the cell.
a. lysosomes
b. chromosomes
c. peroxisomes
d. ribosomes
19.Which of the following organelles has both an outer and an inner membrane?
a. endoplasmic reticulum
b. mitochondrion
c. lysosome
d. peroxisome
20.Mitochondria perform cellular respiration, a process that uses oxygen, generates
carbon dioxide, and produces chemical energy for the cell. Which answer below
is a correct pairing of the material consumed with the form of energy produced
during cellular respiration?
a. fat, ADP
b. sugar, fat
c. sugar, ATP
d. fat, protein
21.Mitochondria contain their own genome, can duplicate, and divide on a different
a. transport of material to the Golgi apparatus
b. clean up, recycling, and disposal of macromolecules
c. inactivation of toxic molecules via hydrogen peroxide
d. storage of excess macromolecules
26.The cell constantly exchanges materials by bringing nutrients in from the external
environment and shuttling unwanted by-products back out. Which term describes
the process by which external materials are captured inside transport vesicles
and brought into the cell?
a. degradation
b. exocytosis
c. oxidation
d. endocytosis
27.Eukaryotic cells can trigger the release of material from secretory vesicles to the
extracellular space using a process called exocytosis. An example of materials
commonly released this way is
a. hormones.
b. nucleic acids.
c. sugars.
d. cytosolic proteins.
28.__________ are small, membrane-bound organelles that provide a safe place
within the cell to carry out biochemical reactions that generate and remove
harmful, highly reactive oxygen species like superoxide and hydrogen peroxide.
a. Vesicles
b. Lysosomes
c. Peroxisomes
d. Endosomes
29.The cytoskeleton provides support, structure, motility, and organization, and it
forms tracks to direct organelle and vesicle transport. Which of the cytoskeletal
elements listed below is the thickest?
a. actin filaments
b. microtubules
c. intermediate filaments
d. none of these (all have the same thickness)
30.Despite the differences between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells, prokaryotes
have proteins that are distantly related to eukaryotic actin filaments and
microtubules. What is likely to be the most ancient function of the cytoskeleton?
a. cell motility
b. vesicle transport
c. membrane support
d. cell division
31.Choose the phrase that best completes the following sentence:
Microtubules __________ and are required to pull duplicated chromosomes to
opposite poles of dividing cells.
a. generate contractile forces
b. are intermediate in thickness
c. can rapidly reorganize
d. are found in especially large numbers in muscle cells
32.Which pair of values best fills in the blanks in the following statement?
On average, eukaryotic cells are __________ times longer and have __________
times more volume than prokaryotic cells.
a. 5; 100
b. 10; 200
c. 10; 100
d. 10; 1000
33.Cells that are specialized for the secretion of proteins are likely to have which of
the following features?
a. long bundles of actin/myosin proteins
b. small volume of cytoplasm
c. S. cerevisiae
d. C. elegans
- A. thaliana , or Arabidopsis , is a common weed. Biologists have selected it over
hundreds of thousands of other flowering plant species to serve as an
experimental model organism because it
a. can withstand extremely cold climates.
b. can reproduce in 8–10 weeks.
c. produces millions of offspring per plant.
d. can be grown outdoors.
- Drosophila melanogaster is a(n) __________. This type of animal is the most
abundant of all animal species, making it an appropriate choice as an
experimental model.
a. insect
b. bird
c. amphibian
d. mammal
- C. elegans is a nematode. During its development, it produces more than 1000
cells. However, the adult worm has only 959 somatic cells. The process by which
131 cells are specifically targeted for destruction is called
a. directed cell pruning.
b. programmed cell death.
c. autophagy.
d. necrosis.
41.Zebrafish ( Danio rerio ) are especially useful in the study of early development
because their embryos
a. are exceptionally large.
b. develop slowly.
c. are transparent.
d. are pigmented.
42.You wish to explore how mutations in specific genes affecting sugar metabolism
might alter tooth development. Which organism is likely to provide the best model
system for your studies?
a. horses
b. mice
c. E. coli
d. Arabidopsis
43.Scientists have observed all but one of the following outcomes in studies of
human cells grown in tissue culture. Which outcome have they NOT observed?
a. Cultured neurons extend axons that form functional connections with other
cells.
b. Epithelial cells join to form continuous sheets that mimic tissue layers inside
the body.
c. Cultured cells change their shape and/or behavior when exposed to
hormones and growth factors.
d. Embryonic cells differentiate into multiple cell types and produce fully
functional organs that can be used for transplantation.
44.The SARS-CoV-2 virus that was responsible for the COVID-19 pandemic
provides a great example of the value of genetic research to human health.
Which of the following genetic findings about the SARS-CoV-2 virus was most
directly responsible for the mask mandates common during the pandemic?
a. The virus belongs to the coronavirus family of viruses.
b. mRNAs encoding viral spike proteins elicit a robust immune response.
c. Genome comparisons showed the virus spreads by asymptomatic carriers.
d. The virus is a great model system for studying infectious particles.
- The following figure shows an experiment conducted by Paul Nurse and
colleagues to see if a cell division defect in S. pombe yeast cells could be fixed,
or “rescued,” by adding the genetic material from closely related S. cerevisiae
yeast cells. Study the figure carefully. What would you expect to happen if human
DNA had been used instead of S. cerevisiae DNA? Why?
c. Fluorescence
d. Phase-contrast
e. Scanning electron
f. Bright-field
- __________ uses a light microscope with an optical component to take
advantage of the different refractive indices of light passing through
different regions of the cell.
- __________ employs a light microscope and requires that samples derived
from thick tissues be fixed and stained in order to reveal cellular details.
- __________ requires the use of two sets of filters. The first filter set narrows
the wavelength range that reaches the specimen; the second blocks out all
wavelengths that pass back up to the eyepiece except for those emitted by
the dye in the sample.
- __________ scans the specimen with a focused laser beam to obtain a
series of two-dimensional optical sections that can be used to reconstruct
an image of the specimen in three dimensions. The laser excites a
fluorescent dye molecule, and the emitted light from each illuminated point
is captured through a pinhole and recorded by a detector.
- __________ can resolve cellular components as small as 2 nm.
- __________ requires coating a sample with a thin layer of a heavy metal to
produce three-dimensional images of the sample surface.
47.Match a structure from the list below (A–G) with the labels 1–7 in the schematic
drawing of an animal cell in Figure 1-2.
Figure 1 - 2
a. plasma membrane
b. nuclear envelope
c. cytosol
d. Golgi apparatus
e. endoplasmic reticulum
f. mitochondrion
g. transport vesicles
48.Select all the cell types in which the listed structure or molecule can be found.
Note that the structure or molecule can be found in more than one type of cell.
Figure 1- 3
a. animal
b. plant
c. bacterial
d. animal and plant
e. plant and bacterial
f. animal and bacterial
g. animal, plant, and bacterial
1. DNA
- nucleus
- plasma membrane
- chloroplast
- cell wall
- bright-field
- phase-contrast
- fluorescence
- transmission electron
51.For each of the following sentences, fill in the blanks with the best word or phrase
selected from the list below. Not all words or phrases will be used, and each word
or phrase should be used only once.
Eukaryotic cells are bigger and more elaborate than prokaryotic cells. By
definition, all eukaryotic cells have a _____1_____, usually the most prominent
organelle. Another organelle found in essentially all eukaryotic cells is the
_____2_____, which generates the chemical energy for the cell. In contrast, the
_____3_____ is a type of organelle found only in the cells of plants and algae; it
performs photosynthesis. If we were to strip away the plasma membrane from a
eukaryotic cell and remove all of its membrane-enclosed organelles, we would be
left with the _____4_____, which contains many long, fine filaments of protein
that are responsible for cell shape and structure, and thereby form the cell’s
_____5_____.
a. chloroplast
b. chromosome
c. cytoskeleton
d. cytosol
e. endoplasmic reticulum
f. mitochondrion
g. nucleus
h. ribosomes
52.Brewer’s yeast, apart from being an irreplaceable asset in the brewery and in the
bakery, is an experimental organism used to study eukaryotic cells. However, it
does have some limitations. Which of the processes can and cannot be studied in
yeast?
a. can be studied in yeast
b. cannot be studied in yeast
- differentiation
- motility
- exocytosis
- cell division
53.Number the following cells based on when they are believed to have evolved.
a. 1
b. 2
c. 3
d. 4
e. 5
f. 6
- anaerobic eukaryote
- aerobic prokaryote
- anaerobic prokaryote
- photosynthetic eukaryote
- aerobic eukaryote
- photosynthetic prokaryote
54.Given what you know about the differences between prokaryotic cells and
eukaryotic cells, rate the following biological processes as “unsuitable” or
“suitable” for study using E. coli as the model organism.
a. unsuitable
b. suitable
- formation of the endoplasmic reticulum
- DNA replication
- how the actin cytoskeleton contributes to cell shape
- how cells decode their genetic instructions to make proteins
- how mitochondria get distributed to cells during cell division
55.For each of the four processes in the table below, identify which one of the three
model organisms would be the best choice for studying the process indicated.
There is one correct model organism for each process.
_4. D. rerio
- D. melanogaster_
- Paramecium is a multicellular microorganism covered with hairlike cilia.
a. True
b. False
58.If you sequenced the genome of one type of differentiated cell in a plant or
animal, it would include unique sequences that are not found in the genome of a
second type of differentiated cell from the same plant or animal.
a. True
b. False
59.The presence of the plasma membrane can be inferred by the well-defined
boundary of the cell.
a. True
b. False
60.The terms “prokaryote” and “bacterium” are synonyms.
a. True
b. False
61.Mitochondria are thought to have evolved from anaerobic bacteria.
a. True
b. False
62.With respect to cellular respiration, the only organelles used by animal cells are
mitochondria, while plant cells use both mitochondria and chloroplasts.
a. True
b. False
63.The Golgi apparatus is made up of a series of membrane-enclosed
compartments through which materials destined for secretion must pass.
a. True
b. False
64.Lysosomes are small organelles where fatty acid synthesis occurs.
a. True
b. False
65.Plant cells do not require a cytoskeleton because they have a cell wall that lends
structure and support to the cell.
a. True
b. False
66.Thermal energy promotes random movement of proteins, vesicles, and small
molecules in the cytosol.
a. True
b. False
67.Protozoans are single-celled eukaryotes with cell morphologies and behaviors
that can be as complex as those of some multicellular organisms.
a. True
b. False
68.The first eukaryotic cells on Earth must have been aerobic; otherwise, they would
not have been able to survive when the planet’s atmosphere became oxygen-
rich.
a. True
b. False
69.The variation in genome size among protozoans is larger than that observed
