Essentials of Anatomy and Physiology Test Bank, Exams of Nursing

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Essentials of Anatomy and Physiology

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anatomy - ANSWER>>The study of the layers of a body part. physiology - ANSWER>>The study of the blood flow of a body part. rigidity - ANSWER>>The quality of being stiff or hard, as seen in the bones of the skull. hematopoiesis - ANSWER>>The production of blood cells by red bone marrow. superior - ANSWER>>Positioned above or higher than another part. lateral - ANSWER>>Positioned away from the midline of the body. medial - ANSWER>>Positioned towards the midline of the body. inferior - ANSWER>>Positioned below or lower than another part. occipital - ANSWER>>The most posterior area of the head. femoral - ANSWER>>The most superior area of the lower limb. inguinal - ANSWER>>The anterior site of attachment of the thigh to the trunk. axillary - ANSWER>>The inferior site of attachment of the upper limb to the trunk. integumentary system - ANSWER>>The organ system that is most external. skeletal system - ANSWER>>The organ system that provides a framework that supports the body. circulatory system - ANSWER>>The organ system that takes oxygen from the lungs to the tissues.

endocrine system - ANSWER>>The organ system of which the thyroid gland is part. digestive system - ANSWER>>The organ system of which the esophagus is part. urinary system - ANSWER>>The organ system of which the kidneys are part. cranial cavity - ANSWER>>The cavity that houses the brain. spinal cavity - ANSWER>>The cavity that houses the spinal cord. pleura - ANSWER>>The membrane that covers the lungs. peritoneum - ANSWER>>The membrane that lines the abdominal cavity. mesentery - ANSWER>>The tissue that covers the abdominal organs. quadrants - ANSWER>>The four sections into which the abdomen may be divided. transverse section - ANSWER>>A section that separates the body into upper and lower parts. coronal section - ANSWER>>A section that separates the body into front and back parts. tissue - ANSWER>>A group of cells with similar structure and function. homeostasis - ANSWER>>The state of balance within the body. feedback mechanism - ANSWER>>A process that uses the conditions of one component to regulate the function of another. metabolism - ANSWER>>All of the chemical reactions and physical changes that take place in the body. thermogenesis - ANSWER>>The heat (energy) production of the body.

vertebrae - ANSWER>>spine, backbone meninges - ANSWER>>protective membranes covering the brain and spinal cord cranial - ANSWER>>relating to the skull spinal - ANSWER>>pertaining to the spine or vertebral column thoracic cavity - ANSWER>>the chamber of the body that houses the lungs and heart lungs - ANSWER>>organs for respiration parietal pleura - ANSWER>>the membrane lining the thoracic cavity visceral pleura - ANSWER>>the membrane covering the lungs abdominal cavity - ANSWER>>the space containing the digestive organs abdominal organs - ANSWER>>organs located within the abdominal cavity umbilicus - ANSWER>>the navel or belly button sagittal - ANSWER>>a plane that divides the body into left and right parts coronal - ANSWER>>a plane that divides the body into anterior and posterior parts transverse - ANSWER>>a plane that divides the body into superior and inferior parts midsagittal - ANSWER>>a plane that divides the body into equal left and right halves cross - ANSWER>>a section cut across the body or an organ longitudinal - ANSWER>>a section cut along the length of the body or an organ

ventral - ANSWER>>the front or anterior side of the body dorsal - ANSWER>>the back or posterior side of the body cell - ANSWER>>the basic structural and functional unit of living organisms chemicals - ANSWER>>substances with a defined composition inorganic - ANSWER>>compounds that do not contain carbon-hydrogen bonds organic - ANSWER>>compounds that contain carbon-hydrogen bonds connective - ANSWER>>tissue that supports, binds together, and protects tissues and organs muscle - ANSWER>>tissue that can contract to produce movement epithelial - ANSWER>>tissue that covers body surfaces and lines cavities organ - ANSWER>>a structure composed of different tissues that performs a specific function organ system - ANSWER>>a group of organs that work together to perform complex functions fat - ANSWER>>a type of nutrient that provides energy and supports cell growth protein - ANSWER>>a macromolecule made of amino acids that performs various functions in the body changes - ANSWER>>modifications or alterations in structure or function negative feedback - ANSWER>>a mechanism that reverses a change in a controlled condition positive feedback - ANSWER>>a mechanism that enhances or increases a change in a controlled condition

metabolic rate - ANSWER>>the rate at which the body expends energy occipital area - ANSWER>>anterior and dorsal mammary area - ANSWER>>anterior and dorsal popliteal area - ANSWER>>proximal/anterior to the femoral area and distal/anterior to the patellar area. sacral area - ANSWER>>inferior/medial to the lumbar area and superior/medial to the iliac areas. deltoid areas - ANSWER>>lateral/inferior to the cervical area and medial/inferior to the axillary areas. area that is both inferior and anterior to the lumbar area - ANSWER>>sacral area area that is both superior and posterior to the umbilical area - ANSWER>>nasal area junction of the lower limb and the trunk - ANSWER>>the inguinal area junction of the upper limb and the trunk - ANSWER>>the deltoid area area that is both anterior and posterior - ANSWER>>pectoral area area that is both dorsal and ventral - ANSWER>>volar area area that has anterior, posterior, and lateral parts - ANSWER>>lumbar area part of the body to have proximal and distal portions - ANSWER>>must have a definite origin or beginning areas of the body that have names similar to the bones within them - ANSWER>>the parietal area hepatic area - ANSWER>>liver

cardiac area - ANSWER>>heart cutaneous area - ANSWER>>skin gastric area - ANSWER>>stomach pulmonary area - ANSWER>>lungs perineal area - ANSWER>>pelvic floor nervous system - ANSWER>>regulates body functions by means of electrochemical impulses reproductive system - ANSWER>>produces specialized cells to continue the human species muscular system - ANSWER>>moves the body lymphatic system - ANSWER>>destroys pathogens diaphragm - ANSWER>>separates the thoracic and abdominal cavities Meninges - ANSWER>>Membranes covering the spinal and cranial cavities. Parietal pleura - ANSWER>>Membrane lining the thoracic cavity. Peritoneum - ANSWER>>Membrane lining the abdominal cavity. Upper right abdominal quadrant - ANSWER>>Contains liver, stomach, and part of pancreas. Upper left abdominal quadrant - ANSWER>>Contains gallbladder and stomach. Lower left abdominal quadrant - ANSWER>>Contains large and small intestines.

Lower right abdominal quadrant - ANSWER>>Contains small and large intestines. Sagittal section - ANSWER>>Divides body into right and left parts. Transverse section - ANSWER>>Divides body into upper and lower parts. Coronal section - ANSWER>>Divides body into front and back parts. Cross section - ANSWER>>A horizontal cut through an organ. Tissue - ANSWER>>Group of similar cells performing a function. Organ - ANSWER>>Structure composed of multiple tissue types. Homeostasis - ANSWER>>Body's ability to maintain stable internal conditions. Negative feedback - ANSWER>>Response that reverses the stimulus effect. Positive feedback - ANSWER>>Response that enhances the stimulus effect. Metabolism - ANSWER>>Total of all chemical reactions in the body. Anabolism - ANSWER>>Building up of complex molecules from simpler ones. Catabolism - ANSWER>>Breaking down of complex molecules into simpler ones. Metabolic rate - ANSWER>>Rate of heat production by the body. Brachial area - ANSWER>>Region corresponding to the upper arm. Volar area - ANSWER>>Region corresponding to the palm of the hand. Lumbar area - ANSWER>>Region pertaining to the lower back.

Cervical area - ANSWER>>Region pertaining to the neck. Occipital area - ANSWER>>Region at the back of the head. Iliac area - ANSWER>>Region near the hip bones. Deltoid area - ANSWER>>Region corresponding to the shoulder. Pectoral area - ANSWER>>Region corresponding to the chest. Gluteal area - ANSWER>>Region corresponding to the buttocks. Organization - ANSWER>>Arrangement of body structures and systems. General Plan - ANSWER>>Overall structure and function of the body. Body Systems - ANSWER>>Groups of organs working together for functions. Anatomy - ANSWER>>Study of body structure and organization. Physiology - ANSWER>>Study of body function and processes. Cells - ANSWER>>Basic unit of life in organisms. Tissues - ANSWER>>Groups of similar cells performing functions. Organs - ANSWER>>Structures composed of different tissues. Organ Systems - ANSWER>>Groups of organs working together. Skeletal System - ANSWER>>Framework of bones supporting the body. Muscular System - ANSWER>>System responsible for body movement. Nervous System - ANSWER>>Controls body functions through electrical signals. Circulatory System - ANSWER>>Transports blood and nutrients throughout body.

Respiratory System - ANSWER>>System for gas exchange in the body. Digestive System - ANSWER>>Breaks down food for nutrient absorption. Endocrine System - ANSWER>>Regulates body functions through hormones. Immune System - ANSWER>>Defends against pathogens and diseases. Reproductive System - ANSWER>>System for producing offspring. Integumentary System - ANSWER>>Protective barrier including skin and hair. Lymphatic System - ANSWER>>Supports immune function and fluid balance. Urinary System - ANSWER>>Eliminates waste and regulates fluids. Homeostatic Mechanisms - ANSWER>>Processes maintaining internal balance. Feedback Loops - ANSWER>>Regulatory mechanisms for homeostasis. Anatomical Position - ANSWER>>Standard body position for reference. Directional Terms - ANSWER>>Terms describing locations on the body. Planes of the Body - ANSWER>>Imaginary lines dividing the body. Cavities - ANSWER>>Spaces within the body containing organs. Anatomic Position - ANSWER>>Standard body position for anatomical reference. Inferior - ANSWER>>Position below another body part. Dorsal - ANSWER>>Refers to the back side of the body.

Ventral - ANSWER>>Refers to the front side of the body. Proximal - ANSWER>>Closer to the point of attachment. Distal - ANSWER>>Farther from the point of attachment. Medial - ANSWER>>Closer to the midline of the body. Body Cavities - ANSWER>>Spaces within the body that house organs. Thoracic Cavity - ANSWER>>Lined with visceral pleura, contains lungs. Cranial Cavity - ANSWER>>Enclosed by bone, houses the brain. Abdominal Cavity - ANSWER>>Inferior to diaphragm, lined with peritoneum. Spinal Cavity - ANSWER>>Lined with meninges, houses the spinal cord. Diaphragm - ANSWER>>Muscle separating thoracic and abdominal cavities. Quadrants of the Abdomen - ANSWER>>Divides abdomen for organ location description. Transverse Section - ANSWER>>Horizontal plane dividing body into upper and lower. Coronal Section - ANSWER>>Also known as frontal section, divides front and back. Cross Section - ANSWER>>Shows internal structure of tubular organs. Midsagittal Plane - ANSWER>>Vertical line dividing body into equal right and left. Frontal Plane - ANSWER>>Vertical plane dividing body into anterior and posterior. Midsagittal section - ANSWER>>Passes through nose and navel.

Frontal section - ANSWER>>Divides body into anterior and posterior parts. Femoral area - ANSWER>>Part of the lower limb; not distal. Axillary area - ANSWER>>Upper limb equivalent to inguinal area. Hepatic area - ANSWER>>Superficial to the cutaneous area. Scapular area - ANSWER>>Inferior to the gluteal area. Temporal area - ANSWER>>Part of the cranial area. Epithelial tissue - ANSWER>>Covers body surfaces. Nerve tissue - ANSWER>>Generates impulses. Muscle tissue - ANSWER>>Specialized to contract. Organ system - ANSWER>>Group of organs with specific functions. Positive feedback mechanism - ANSWER>>Increases a body function. Negative feedback mechanism - ANSWER>>Decreases a body function. Ionic bond - ANSWER>>Formed by gaining or losing electrons. Cation - ANSWER>>Ion with a positive charge. Anion - ANSWER>>Ion with a negative charge. Dissociation - ANSWER>>Molecule breaks into its ions. Peptide bond - ANSWER>>Links amino acids in proteins. Nucleotide - ANSWER>>Subunit of DNA and RNA. Glycogen - ANSWER>>Storage form of glucose in liver. Starch - ANSWER>>Plant polysaccharide made of glucose.

Monosaccharide - ANSWER>>Single sugar unit, e.g., glucose. Fatty acids - ANSWER>>Subunits of energy storage molecules. Cholesterol - ANSWER>>Precursor for steroid hormones. Steroid molecule - ANSWER>>A type of molecule that is part of cell membranes. Monosaccharides - ANSWER>>The simple sugars that are part of DNA and RNA. Pentose sugars - ANSWER>>Sugars that are part of larger molecules such as nucleotides. Cell respiration raw materials - ANSWER>>The substances that include glucose and oxygen. Inorganic products of cell respiration - ANSWER>>The substances that include carbon dioxide and water. Energy products of cell respiration - ANSWER>>The substances that include ATP and heat. Purpose of cell respiration - ANSWER>>To produce ATP from glucose. Biologically useful energy - ANSWER>>The form of energy released in cell respiration, which is ATP. Waste product of cell respiration - ANSWER>>The substance that is carbon dioxide. Excess carbon dioxide - ANSWER>>The product of cell respiration that will cause cellular pH to decrease. Mineral that carries oxygen - ANSWER>>Iron, which is found in red blood cells. Minerals providing bone strength - ANSWER>>Calcium and phosphorus.

Mineral necessary for blood clotting - ANSWER>>Calcium. Minerals for nerve impulse transmission - ANSWER>>Sodium and potassium. Large molecule with C, H, O, N, P - ANSWER>>Most likely a nucleic acid. Large molecule with C, H, O, N, S - ANSWER>>Most likely a protein. Trace element in thyroid hormones - ANSWER>>Iodine. Trace element in vitamin B12 - ANSWER>>Cobalt. pH scale acids - ANSWER>>Indicated by numbers less than 7. pH scale bases - ANSWER>>Indicated by numbers greater than 7. Solution with pH of 2 - ANSWER>>An acid, which has many hydrogen ions. Solution with pH of 10 - ANSWER>>A base, which has many hydroxide ions. Acid - ANSWER>>Has more hydrogen ions than does a neutral solution. Base - ANSWER>>Has more hydroxide ions than does a neutral solution. Normal pH range of blood - ANSWER>>7.35 to 7.45. Purpose of a buffer system - ANSWER>>To prevent large changes in the pH of body fluids. Chemicals preventing pH changes - ANSWER>>Buffers. Bicarbonate buffer system - ANSWER>>Consists of carbonic acid and bicarbonate. Carbonic acid - ANSWER>>A weak acid that will only slightly lower pH.

Sodium bicarbonate - ANSWER>>A weak base that will only slightly raise pH. Sodium chloride - ANSWER>>A neutral salt that has no effect on pH. Enzymes - ANSWER>>All enzymes are made of proteins. Enzyme function - ANSWER>>To speed up reactions while remaining unchanged. Active site of an enzyme - ANSWER>>The place where substrate molecule(s) fit. Enzyme shape - ANSWER>>Creates a specific site for substrate binding. Enzyme after reaction - ANSWER>>The enzyme itself is unchanged. Heavy metal ion effects - ANSWER>>May block the active site of enzymes. pH change effects on enzymes - ANSWER>>H+ ions can change the shape of the enzyme. High fever effects on enzymes - ANSWER>>Enzymes may become denatured. Bond formation reaction - ANSWER>>A reaction that involves the formation of bonds. Bond breaking reaction - ANSWER>>A reaction that involves the breaking of bonds. Larger molecule formation reaction - ANSWER>>A reaction in which small molecules are bonded to form a larger one. Smaller molecule formation reaction - ANSWER>>A reaction in which a large molecule is broken down into smaller ones. intracellular fluid - ANSWER>>Fluid found within cells.

tissue fluid - ANSWER>>Also known as intercellular fluid or interstitial fluid; fluid found in the spaces between cells. water - ANSWER>>A universal solvent essential for life. evaporation - ANSWER>>The process by which water changes from a liquid to a gas. excess heat - ANSWER>>Heat that is above the normal or required level. dehydration - ANSWER>>A condition resulting from the excessive loss of water from the body. solvent - ANSWER>>A substance that dissolves a solute, resulting in a solution. lubricant - ANSWER>>A substance used to reduce friction between surfaces. DNA - ANSWER>>Deoxyribonucleic acid, the molecule that carries genetic information. chromosomes - ANSWER>>Structures within cells that contain DNA. oligosaccharides - ANSWER>>Short chains of monosaccharides. glycogen - ANSWER>>A stored form of glucose found in the liver and muscles. glucose - ANSWER>>A simple sugar that is an important energy source. energy production - ANSWER>>The process of generating energy, often from glucose. cellulose - ANSWER>>A complex carbohydrate that forms the cell wall of plants. true fat - ANSWER>>Triglycerides that are solid at room temperature.

phospholipids - ANSWER>>Molecules that form the bilayer of cell membranes. cell membranes - ANSWER>>Barrier that separates the interior of a cell from the outside environment. cholesterol - ANSWER>>A type of fat found in the blood that is essential for cell membrane structure. steroid - ANSWER>>A type of organic compound that includes hormones. estrogen - ANSWER>>A hormone that plays a key role in the female reproductive system. testosterone - ANSWER>>A hormone that plays a key role in the male reproductive system. pentose sugars - ANSWER>>Sugars that contain five carbon atoms. nucleic acid - ANSWER>>Biomolecules essential for all known forms of life, including DNA and RNA. pH - ANSWER>>A measure of how acidic or basic a solution is. buffer systems - ANSWER>>Systems that help maintain pH levels in biological systems. sodium bicarbonate - ANSWER>>A chemical compound that acts as a buffer in the body. enzyme - ANSWER>>Proteins that act as catalysts in biochemical reactions. catalysts - ANSWER>>Substances that increase the rate of a chemical reaction without being consumed. substrate - ANSWER>>The substance on which an enzyme acts. active site - ANSWER>>The region of an enzyme where substrate molecules bind and undergo a chemical reaction.

denatured - ANSWER>>The process in which proteins lose their structure and function due to external stress. synthesis - ANSWER>>The process of combining simpler substances to form more complex substances. decomposition - ANSWER>>The process of breaking down complex substances into simpler ones. Ion - ANSWER>>An ion has either a positive or negative charge. Ionization of salts - ANSWER>>Ionization of salts such as sodium chloride takes place in water. Covalent bond - ANSWER>>A covalent bond is formed when two or more atoms share electrons. Hydrogen bonds - ANSWER>>The bonds that make water cohesive are hydrogen bonds. Disulfide bonds - ANSWER>>The bonds that hold the two chains of an insulin molecule together are disulfide bonds. Glycogen subunits - ANSWER>>Large molecules of glycogen are made of the smaller subunits called glucose. True fats subunits - ANSWER>>Large molecules of true fats are made of the smaller subunits called fatty acids and glycerol. Protein subunits - ANSWER>>Large molecules of protein are made of the smaller subunits called amino acids. DNA and RNA subunits - ANSWER>>Large molecules of DNA and RNA are made of the smaller subunits called nucleotides. Saturated fats - ANSWER>>Saturated fats have the maximum number of hydrogen atoms.

Unsaturated fats - ANSWER>>Unsaturated fats have one or more double bonds between carbons. Lymph - ANSWER>>The fluid found within lymph vessels is called lymph. Plasma - ANSWER>>The fluid found within veins is called plasma. Intracellular fluid - ANSWER>>The fluid found within cells is called intracellular fluid. Tissue fluid - ANSWER>>The fluid found in spaces between cells is called tissue fluid. Glucose - ANSWER>>The chemical formula for glucose is C6H12O6. Hexose sugars - ANSWER>>Glucose, fructose, and galactose are hexose sugars. Polysaccharides - ANSWER>>Glycogen and starch are polysaccharides that are made of glucose. Covalent bonds in water - ANSWER>>These bonds are not weakened when in water. Amino acids - ANSWER>>They all contain the elements C, H, O, and N. Ionic bonds in proteins - ANSWER>>A chain of amino acids is linked by ionic bonds. Hydrogen bonds in proteins - ANSWER>>The bonds that help maintain the three-dimensional shape of proteins and nucleic acids are hydrogen bonds. Intercellular fluid - ANSWER>>Fluid located between cells. Water's temperature regulation - ANSWER>>Water changes temperature slowly, stabilizing body temperature. Heat absorption by water - ANSWER>>Water absorbs heat, aiding in temperature control.

Sweating process - ANSWER>>Sweating uses water as a heat absorber. Taste sensation - ANSWER>>Taste relies on water as a solvent. Urine excretion - ANSWER>>Water acts as a solvent for waste removal. Lubricant function of water - ANSWER>>Water lubricates joints, aiding movement. True fats - ANSWER>>Energy storage form in adipose tissue. Self antigens - ANSWER>>Oligosaccharides on cell membranes identify cells. Disaccharides - ANSWER>>Sugars like sucrose used for energy. Sucrose - ANSWER>>A common disaccharide made of glucose and fructose. Vitamin D synthesis - ANSWER>>Derived from cholesterol in the body. Cellulose - ANSWER>>Undigested food promoting peristalsis. RNA - ANSWER>>Involved in protein synthesis and genetic coding. Cell respiration - ANSWER>>Process converting glucose into ATP. ATP - ANSWER>>Energy currency of the cell. Carbon dioxide in respiration - ANSWER>>Waste product generated during cell respiration. Iron - ANSWER>>Element carrying oxygen in red blood cells. Calcium - ANSWER>>Element providing strength to bones and teeth. Iodine - ANSWER>>Essential for the hormone thyroxine. Cobalt - ANSWER>>Part of vitamin B12 structure.

Energy-storage molecules - ANSWER>>Glycogen and true fats store energy. Organic molecules - ANSWER>>Include DNA, proteins, and phospholipids. Sodium and Potassium - ANSWER>>Two elements that are necessary for nerve impulse transmission. Sulfur - ANSWER>>The element that is part of some amino acids and forms bonds in proteins. Cell Respiration Elements - ANSWER>>Sodium and potassium, calcium and phosphorus, iodine and sulfur, iron and copper are necessary for cell respiration. Organic Molecules - ANSWER>>All organic molecules contain the elements C, H, and O. Large Organic Molecule - ANSWER>>A large organic molecule made of the elements C, H, O, N, and P would most likely be a nucleic acid. Acidic Solution - ANSWER>>A solution that has more hydrogen ions than hydroxyl ions is an acid. Alkaline Solution - ANSWER>>An alkaline (basic) solution has more hydroxyl ions than hydrogen ions. Neutral Solution - ANSWER>>A solution that has equal numbers of hydrogen and hydroxyl ions is neutral. pH Scale for Acids - ANSWER>>On the pH scale, acids are indicated by numbers below 7. pH Scale for Bases - ANSWER>>On the pH scale, bases are indicated by numbers above 7. Blood pH Range - ANSWER>>The normal pH range of blood is 7.35-7.45, which is slightly alkaline.

Buffer System Purpose - ANSWER>>The purpose of a buffer system is to prevent drastic changes in pH. Bicarbonate Buffer System - ANSWER>>When the bicarbonate buffer system buffers the strong acid HCl, carbonic acid is formed, which only slightly lowers pH. Salts in Solution - ANSWER>>Salts are molecules that when in solution will have no effect on pH, only slightly lower pH, or only slightly raise pH, depending on the particular salt. Acidosis Cause - ANSWER>>The product of cell respiration that will cause acidosis if present in excess is carbon dioxide. Active Site of an Enzyme - ANSWER>>The active site of an enzyme is the part where the substrate molecules fit and has a particular and specific shape. Enzyme Functioning - ANSWER>>The active site theory of enzyme functioning depends on the shapes of the enzyme and the substrate molecules. Enzyme Catalysts Purpose - ANSWER>>The purpose of enzyme catalysts is to speed up reactions without the addition of heat. Effect of Heat on Enzymes - ANSWER>>Heat can break hydrogen bonds and denature the enzyme. Heavy Metal Ion Effect - ANSWER>>A heavy-metal ion may disrupt the functioning of an enzyme because a metal ion may change the shape of the active site. Decrease in pH Effect - ANSWER>>A decrease in pH may disrupt the functioning of an enzyme because excess hydrogen ions may block the active site. Synthesis Reaction - ANSWER>>A synthesis reaction involves the formation of bonds.

Decomposition Reaction - ANSWER>>A decomposition reaction involves the breaking of bonds. Energy Release Reaction - ANSWER>>The type of reaction more likely to release energy is a decomposition reaction. Cell Respiration Type - ANSWER>>With respect to the glucose molecule involved, cell respiration is a decomposition reaction.