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A concise overview of essential medical guidelines for adults, covering various aspects of preventive care and health management. It outlines recommended screening schedules for common health conditions, including cancer, cardiovascular disease, and infectious diseases. The document also includes information on the use of common herbal supplements, their potential benefits, and associated risks. Additionally, it provides a summary of key concepts related to healthcare policy, nursing theory, and pain management.
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When should adults get the PNA vaccine? - ANS-Age 19-64: smoker, asthma, COPD, DM, ETOH, is immunocompromised or living in facility Age 65+: PPSV23 AND PCV How often should you get a physical exam? - ANS-Once from 11-14, 15-17, 18 - 21 Every 5 - 6 years from ages 20 - 59 Every 2 years from age 60+ When should you check lipid panel? - ANS-Starting at age 20 and every 5years unless
200 mg/dL When should mammography and prostate screening begin? - ANS- Mammography: starting between 40-50 and continue as long as she has 10+ more years Prostate: At 40 if family hx of AA. At 50 for everyone else When should you have baseline ECG in place? - ANS-Age 40 When should colorectal screening start? - ANS-Age 50. Annual FOBT withflex sig q 5 years and colonoscopy q 10 years When should glaucoma testing start? - ANS-Age 40 and yearly When should herpes zoster be given? - ANS-Age 50 - 60 When can Pap smear be discontinued? - ANS-Age > 65-70 with three consecutive normal tests and no abnormal tests in last 10 years Top 4 killers in the US of everyone - ANS-Heart disease, colorectal cancer, Lowe respiratory disease (COPD, asthma, flu, PNA), CVA stroke Cancer with highest mortality in both men and women? - ANS-Lung What is the most common cancer in women in the US? - ANS-Breast What is the most common cancer in men in the US? - ANS-Prostate Who should get hep A vaccine? - ANS-Military, travelers, men who have sex with men
Who should have hep B vaccine? - ANS-Healthcare workers and high risk patients What is ginger used for and what should you watch for? - ANS-Nausea,dyspepsia, constipation, colic INCREASED RISK OF BLEEDING What is ginseng used for and what should you watch for? - ANS-Increaseoverall well- being, Lower cholesterol, reduce fatigue, enhance libido INCREASED RISK OF BLEEDING, mania with MAOIs, May inhibit opioids What is St. John's wort used for and what should you watch for? - ANS-Depression, anxiety, sleep disorders, BPH INCREASED RISK OF CLOTTING, many drug interactions, may increase efficacy of opioids What is echinacea used for and what should you watch for? - ANS-Commoncold Anaphylaxis, hepatotoxicity, nephrotoxicity, increased sedation during anesthesia What is gingko Biloba used for and what should you watch for? - ANS-Memory and concentration, claudication and glaucoma INCREASED RISK OF BLEEDING, increased blood pressure Black cohosh use and warning - ANS-Menopausal discomfort INCREASED RISK OF BLEEDING Large amounts may cause seizures, visual changes and bradycardia What is evening primrose used for and what should you watch for? - ANS-Menopausal discomfort May elevate blood glucose May increase the risk of seizures What is kava kava used for and what should you watch for? - ANS-Improverelaxation without messing with clarity High doses can lead to HTN, liver damage, visual impairment and dry skin Do not use with ETOH May worsen Parkinson's What is garlic used for and what should you watch for? - ANS-Indigestion,respiratory complaints, increase energy INCREASED RISK OF BLEEDING What are the two titles of HIPAA? - ANS-Title 1: projects health insurance coverage for workers and their families when they lose their job (Cobra)
Title 2: requires the establishment of national standards for electronic health care transactions and national identifiers for providers, health insurance plans and employers Who is required to follow HIPAA? - ANS-Health care providers, clearinghouses, and health plans What are the two goals of healthy people 2020? - ANS-1) Increase thequality and years of healthy life
How did the inpatient NP develop? - ANS-As a result of managed care,hospital restructuring and decreases in medical residency programs Roles of NP - ANS-Clinicians, consultants, educators, and researchers What makes an experiment study? - ANS-Randomization and control group What is deductive reasoning? Vs. inductive - ANS-Deductive reasoning usesgeneral premises to make specific predictions Inductive is the process of developing a generalization after specific information has been studied What are the USPSTF recommendation grades? - ANS-A recommended withhigh evidence of benefit, B recommended with moderate net benefit, C recommended inselect individuals with small benefits, D not recommended due to harm, I insufficient evidence What does a sensitive test mean? - ANS-- identifies those who have thedisease (true positives)
Step 3: add stronger opioids What is a fever? What numbers should you watch for? - ANS-- elevated body temperature above normal (37 Celsius)
What is the most likely finding in lab on a person with diarrhea - ANS-Metabolic acidosis as the stool due to the loss of alkaline salts A pregnant woman comes in with a soft 2/6 ejection systolic murmur. When should you be concerned? - ANS-This is normal along with an S3. Do not be concerned unless symptoms of HF develop. Diastolic murmurs and S4 are abnormal however. What should you recommend for an incidental adrenal mass? - ANS-Overnight dexamethasone suppression test What symptoms and monitoring indices are consistent with cardiac tamponade? - ANS-- Diastolic equalization of right atrial, pulmonary artery diastolic andPAWP
What is the DESC model of conflict resolution? - ANS-D describe the situation E express concerns S suggest alternatives C state the consequences IgM antibody to hepatitis B core antigen (IgM anti-HBc) - ANS-Positivity indicates recent infection with hepatitis B virus (<6 mos). Its presence indicates acute infection. What is normal calcium level? - ANS-8.5-10.5 mg/dL What is calcitriol? - ANS-the active form of Vit D (1,25 (OH)2 D3). There is a deficiency of this with hypoparathyroidism which means it should be given after thyroidectomy to increase the absorption of calcium. What is calcitonin? - ANS-a hormone secreted by the thyroid that has the effect of lowering blood calcium What is a Lisfranc injury? - ANS-An injury involving the lisfranc joint, which iscomposed of 5 tarsometarsal joints. What side effects do you worry about with Bactrim? - ANS-SJS, bone marrow suppression, electrolyte abnormality, nausea, hepatotoxicity, photosensitivity What are the SEs of ciprofloxacin? - ANS-Diarrhea, headache, drowsiness,insomnia, QT prolongation When should women have screening for osteoporosis? - ANS-Screeningevery 2 years with Dexa bone scan in women > 65 years old When is lung cancer screening recommended? - ANS-annual screening withlow-dose CT for adults 55-80 who have a 30 pack year smoking history and currently smoke or have quit within the past 15 years What volume is normal in the pericardial sac? - ANS- 50 ml What is first degree heart block? - ANS-Prolonged but fixed PR interval > .20seconds ( little boxes); prolonged conduction of atrial impulses without loss of any impulses What is second degree heart block? - ANS-Wenkebach (mobitz 1): PR continues to get longer and longer until a QRS is dropped. "Longer longer longer drop, that is a wenkebach" Mobitz type 2: the PR is lengthened but constant. But then a dropped QRS occurs What is third degree AV block? - ANS-Complete heart block. No conduction (relationship) between the atria and ventricles. P-waves and QRS are unrelated on ECG. P-waves at normal rate (SA node pace); QRS 40 - 60 beats/min (AV node pace).
When should you consider a G tube? - ANS-If supplemental feeding is needed > 6 weeks When should parenteral nutrition be used? - ANS-When GI tract cannot beused. And use the central line if > 2 weeks. What is normal sodium? - ANS- 135 - 145 mEq/L What is normal urine sodium? - ANS- 10 - 20 mEq/L What is normal serum osmolality? - ANS- 275 - 295 mOsm/kg What does high/low urine sodium mean? - ANS-Greater than 20 means renal salt wasting (problem with the kidney). Less than 20 suggests renal retention to compensate What does hypotonic hypovolemia mean? - ANS-Serum osm < 280 = state ofbody water excess If urine Na < 10: dehydration, diarrhea, vomit If urine Na > 10: diuretics, ACE is, mineralcorticoid deficiency What causes hypervolemic, hypotonic hyponatremia? - ANS-Edema, CHF,liver disease, advanced renal failure RESTRICT FLUIDS What causes hypertonic hyponatremia? - ANS-Hyperglycemia What causes hypokalemia? - ANS-1. Reduced intake of K2. Increased entry of K into the cell
What causes hyperkalemia? - ANS-The most common cause is renal failure. Hyperkalemia is also common with massive cell destruction (e.g., burn or crush injury, tumor lysis); rapid transfusion of stored, hemolyzed blood; and catabolic states (e.g., severe infections). What finding on EKG suggests hyperkalemia? - ANS-Tall, peaked T waves What is the treatment for hyperkalemia? - ANS-- Kayexalate
What is a reticulocyte? - ANS-Immature red blood cell. Normal is 0.5-2.5% How do defamation, libel and slander differ? - ANS-Defamation - the act ofmaking a damaging, false statement about a person to someone else as if the statement is fact Slander - spoken Libel - written or printed Which electrolyte should be given in DKA? - ANS-Potassium, unless K > 5. What is Battle's sign? - ANS-Bluish discoloration on the area behind the ears(mastoid process). Associated with basilar skull fracture. What are the signs of a basilar skull fracture? - ANS-Racoon eyes = bilateral periorbital ecchymosis Battle's sign = retroauricular ecchymosis Clear rhinorrhea or otorrhea or blood begins the tympanic membrane. What medications often cause esophageal irritation or "pill esophagitis"? - ANS- Tetracyclines (antibiotics ie doxycycline), NSAIDs, potassium chloride, iron, quinidine, alendronate What disease is heberden's nodes associated with? - ANS-Osteoarthritis.These are hard bong swellings that develop in the DIPs. Bouchards are found in the PIPs. What joint deformity is found in Rheumatoid arthritis? - ANS-Swan neckdeformity of the fingers and boutonniere deformity of the thumb What is the most common cause of acute scrotal pain in adults? - ANS-epididymitis and testicular torsion What is reactive arthritis? - ANS-1) Previously known as Reiter's Syndrome 2) inflammatory arthritis of large joints, inflammation of eyes (conjunctivitis, uveitis), urethritis
What is Cushing's syndrome? - ANS-Elevated cortisol in the blood elevated glucose higher insulin needs risk for DM and CVD What are the symptoms of Cushing's syndrome? - ANS-Central obesity, moon face with buffalo hump, poor wound healing, hypertension, weakness, headache What is Addison disease? - ANS-Adrenal insufficiency. Autoimmune adrenalitis. Symptoms include fatigue, weakness, weight loss, orthodontic hypotension, N/V. If not caught, can lead to hypotension, hyponatremia, hyperkalemia, and hypoglycemia. what does VDRL test for? - ANS-syphilis (specifically neuro?) What is normal calcium levels (total and ionized)? - ANS-Total: 8.5-10.5mg/dL Ionized: 4.5-5.5 mg/dL What are the symptoms of hypocalcemia? - ANS-THINK INCREASED. Increased DTRs, muscle cramps, carpopedal spasm (trousseaus sign - when you put tourniquet on and wrist spasms), convulsions, chvosteks sign (sustained cheek blink), prolonged QT interval Signs of hypercalcemia are - ANS-SLUGGISH: lethargy, headache,weakness, muscle flaccidity, heart block, anorexia, nausea, and vomiting. What is the treatment for hypercalcemia? - ANS-Underlying cause. Normal saline with furosemide if Ca > 12 (is emergency). In malignancy, bisphosphonates are safe and effective. Calcitonin. What is the cause and what are the labs of respiratory acidosis? - ANS-Decreased ventilation (somnolence and confusion) pH < 7. PCO2 > 45 What is the cause and what are the labs of respiratory alkalosis? - ANS- Hyperventilation (anxiety and tingling) pH > 7. pCO2 < 35 What labs are associated with metabolic acidosis? - ANS-Low pHLow bicarbonate (HCO3) Seen in diarrhea and DKA What is an anion gap? - ANS-When the two largest negatives are subtracted from the largest positive are greater than the number 12. [(Na+) + (K+)] - [(HCO3 + Cl-)]
Calculated in metabolic acidosis What is metabolic alkalosis? - ANS-High pH, high HCO3 > 26 usually caused by an excessive loss of metabolic acids (from vomit, suction, diuretics) How do you remember respiratory vs. metabolic in acid/base imbalances? - ANS- ROME: respiratory opposite, metabolic equal What are the categories of burns? - ANS-1st degree: dry red no blisters2nd: partial thickness with blisters! 3rd: full thickness with dry leathery black pearly waxy can extend to muscle and bone What is the rule of 9's in burn management? - ANS- 9 head, 9 left arm, 9 rightarm, 18 anterior torso, 18 posterior torso, 1 genitals, 18 left leg, 18 right leg Describe fluid resuscitation in burns - ANS-- Fluid resuscitation begins at thetime of the burn injury.
What are the s/s and treatment of a salicylate (aspirin) intoxication? - ANS-S/S: n/v, tinnitus, dizziness, headache, dehydration, hyperthermia, apnea, metabolic acidosis Treatment: emesis for recent ingestion, gastric lavage and activated charcoal What are the signs and treatment of organophosphate (insecticide) poisoning? - ANS- N/V/D, salivation, headache, blurred vision and miOsis = cOnstriction, bradycardia mental confusion Treatment: activated charcoal and atropine What are the signs and treatment of antidepressant toxicity? - ANS- Confusion, blurred vision, urinary retention, hypotension, hypothermia, seizures Treatment: gastric lag age/charcoal, sodium bicarbonate, Seizure control, dantrolene sodium to treat serotonin syndrome What are the signs and treatment of narcotic toxicity? - ANS-Drowsiness,hypothermia, resp depression, pinpoint pupils, cocaine = mydriasis, coma Treatment: emetics are contraindicated, gastric lavage/charcoal, naloxone, butorphanol What are the signs and treatment of a benzo overdose? - ANS-Drowsiness,confusion, slurred speech, resp depression, hyporeflexia Treatment: flumazenil, gastric lavage and charcoal What are signs of transplant rejection? - ANS-Immediate failure of organ(watch for urine output) and flu like symptoms WHAT DO YOU DO: immediate biopsy What drugs are people who have transplant on? - ANS-One from each class:1. Calcineurin anhibitor (tacrolimus or cyclosporine)
seborrheic keratosis - ANS-a benign beige brown black plaques skin growth that has a waxy or "pasted on" look. 3-20 mm in diameter. Treatment often none or liquid nitrogen. When should a burn patient be intubated? - ANS-Burns to the face, singednares or eyebrows, dark soot/mucous from nares and/or mouth What should you recommend for stasis dermatitis? - ANS-Keep legselevated while seated What is the treatment for the dawn phenomenon? - ANS-Increase the insulindose at bedtime What is the best treatment for bacterial UTI secondary to Foley cath? - ANS- Ciprofloxacin What is the best treatment for acute pyelonephritis? - ANS-Ceftriaxone What legislation allowed NPs to be recognized Medicare providers in all geographical areas with their own provider number? - ANS-Balanced budget act How do you evaluate cytology only in a tumor - ANS-Fine needle biopsy What is the treatment for HYPERnatremia? - ANS-hypovolemic - normal saline until BP improves then D5W or 1/2 normal saline isovolemic - replace water deficit with free water (D5W) hypervolemic: eliminate excess sodium, loop diuretics and free water (D5W), may need dialysis What is the common lab finding in alcoholic liver disease? - ANS-AST to ALTratio is > 1, and often > 2 What is balanitis? - ANS-Inflammation of the glans penis or clitoris. More commonly refers to males. Can occur at any age. May be the first sign of DM in many men. What is Legionella pneumonia? - ANS-Common cause of community acquired PNA. OFTEN COMPLICATED BY GI symptoms. Diagnosis is made by urinary antigen detection, blood or sputum cultures. What are signs of cardiac tamponade? - ANS-Muffled heart sounds. Jugular vein distention. Decreased BP. Pulsus paradoxus (an exaggerated decrease in BP with inspiration). Dyspnea. Tachypnea. Tacycardia.
What is prepatellar bursitis? - ANS-"Carpet layer knee." Bursa enlarged fromconstant irritation. NO EFFUSION. What labs do you check for von Willebrands disease? - ANS-CBC, aPTT, Pt,risocetin cofactor assay and vWF Ag assay, factor VIII:C activity What is Ober's test? - ANS-To test for iliotibial band syndrome What are side effects of statin meds? - ANS-fatigue, myalgia, increased liver enzymes When should women be screened for osteoporosis? - ANS-Starting at age 65 50 - 65 if they have risk factors History of fx after age 50 from standing position Rheumatoid arthritis Glucocorticoid use HRT use What are signs of HIV? - ANS-Cough, intermittent chills, subjective fevers, myalgias, anorexia, mild skin pallor, cobblestoning and course rhonchi What is chronic prostatitis? - ANS-3 months of dysuria with the same bacterial strain on repeated cultures What do you expect to see on pulmonary function tests of an acute asthma exacerbation? - ANS-Decreased FEV1:FVC ratio, increased total lung capacity and residual volume, peak exploratory flow rate of less than 200 L/min (less than 40% of patient's personal best) What side effect should you watch for with ARBs? - ANS-Hyperkalemia What is the classic finding of aortic stenosis? - ANS-A harsh, crescendo- decreshendo systolic murmur that is loudest over the second right intercostal space What are the liver lab findings for hepatitis A? - ANS-ALT is generally higher than AST When initiating clopidogrel, what should you watch for? - ANS-TTP(thrombocytopenic purpura):
Diagnosis: peripheral blood smear What is the leading cause of blindness in the elderly? - ANS-age-relatedmacular degeneration What is the antidote for moderate serotonin syndrome? - ANS- Cyproheptadine What does "the worst headache I have ever had" suggest? - ANS-Subarachnoid hemorrhage. Get a head CT. Is Lyme disease a reportable disease in all states? - ANS-Yes What is varus stress? - ANS-Force that moves the joint away from the midline Which beta blocker is cardioselective? - ANS-Atenolol What is a concerning side effect of SSRIs? - ANS-QT prolongation What is CLL? - ANS-Chronic lymphocytic leukemia. A clonal malignancy of B lymphocytes. Most common leukemia! More common in men than women. Median age of onset is 72. Enlarged lymph nodes are the most common sign, with splenomegaly, hepatomegaly, pallor, fatigue and early satiety. What is the most common finding in CML? - ANS-Philadelphia chromosome What are the components of metabolic syndrome? - ANS-1. Central obesity
40 in med and > 35 in women
Treatment: Can't confirm this unless BS is checked 0200-0400 and on awakening (if both are high, then add or increase nighttime insulin How do you distinguish between DKA and HHNK in terms of presentation? - ANS- Both: polyuria, weakness, changes in LOC, dehydration, hypotension, tachycardia DKA: N/V, diffuse abd pain, fruity breath, ketones in urine, glucose > 300 HHNK: coma (usually has longer onset), no ketones, glucose > 600 What do you use to diagnose hyperthyroidism? - ANS-Thyroid radioactiveiodine uptake and scan Highly iodine uptake = graves Low iodine uptake = subacute thyroiditis What is SIADH? - ANS-Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone. Increased ADH = inappropriate water retention = increased serum osm = low sodium in blood but high sodium in urine What is diabetes insipidus? - ANS-- disorder caused by inadequate amounts of ADH which causes excessive water loss
When should men be screened for prostate cancer with a PSA? - ANS-Menages 55- 69 should make an individual decision with their clinician. Men over 70 should not have routine screening. What is beta thalassemia? - ANS-- a condition in which the synthesis of thebeta-globin chains is decreased or absent.
What do you hear in aortic stenosis? - ANS-Systolic rough harsh blowing at2nd ICS What do you hear with aortic regurgitation? - ANS-Diastolic blowing murmur at 2nd ICS What is the JNC recommended BP for adults over the age of 60 without comorbidities?
Which artery is associated with 80% of all inferior MIs? - ANS-Right coronaryartery What is Cullen's sign? - ANS-It is the presence of superficial edema and bruising around the umbilicus - it is suggestive of acute pancreatitis or an intraabdominal bleed. What is the obturator sign? - ANS-passive internal rotation of the flexed hipleading to RLQ pain (indicative of acute appendicitis) What is the psoas sign? - ANS-pain elicited by extending the hip with theknee in full extension or by flexing the hip against resistance retrocecal appendicitis What is Murphy's sign? - ANS-acute pain and inspiratory arrest elicited by palpation of the RUQ during inspiration (indicative of acute cholecystitis) Which medication is most commonly associated with hypoglycemia? - ANS-Glyburide What is normal aortic valve diameter vs. severe aortic stenosis? - ANS- 3 - 4 cm^2 is normal. Less than 1 is severe. What is a Iridotomy for Glaucoma? - ANS-Surgical incision made throughcornea to remove portion of iris to facilitate aqueous drainage (closed - angle). What is closed acute angle glaucoma? - ANS-Symptoms: unilateral headache, worst of lives, ciliary flush, photophobia and nausea. Refer to optho immediately as it could lead to blindness. What is the treatment for chlamydia? - ANS-Azithromycin What is used to treat gonorrhea? - ANS-Ceftriaxone What is the diagnosis and treatment for a "strawberry cervix" with green-grey discharge? - ANS-Trichimonas vaginitis. Use metronidazole. What is part of the HITECH Act? - ANS-Meaningful use - e-prescribing,engaging in health information exchange and submitting information re quality measures What meds should be given in a carcinoid crisis? - ANS-Octreotide andglucocorticoids What murmur is heard with a mitral valve prolapse? - ANS-Late systolicmurmur
Which lab is often positive in SLE? - ANS-Antinuclear antibody What labs are associated with lithium use? - ANS-Low sodiumHypothyroidism High calcium High glucose Is specialty certification required in all states? - ANS-NOPE What medications cause changes in taste or smell? - ANS-Levodopa, metformin, allopurinol, ACE inhibitors, anticholinergics, anhistamines, CCBs, aldactone, propranolol Should you use activated charcoal with lithium? - ANS-No What are some common eye side effects of meds? Digoxin, diphenhydramine, sildenofil, lovastatin? - ANS-Dig - yellow vision and halos Diphen - acute angle glaucoma Lovastatin - lens opacity Sildenofil - bluish tinge and ischemic optic neuropathy What is the treatment for infective endocarditis from a prosthetic valve? - ANS- Ampicillin/Sulbactam and gentamicin plus rifampin What is the most common cause of PNA in the elderly? - ANS-Streppneumonia When should galantamine be prescribed? - ANS-Mild dementia What is the A1C goal for adults over the age of 65? - ANS- What would you see on blood smear with ETOH and homeless? - ANS- Hypersegmented PMNs What is steathorrhea? - ANS-Loose greasy stools found in chronicpancreatitis What does the ARMA trial say about tidal volume in ARDS? - ANS-A low tidal volume is best (< 6 mL/kg of ideal body weight) A plateau pressure < 30 is goal How is H. pylori diagnosed? - ANS-Biopsy, serological testing for H. pylori antibody, or urea breath test What is the treatment for h. Pylori? - ANS-Two antibiotics and a PPI
MOC: metronidazole + omeprazole + clarithromycin x 7 days AOC: amoxicillin + omeprazole + clarithromycin x 7 days MOA: metronidazole + omeprazole + amoxicillin x 7 - 14 days How do you calculate MAP? - ANS-(SBP + 2DBP)/3 or [(1/3 of SBP) + (2/3 ofDBP)] What is the most common cause of intrinsic renal failure? - ANS-Ischemicinjury (then nephrotoxins) What is pectus excavatum? - ANS-A markedly sunken sternum and adjacent cartilages (also called a funnel breast). Associated with mitral valve prolapse. What is serotonin syndrome? - ANS-increased heart rate, sweating, dilatedpupils, tremors, twitching, hyper reflexes, hyperthermia, agitation, confusion, disorientation, hallucinations Rare and life-threatening event caused by serotonergic drugs What is Goodpasture's syndrome? - ANS-Autoimmune disease that attacks the basement membranes of the lungs, alevoli, and glomerulus - it is caused by viral infections and surgery of the lung or kidneys. Requires: glomerulonephritis, pulp monarch hemorrhage, and anti-GMB antibodies What is appropriate treatment for newly diagnosed immune thrombocytopenia? - ANS- Prednisone 1 mg/kg/day What are indications for an urgent referral to vascular surgeon for an ulcer? - ANS- Cellulitis, gangrene, presence of visible tendon or bone, sever infection, ABI < 0.5 What foods should you avoid with monoamine oxidase inhibitors? - ANS-Fermented, aged cheeses, red wine, chocolate What is a hypertensive emergency? Treatment? - ANS-BP >180/120associated with end organ damage Treatment: blood pressure should be lowered 25% within minutes to 1 - 2 hours and then over the next few days What ECG changes are seen in angina? - ANS-ST depression in stable angina ST elevation in prinzmetals What is normal total cholesterol? - ANS-Less than 200
What is normal triglycerides? - ANS-less than 150 What is optimal LDLs? - ANS-Less than 100 What is optimal HDL? - ANS-higher than 60 mg/dL Who would benefit from statin therapy? - ANS-- anyone with clinical evidenceof ASCVD
Why do ARBs not cause dry cough? - ANS-They cause less bradykinin (metabolite) formation What are the causes of bowel perforation? - ANS-PUD, diverticulitis,appendicitis What are common causes of PUD? - ANS-H. pylori and NSAIDsSmoking Stress NOT SMOKING OR DIET What would you see on labs for active Hep A infection vs recovered infection? - ANS- Active: anti-HAV + IgM Recovered: anti-HAV + IgG What would you see on labs for active Hep B infection? - ANS-HBsAg,HBeAg (indicating high viral load, that person is infectious), anti-HBc, IgM What would you see on labs for chronic Hep B infection? - ANS-HBsAg, Anti-HBe, anti- HBc, IgM, IgG What is the treatment for hepatitis C? - ANS-Tenofovir or entecavir How do you diagnosis diverticulitis? - ANS-CT scan What would you see on labs for recovered Hep B infection? - ANS-Anti-HBc,Anti- HBsAg What is the treatment for diverticulitis? - ANS-Broad spectrum antibiotic like metronidazole ciprofloxacin What is Murphy's sign? - ANS-- acute pain elicited by palpation of the RUQduring inspiration