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Essentials of Life-Span Development 3rd Edition by John Santrock test bank, Exams of Psychology

Essentials of Life-Span Development 3rd Edition by John Santrock test bank

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Download Essentials of Life-Span Development 3rd Edition by John Santrock test bank and more Exams Psychology in PDF only on Docsity! Essentials of Life-Span Development 3rd Edition by John Santrock test bank Sample Test CHAPTER 3: PHYSICAL AND COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT IN INFANCY Multiple Choice Questions 1. The cephalocaudal pattern is the sequence in which the earliest growth always occurs at the: center of the body and then moves toward the extremities spinal cord and then expands out to the limbs and head top—the head—with physical growth and differentiation of features gradually working their way down from top to bottom 5. bottom—the feet—with physical growth and differentiation of features gradually working their way up till the head Answer: c Difficulty Level: Medium Blooms: Understand Page(s): 72 BWN 2. Infants can see objects before they can control their torso, and they can use their hands long before they can crawl or walk. This would indicate that they have a pattern of growth. 3 proximodistal 4. proximocaudal 5 cephalodistal cephalocaud al Answer: d Difficulty Level: Medium Blooms: Understand Page(s): 72 os 3. The pattern of growth is the sequence in which growth starts at the center of the body and moves toward the extremities. 4 proximodistal 5. proximocaudal 6 cephalocaudal 7. cephalodist al Answer: a Difficulty Level: Easy Blooms: Remember Page(s): 72-73 4. Infants control the muscles of their trunk and arms before they control their hands and fingers, and they use their whole hands before they can control several fingers. This indicates a pattern of growth. proximodistal cephalocaudal proximocaudal cephalodist al Answer: a Difficulty Level: Medium Blooms: Understand Page(s): aNaU 73 5. In the first several days of life, most newborns lose_percent of their body weight before they adjust to feeding by sucking, swallowing, and digesting. 6. 5 to7 7. 15 to 20 8. 1 to 2 9. 35 to 40 Answer: a Difficulty Level: Medium Blooms: Understand Page(s): 73 6. Jerome weighed in at 4.5 pounds when he was born. Compared to other newborns in North America, his weight is: less than the average. average. about average. 0. higher than the 15. — swelling of the arms and legs. Answer: a Difficulty Level: Easy Blooms: Remember Page(s): 73 12. At birth, the newborn’s brain is about __ percent of its adult weight. 13. 10 14. 25 15. 50 16. 75 Answer: b Difficulty Level: Easy Blooms: Remember Page(s): 74 13. By the second birthday, a toddler’s brain is about percent of its adult weight. 14. 25 15. 50 16. 75 17. 95 Answer: c Difficulty Level: Easy Blooms: Remember Page(s): 74 14. The portion farthest from the spinal cord is known as the__. 15. hindbrain 16. forebrain 17. — midbrain 18. topbrai n Answer: b Difficulty Level: Easy Blooms: Remember Page(s): 74 15. The includes the cerebral cortex and several structures beneath it. 16. forebrain 17. hindbrain 18. = midbrain 19. — topbrai n Answer: a Difficulty Level: Easy Blooms: Remember Page(s): 74 16. The cerebral cortex has two __, each of which is further divided into four_. 17. neurons; divisions 18. divisions; neurons 19. hemispheres; lobes 20. lobes; systems Answer: c Difficulty Level: Easy Blooms: Remember Page(s): 74 Difficulty Level: Easy Blooms: Remember Page(s): 75 27. Which of the following statements is true of how neurons change in the first years of life? 28. Synaptic connections begin to develop only after birth. 29. Myelination begins prenatally and stops at birth. 30.The synaptic connections that are used become strengthened and survive, while the unused ones are replaced by other pathways or disappear. 31.The human brain actually needs more than twice of the neural connections made in the first years of life. Answer: c Difficulty Level: Medium Blooms: Understand Page(s): 75 28. When babies engage in physical activity or use language, some synaptic connections will be strengthened, while the unused ones are replaced by other pathways or disappear. A neuroscientist would identify this process as “___.” 29. — pruning 30. myelination 31. paring 32. trimmi ng Answer: a Difficulty Level: Medium Blooms: Understand Page(s): 75 29. The peak of synaptic overproduction in the_occurs at about the fourth postnatal month. 30. spinal cord 31. prefrontal cortex 32. visual cortex 33. parietal lobe Answer: c Difficulty Level: Easy Blooms: Remember Page(s): 75 30. The peak of synaptic overproduction in the_takes place at around one year of age. 31. prefrontal cortex 32. spinal cord 33. visual cortex 34. neural tube Answer: a Difficulty Level: Easy Blooms: Remember Page(s): 75 31. The_ is the area of the brain where higher-level thinking and self-regulation occur. visual cortex myelin sheath prefrontal cortex neural tube 38. infants be placed to sleep on their backs 39. babies be fed on demand instead of on schedule 40. all fans in the room be turned off while putting a baby down to sleep Answer: b Difficulty Level: Medium Blooms: Understand Page(s): 78 37. Who is at the highest risk of SIDS? 38. Malachi who is between birth and four weeks 39. Tyrell who is between four and six weeks 40. Chaz who is between two and four months 41. Isaiah who is between eight and ten months Answer: c Difficulty Level: Medium Blooms: Apply Page(s): 78 38. Of the following infants, who is MOST at risk for SIDS? 39. Mimi; her mother smokes 40. Grace; she was born weighing more than most babies 41. Megumi; she uses a pacifier when she goes to sleep 42. Sylvia; she sleeps in firm bedding Answer: a Difficulty Level: Hard Blooms: Apply Page(s): 78 39. For years, debate has focused on whether breast-feeding is better for the infant than bottle-feeding. The growing consensus is that: 40. breast feeding is better for the baby’s health. 41. bottle feeding is better for the baby’s health. 42. breast feeding is better for bonding between mother and infant, whereas bottle feeding is better for the baby’s health. 43. there are no differences in health outcomes for babies who are breast fed and babies who are bottle fed. Answer: a Difficulty Level: Medium Blooms: Understand Page(s): 78 40. In which of the following circumstances is it recommended that a mother NOT breast-feed? 41. If the mother plans to return to full-time work soon 42. If the mother has active tuberculosis 43. If the mother is 40 or older 44. If the baby is overweight Answer: b Difficulty Level: Medium Blooms: Understand Page(s): 79 41. — In which of the following circumstances should the mother NOT breast feed her baby? 42. If she has AIDS 43. If she is suffering from postpartum depression 44. — If the baby has low birth weight 45. If the baby is overweight Answer: a Difficulty Level: Medium Blooms: Understand Page(s): 79 42. Anational study of more than 3,000 randomly selected 4- to 24-month-olds documented that: 43. many U.S. parents are feeding their babies too many fruits and not enough vegetables. 44. US. parents are feeding their babies fruits and vegetables, and very little junk food. 45. by 1 year, bananas were the most common fruit that babies ate. 46. by 15 months, French fries were the most common vegetable that babies ate. Answer: d Difficulty Level: Medium Blooms: Understand Page(s): 80 43. The view of development that sees motor skills developing as a solution to an infant’s problems is known as___systems theory. 44. dynamic 45. maturational 46. static 47. — environment al Answer: a Difficulty Level: Easy Blooms: Remember Page(s): 80 44. Kyle and Amy want their baby to walk early, so they take the baby’s favorite toy and place it where the child cannot reach it from a crawling position. Kyle and Amy believe that this will motivate the baby to stand upright to retrieve the toy and will thus result in him walking sooner. Their belief is most consistent with the _ ___systems view of development. 45. maturational 46. evolutionary 47. — static 48. dynami c Answer: d Difficulty Level: Medium Blooms: Apply Page(s): 80 45. _____are built-in reactions to stimuli; they govern the newborn’s movements, which are automatic and beyond the newborn’s control. 46. Instincts 47. Reflexes 48. Impulses 49. Urge s Answer: b Difficulty Level: Hard Blooms: Apply Page(s): 85 51. When four-year old Melanie ties shoelaces on her own and skillfully uses fork and spoon, she is demonstrating her: 52. rooting reflex. 53. fine motor skills. 54. Moro reflex. 55. gross motor skills. Answer: b Difficulty Level: Hard Blooms: Apply Page(s): 85 52. Reaching in four-month-old infants is guided by: 53. keeping their limbs in sight. 54. touch, 55. cues from muscles, tendons, and joints. 56. auditory cues. Answer: c Difficulty Level: Easy Blooms: Remember Page(s): 85 53. Jake, age 11 months, is able to pick up cereal and bits of fruit off the tray of his high chair by grasping them with his thumb and forefinger. Jake has developed the: 54. palmer grasp. 55. pincer grip. 56. Moro reflex. 57. fencing reflex. Answer: b Difficulty Level: Hard Blooms: Apply Page(s): 85 54. In the “sticky mittens” research project, it was found that: 55. the infants in the mitten group developed grasping skills earlier. 56. the infants in the group without mittens developed grasping skills faster. 57. both groups developed grasping skills at the same pace. 58. the group without mittens developed better object manipulation skills. Answer: a Difficulty Level: Medium Blooms: Understand Page(s): 85 55. _____ occurs when information interacts with sensory receptors—the eyes, ears, tongue, nostrils, and skin. 56. Sensation 57. Perception 58. Reception 59. Transitio n Answer: a Difficulty Level: Easy Blooms: Remember Page(s): 86 56. The interpretation of sensory information is called__. 57. sensation 58. reception 59. perception 60. transitio n Answer: c Difficulty Level: Easy Blooms: Remember Page(s): 86 57. Franz believes that we directly perceive information that exists in the world around us and that perception is designed for action. He is most likely holding an __ perspective. 58. —ethological 59. ecological 60. evolutionary 61. geneti c Answer: b Difficulty Level: Medium Blooms: Understand Page(s): 86 58. The theorists who developed the ecological view of perceptual development in infancy are: 59. Arnold Gesell and Jean Piaget. 60. Virginia Satir and Jay Haley. 61. Eleanor and James Gibson. 62. Sigmund Freud and Anna Freud, Answer: c Difficulty Level: Easy Blooms: Remember Page(s): 86 59. Your professor says that our perception brings us into contact with the environment in order to interact with and adapt to it. This indicates that he holds a(n) view on perceptual development. 60. ethological 61. ecological 62. evolutionary 63. geneti c Answer: b Difficulty Level: Easy Blooms: Remember Page(s): 86 60. Fantz’ research method—studying whether infants can distinguish one stimulus from another by measuring the length of time they attend to different 61. 62. 63. 64. stimuli—is referred to as the: habituation and dishabituation method. orienting response and tracking method. visual preference method. high amplitude sucking method. Page(s): 90 70. Baby Kendra, who is 6 days old, is presented with two breast pads. One comes from her mother, and the other has not been used. Which one will Kendra probably prefer? 71. Kendra will probably not show any preference. 72. Kendra will prefer her mother’s breast pad. 73. Kendra will prefer the clean breast pad. 74. Whether she shows a preference depends on whether she has been fed recently or not. Answer: b Difficulty Level: Hard Blooms: Apply Page(s): 90 71. Sensitivity to taste: 72. is present even before birth. 73. develops two days after birth. 74, is not seen in newborns. 75. develops a month after birth. Answer: a Difficulty Level: Easy Blooms: Remember Page(s): 91 72. The experience of our world as a smooth, unitary episode is made possible by intermodal: 73. reflection. 74. perception. 75. sensation. 76. —_interpretati on. Answer: b Difficulty Level: Medium Blooms: Understand Page(s): 91 73. perception involves integrating information from two or more sensory modalities. 74, — Extramodal 75. — Intermodal 76. — Intramodal 77. Multimod al Answer: b Difficulty Level: Easy Blooms: Remember Page(s): 91 74. Jean Piaget believed that children: 75. actively construct their own cognitive world. 76. passively react to their environments. 77. absorb their knowledge from the environment. 78. gain their view of the world from their parents. Answer: a Difficulty Level: Easy Blooms: Remember Page(s): 93 75. Schemes are: 76. actions or mental representations that organize knowledge. 84. Jean Piaget believed that children’s thinking in one stage is that in another stage. 85. qualitatively different from 86. quantitatively different from 87. qualitatively similar to 88. quantitatively similar to Answer: a Difficulty Level: Easy Blooms: Remember Page(s): 94 85. The sensorimotor stage of development lasts from birth until about: 86. six months of age. 87. eight months of age. 88. one year of age. 89. two years of age. Answer: d Difficulty Level: Easy Blooms: Remember Page(s): 94 86. The understanding that objects and events continue to exist even when they cannot be seen, heard, or touched is called: 87. object containment. 88. object permanence. 89. object availability. 90. = object continuance. Answer: b Difficulty Level: Easy Blooms: Remember Page(s): 94 87. Heather is shown a teddy bear. The teddy bear is then hidden from her. Heather searches for the teddy bear. This shows that Heather has developed a sense of . 88. symbolic manipulation 89. infinite generativity 90. telegraphic thinking 91. = object permanence Answer: d Difficulty Level: Hard Blooms: Apply Page(s): 94 88. is the term used to describe the tendency of infants to reach where an object was located earlier rather than where the object was last hidden. 89. Type 1 error 90. Type 2 error 91. — F-not-N error 92. A-not-B error Answer: d Difficulty Level: Medium Blooms: Understand Page(s): 95 89. Research by Renée Baillargeon and her colleagues have found that infants as young as three to four months expect objects to be in the sense that other objects cannot move through them, and __in the sense that objects continue to exist when they are hidden. 90. subject to gravity; transient 91. consistent; existential 92. substantial; permanent 93. opaque; substantial Answer: c Difficulty Level: Medium Blooms: Understand Page(s): 95 90. Inconsidering the big issue of whether nature or nurture plays the more important role in infant development, Elizabeth Spelke endorses a___approach, which states that infants are born with domain-specific innate knowledge systems. 91. core knowledge 92. domain knowledge 93. learned domain 94. nurtur e Answer: a Difficulty Level: Medium Blooms: Understand Page(s): 95 91. Which of the following is a key criticism of Jean Piaget’s theory of sensorimotor cognitive development? 92. Jean Piaget failed to conduct observations in the infant’s everyday environment. 93. Jean Piaget failed to conduct observations in controlled settings. 94. Infants are more competent than Jean Piaget thought. 95. Infants are less competent than Jean Piaget reported. Answer: c Difficulty Level: Medium Blooms: Understand Page(s): 92. The focusing of mental resources on select information is called___. 93. assimilation 94. attention 95. habituation 96. fixatio n Answer: b Difficulty Level: Easy Blooms: Remember Page(s): 97 93. When two individuals focus on the same object or event, it constitutes: 94. sensory attention. 95. joint attention. 96. amalgamous attention. 97. synchronous attention. Answer: b 99. June knows the names of all the states that comprise the United States. The names of the states are a part of June’s __ memory. 100. innate 101. explicit 102. distinctive 103. implic it Answer: b Difficulty Level: Hard Blooms: Apply Page(s): 98 100. Renee remembers very little about the first three years of her life. Psychologists find this normal and call it: 101. retroactive memory interference. 102. infantile amnesia. 103. child memory loss. 104. memory trace, Answer: b Difficulty Level: Hard Blooms: Apply Page(s): 98 101. One reason older children and adults have difficulty recalling events from their infant and early childhood years is that during these years the __ of the brain are immature. 102. temporal lobes 103. prefrontal lobes 104. occipital lobes 105. parietal lobes Answer: b Difficulty Level: Easy Blooms: Remember Page(s): 98 102. Mandy sees a little girl in the grocery store throwing a screaming tantrum to get a toy. The next week at the mall, Mandy begins screaming and crying to get some candy. Mandy is showing: 103. dishabituation. 104. habituation. 105. object permanence. 106. deferred imitation. Answer: d Difficulty Level: Hard Blooms: Apply Page(s): 98 103. ____ are cognitive groupings of similar objects, events, people, or ideas. 104. Symbols 105. Concepts 106. Habits 107. Semantic s Answer: b Difficulty Level: Easy Blooms: Remember Page(s): 99 104. Jean Mandler argues that early categorizations are best described as categorization. That is, the categorizations are based on similar features of objects such as size, color, and movement, as well as parts of objects, such as legs or for animals. 105. conceptual 106. textual 107. factual 108. perceptu al Answer: d Difficulty Level: Easy Blooms: Remember Page(s): 99 105. A form of communication that is based on a system of symbols is called_. 106. syntax 107. grammar 108. language 109. phonolog y Answer: c Difficulty Level: Easy Blooms: Remember Page(s): 100 106. Someone with a vocabulary of only 200 words can recombine the words in different ways to say thousands of different things. This aspect of language is referred to as: 107. syntax. 108. phonology. 109. morphology. 110. infinite generativity. Answer: d Difficulty Level: Medium Blooms: Understand Page(s): 100 107. A is the basic unit of sound in a language 108. morpheme 109. phoneme 110. grapheme 111. synta x Answer: b Difficulty Level: Easy Blooms: Remember Page(s): 100 108. Identify the correct sequence of vocalization in infants. 109. Crying, babbling, cooing 110. Crying, cooing, babbling 111. Babbling, crying, cooing 112. Cooing, crying, babbling Answer: b Difficulty Level: Easy Difficulty Level: Hard Blooms: Apply Page(s): 102 114. is an area in the left frontal lobe of the brain that is involved in speech production. 115. Broca’s area 116. Wernicke’s area 117. Morton’s area 118. SMA area Answer: a Difficulty Level: Easy Blooms: Remember Page(s): 102 115. Mariah has suffered brain damage to the left frontal lobe of her brain. When she tries to speak, she struggles to produce words and is unable to say them correctly. Mariah has damage to: 116. Broca’s area. 117. Wernicke’s area. 118. SMA area. 119. Morton’s area. Answer: a Difficulty Level: Medium Blooms: Apply Page(s): 102 116. A loss or impairment of language ability caused by brain injury is called__. 117. dysphagia 118. aphasia 119. autism 120. mutis m Answer: b Difficulty Level: Easy Blooms: Remember Page(s): 102 117. _____ is an area in the left temporal lobe of the brain that is involved with the comprehension of speech. 118. Broca’s area 119. SMA area 120. Morton’s area 121. Wernicke’s area Answer: d Difficulty Level: Easy Blooms: Remember Page(s): 102 118. As an infant, Mary suffered damage to__ of the brain causing her to have poor comprehension. Also, her speech is fluent, but incomprehensible. 119. Broca’s area 120. SMA area 121. Morton’s area 122. Wernicke’s area Answer: d Difficulty Level: Medium Blooms: Apply Page(s): 102 119. Noam Chomsky said that children are born into the world with a _,a biological endowment that enables the child to detect certain features and rules of language, including phonology, syntax, and semantics. 120. language acquisition device 121. biological language center 122. primary language center 123. biological language device Answer: a Difficulty Level: Easy Blooms: Remember Page(s): 103 120. Child-directed speech is the: 121. ability of parents to understand their children’s holographic speech. 122. unique way that parents (and others) talk to babies. 123. continual correcting of children’s syntax by parents. 124. special way parents speak to each other in front of their children. Answer: b Difficulty Level: Easy Blooms: Remember Page(s): 104 121. When Alice speaks to her six-month old niece, her voice immediately takes on a higher pitch, her speech becomes slower, and she begins using more simplistic words and phrases. This change in Alice’s language behavior provides an example of: 122. echoing. 123. recasting. 124. child-directed speech. 125. morpholog y. Answer: c Difficulty Level: Hard Blooms: Apply Page(s): 104 122. As he is rolling his truck up and down the sides of the couch, Nezzy points to his truck and says, “My truck.” His father responds with, “What's the truck doing?” This is an example of: 123. echoing. 124. recasting. 125. infant-directed speech. 126. morpholog y. Answer: b Difficulty Level: Hard Blooms: Apply Page(s): 104 Remember Page(s): 74 129. Acondition that occurs when infants stop breathing, usually during the night, and die suddenly without an apparent cause. Answer: Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) Difficulty Level: Easy Blooms: Remember Page(s): 78 130. This theorist developed a well-respected theory of cognitive development. This theorist suggested that development was universal and occurred in a fixed stage-like sequence. He/she proposed that infants were in the stage of “sensorimotor development.” Answer: Jean Piaget Difficulty Level: Easy Blooms: Remember Page(s): 94 131. This is Jean Piaget’s concept that describes the cognitive conflict that occurs when information in the environment is inconsistent with the child’s current schemes. This conflict is the motivation to modify schemes or develop new schemes that are more consistent with the outside world. Answer: Disequilibrium Difficulty Level: Hard Blooms: Understand Page(s): 94 132. Memory without conscious recollection. This includes memories ofof skills and routine procedures (e.g., crawling) that are performed automatically. Answer: Implicit memory Difficulty Level: Medium Blooms: Understand Page(s): 98 133. The ability to produce an endless number of meaningful sentences using a finite set of words and rules. Answer: Infinite generativity Difficulty Level: Easy Blooms: Remember Page(s): 100 134. This linguist proposed that humans are biologically prewired to learn language. He/she proposed that infants are born into the world with a language acquisition device that enables the child to detect certain features and rules of language. Answer: Noam Chomsky Difficulty Level: Easy Blooms: Remember Page(s): 102-103 135. It is a special way that children and adults speak to babies. It is characterized by language spoken in a higher pitch than normal, the use of simple words, and the use of simple sentences. Answer: Child-directed speech Difficulty Level: Medium Blooms: Understand 140. Define gross and fine motor skills, and give an example of each. Answer: Gross motor skills are skills that involve large-muscle activities, such as moving one’s arms and walking. Fine motor skills involve finely tuned movements. Grasping a toy, using a spoon, buttoning a shirt, or anything that requires finger dexterity demonstrates fine motor skills. Difficulty Level: Medium Blooms: Apply Page(s): 82-85 141. Distinguish between explicit memory and implicit memory, and give an example of each. Answer: Implicit memory refers to memory without conscious recollection—memories of skills and routine procedures that are performed automatically. A child riding a bike draws on his/her implicit memory every time she performs the task. In contrast, explicit memory refers to the conscious memory of facts and experiences. One’s memories of the last vacation taken and the ability to recall the names of previous U.S. Presidents are examples of explicit memory. Difficulty Level: Medium Blooms: Understand Page(s): 98 142. What is infantile amnesia? What are two explanations given for this phenomenon? Answer: Most adults can remember little if anything from the first three years of their life. This is called infantile or childhood amnesia. One reason for this phenomenon is that during the early years of life the prefrontal lobes of the brain—which are believed to play an important role in storing memories for events —are immature. Difficulty Level: Medium Blooms: Understand Page(s): 98 143. Long before infants speak recognizable words, they produce a number of vocalizations. Describe some of these vocalizations in the order that they appear in infants. What do researchers think is the value of babbling? Answer: Babies’ sounds or vocalizations go through this sequence during the first year: 1) Crying: Babies cry even at birth. Crying can signal distress, but there are different types of cries that signal different things. 2) Cooing: Babies first coo at about 2 to 4 months. These are gurgling sounds that are made in the back of the throat and usually express pleasure during interaction with the caregiver. 3) Babbling: In the middle of the first year, babies babble—that is, they produce strings of consonant-vowel combinations, such as “ba, ba, ba, ba.” Difficulty Level: Medium Blooms: Understand Page(s): 100 144. Define receptive vocabulary and spoken vocabulary. What is the relationship between the two? Answer: Receptive vocabulary refers to the words that the child understands, whereas spoken vocabulary refers to the words that the child uses. Receptive vocabulary always precedes and exceeds spoken vocabulary. Difficulty Level: Medium Blooms: Understand Page(s): 101 145. What is child-directed speech? What are some other strategies adults use to increase infants’ acquisition of language? Provide an example of an adult using child directed speech. Answer: Child-directed speech is language spoken in a higher pitch and slower pace than normal and uses simple words and sentences. It has the important function of capturing the infant’s attention and maintaining communication. Adults often use strategies other than child-directed speech to enhance the child’s acquisition of language, including recasting, expanding, and labeling. Difficulty Level: Medium Blooms: Understand Page(s): 104 CHAPTER 5: PHYSICAL AND COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT IN EARLY CHILDHOOD Multiple Choice Questions The Reggio Emilia approach is a(n): nutrition program for young children. educational program for young children. program for training kindergarten and elementary school teachers. . parenting education program. Answer: b Difficulty Level: Easy Blooms: Remember Page(s): 139 GF RWNE 2. Her pediatrician has just told Sandra that her 4-year-old son, Manuel, has gained 6 pounds in the last year. Sandra should: be alarmed, because this is too much weight gain. be concerned, because this is too little weight gain. be positive and change Manuel’s diet. be content that this is normal for Manuel’s age. Answer: d Difficulty Level: Medium Blooms: Apply Page(s): 140 OaRw During early childhood, on average, girls are _than boys. much lighter more fair slightly smaller . considerably taller Answer: c Difficulty Level: Easy Blooms: Remember Page(s): 140 NOuaw 4. By the end of early childhood, girls have more _ _ tissue than boys. 5. fatty 6. muscle 7. epithelial 8. nervou s Answer: a Difficulty Level: Easy Blooms: Medium Blooms: Understand Page(s): 141 10. ____ is a process in which nerve cells are covered and insulated with a layer of fat cells. 11. Centration 12. Myelination 13. Tropism 14. Neurogenes is Answer: b Difficulty Level: Easy Blooms: Remember Page(s): 141 11. One of the major changes in brain development between the ages of 3 and 15 involves an increase in the speed and efficiency of information traveling through the nervous system. This change is brought about by_. 12. centration 13. myelination 14. — tropism 15. neurogenes is Answer: b Difficulty Level: Hard Blooms: Understand Page(s): 141 12. Which of the following are nerve fibers that carry signals away from the cell body? 13. Neurotransmitters 14. Synapses 15. Dendrites 16. Axon s Answer: d Difficulty Level: Medium Blooms: Understand Page(s): 141 13. Scientists have found that there are__the brains of children between the ages of 3and 15. 14. — dramatic changes in local patterns within 15. phenomenal increases in the overall size of 16. insignificant anatomical changes in 17. — marked deceleration of growth in Answer: a Difficulty Level: Easy Blooms: Remember Page(s): 141 14. Researchers have found that in children from 3 to 6 years of age, the most rapid growth takes place in the lobe areas of the brain. 15. temporal 16. parietal 17. frontal 18. occipit al Answer: c Difficulty Level: Easy 21. = 2-year-olds. 22. 3-year-olds. 23. 5-year- olds. Answer: d Difficulty Level: Medium Blooms: Apply Page(s): 142 20. Three-year old Ashley is putting a jigsaw puzzle together, and, as is typical of her age, she: 21. places the pieces awkwardly. 22. is focused and excels at the task. 23. cannot identify the correct sections. 24. is precise in joining the bits. Answer: a Difficulty Level: Medium Blooms: Apply Page(s): 142 21. Four-year old Nathan is good at stacking his playing blocks to make tall structures. However, he still knocks them over occasionally. Which of the following is the MOST likely reason for this? 22. His gross motor skills are deficient. 23. He tries to place each block perfectly on top of the other, upsetting those already stacked. 24. His coordination skills are not developing normally for his age. 25. He is showing signs of dyslexia. Answer: b Difficulty Level: Medium Blooms: Apply Page(s): 142 22. Which of the following can raise cholesterol levels and increase the risk of heart disease? 23. Omega-3 fatty acid 24, Unsaturated fat 25. Saturated and trans fat 26. Protei n Answer: c Difficulty Level: Medium Blooms: Understand Page(s): 142 23. Which of the following should be minimized in order to improve the eating behavior of children? 24. Competing activities 25. Apredictable schedule 26. Eating healthy food yourself 27. Making mealtimes pleasant occasions Answer: a Difficulty Level: Easy Blooms: Remember Page(s): 143 24. Which of the following determines the categories for obesity, overweight, and at risk for being overweight? 25. Weight 26. Average calories consumed daily 27. Waist-to-hips ratio 28. Body mass index Answer: d Difficulty Level: Easy Blooms: Remember Page(s): 143 25. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, only children and adolescents at or above the __ percentile are classified as obese, 26. 97th 27. 95th 28. 90th 29. 88t h Answer: a Difficulty Level: Hard Blooms: Understand Page(s): 143 26. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, a person with a BMI at the 90th percentile is: 27. obese. 28. overweight. 29. at-risk of being overweight. 30. underweig ht. Answer: c Difficulty Level: Easy Blooms: Remember Page(s): 143 27. Gina, 6, has a BMI in the 95th percentile. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, she would be classified as: 28. obese. 29. overweight. 30. atrisk for being overweight. 31. not at risk for being overweight. Answer: b Difficulty Level: Medium Blooms: Apply Page(s): 143 28. Which of the following statements about childhood obesity is true? 29. Children who are overweight at age 3 are also at risk of being overweight at age 12. 30. There is no indication that overweight young children will become overweight adults. 31. Obesity is not linked to type 2 (adult-onset) diabetes in children. 32. In 2005, the United States had the highest rate of child obesity in the world. Answer: a Difficulty Level: Difficulty Level: Easy Blooms: Remember Page(s): 145 34. Which of the following can be modified to create conditions that enhance the child’s safety and reduce the likelihood of injury? 35. Decrease home/school partnerships 36. Reduce playground hazards 37. Reduce pool fencing 38. Reduce frequent parent protective behaviors Answer: b Difficulty Level: Medium Blooms: Understand Page(s): 145 35. Deaths in young children due to HIV/AIDS especially occur in countries: 36. in the northern hemisphere. 37. with high rates of poverty and low levels of education. 38. where other common children’s health problems like malnutrition do not exist. 39. where the society is affluent. Answer: b Difficulty Level: Easy Blooms: Remember Page(s): 145 36. Many of the deaths of young children around the world could be prevented by a reduction in: 37. nutrition. 38. — sanitation. 39. poverty. 40. educatio n. Answer: c Difficulty Level: Easy Blooms: Remember Page(s): 145 37. The second Piagetian stage of development is the preoperational stage, which lasts from approximately. years of age. 38. 1 to 3 39. 2to7 40. 4to10 41. 5to 12 Answer: b Difficulty Level: Easy Blooms: Remember Page(s): 146 38. Inthe ___ stage, children begin to represent the world with words, images, and drawings. 39. concrete operational 40. sensorimotor 41. _ preoperational 42. formal operational Answer: c Difficulty Level: Easy Blooms: Remember Difficulty Level: Easy Blooms: Remember Page(s): 146 44. During the substage children begin to use language more effectively and engage in pretend play. 45. formal operational 46. intuitive thought 47. — symbolic function 48. concrete operational Answer: c Difficulty Level: Easy Blooms: Remember Page(s): 146 45. Three-year-old Betty’s favorite pastime is scribbling designs. She says the drawings represent her parents, cat, bicycle, and home. This indicates that Betty is in the substage of Piaget’s preoperational stage. 46. symbolic function 47. — intuitive thought 48. operational 49. — sensorimot or Answer: a Difficulty Level: Hard Blooms: Apply Page(s): 146 46. Three-and-a-half-year-old Ruth draws a picture with lavender, purple, and blue colors intermixed with green, yellow, and brown. “It’s a boat on the ocean at sunset, with whales jumping all around it!” she explains to her teacher. Which of the following does this explain? 47. Animism 48. Conservation 49. Intuitive thought 50. Symbolic function Answer: d Difficulty Level: Hard Blooms: Apply Page(s): 146 47. The inability to distinguish between one’s own perspective and someone else’s perspective is known as. . 48. animism 49. empathy 50. egocentrism 51. —symbolis m Answer: c Difficulty Level: Easy Blooms: Remember Page(s): 146 48. While talking with his grandmother on the phone, five-year old Danny suddenly exclaims, “Oh, look at that pretty bird!” When his grandmother asks him to describe the bird, Danny says, “Out there, out there! Right there, Grandma!” He finally gets frustrated and hangs up. This is an example of: 49. animism. 50. egocentrism. 51. — intuitive thought. 52. symbolic function. Answer: b Difficulty Level: Hard Blooms: Apply Page(s): 146 49. Ayoung child might be heard saying, “That tree pushed the leaf off and it fell down.” The child’s belief that the tree is capable of action is referred to as_. 50. egocentrism 51. conservation 52. animism 53. _ kineticis m Answer: c Difficulty Level: Medium Blooms: Apply Page(s): 147 50. “My computer doesn’t like me—it keeps eating my pictures,” says 3-year old Kimberly. This is an example of: 51. animism. 52. — intuitive thinking. 53. conservation. 54. egocentris m. Answer: a Difficulty Level: Hard Blooms: Apply Page(s): 147 51. The second substage of preoperational thought, occurring between approximately 4 and 7 years of age, is characterized by the use of: 52. reversible mental actions. 53. egocentric views. 54. primitive reasoning. 55. symbolic thought. Answer: c Difficulty Level: Easy Blooms: Remember Page(s): 147 52. Ethan, age 4, reasons that every time he sees a lightning bolt in the sky, angels are turning on their flashlights. Ethan’s primitive reasoning about lightning is characteristic of: 53. symbolic function. 54. — intuitive thought. 55. egocentrism. 56. centratio n, Answer: b Difficulty Level: function. Answer: b Difficulty Level: Medium Blooms: Apply Page(s): 147-148 58. In Piaget’s theory, failing the conservation-of-liquid task demonstrates: 59. that the child is at the sensorimotor stage of cognitive development. 60. that the child is unable to think fluidly. 61. centration. 62. rational thought. Answer: c Difficulty Level: Medium Blooms: Understand Page(s): 148 59. According to Rochel Gelman, _. conservation. 60. the age of the child is especially important in explaining 61. heredity 62. attention 63. — intuitio n Answer: c Difficulty Level: Easy Blooms: Remember Page(s): 149 60. Zone of proximal development (ZPD) is Vygotsky’s term for: 61. a young adult’s cognitive development achieved through interaction with children. 62.the variety of work that a child can do with ease at a particular stage of cognitive development. 63. how the environment and a child’s genetically programmed learning ability interact during a critical period. 64. the range of tasks difficult for a child to master alone but that can be learned with help from adults. Answer: d Difficulty Level: Easy Blooms: Remember Page(s): 149 61. A toddler is likely to learn something in the zone of proximal development (ZPD) if: 62. the toddler has mastered all the skills necessary. 63. parents or teachers do not interfere. 64. the task is more difficult than the child can do alone. 65. the toddler uses no help from a parent or teacher. Answer: c Difficulty Level: Medium Blooms: Understand Page(s): 149 62. Kevin is just learning to walk. He can take a few steps by himself if he uses both hands to hold on to a piece of furniture for support, but he can walk out into the middle of the room only if one of his parents holds his hands. Which of the following represents the lower limit of Kevin’s zone of proximal development (ZPD) for walking? 63. Kevin learning to run after he has mastered walking by himself 64. Kevin going back to crawling when he becomes frustrated trying to walk by himself 68. zone of proximal development. 69. development of conservational abilities. 70. enhancement of intuitive reasoning. 71. process of centration. Answer: a Difficulty Level: Medium Blooms: Understand Page(s): 150 68. Which of the following refers to teachers’ adjustment of their level of support and guidance to the level of skill of the student? 69. Accommodation 70. Regulation 71. ~~ Scaffolding 72. — Assimilatio n Answer: c Difficulty Level: Easy Blooms: Remember Page(s): 150 69. Over the past week, Walter has been trying to learn to tie his shoelaces. Initially, his mother was holding his hands and working his fingers through the process, but now that Walter’s gotten better at it, she only guides him verbally. Which of the following is this an example of? 70. How heredity shapes cognitive development 71. ~— Intuitive reasoning 72. Scaffolding 73. Conservatio n Answer: c Difficulty Level: Hard Blooms: Apply Page(s): 150 70. When four-year-old Jared plays, he often talks to himself. This form is self-talk is used for self-regulation. Developmentalists call this: 71. mindstream. 72. — self-articulation. 73. — lisping. 74. private speech. Answer: d Difficulty Level: Medium Blooms: Apply Page(s): 150 71. After a while self-talk becomes second nature to children, and they can act without verbalizing, thus creating a form of ___ which becomes their thoughts. 72. = mindstream 73. inner speech 74. — lisping 75. private speech Answer: b Difficulty Level: Easy Blooms: Remember Page(s): 150 72. Which of the following describes what Lev Vygotsky believed about the development of thought and language? 73. Thought and language are merged early in development and later separate. 74. Thought depends on language, so they are merged throughout development. 75. Thought and language develop independently at first and merge later in development. 76. Thought and language are two separate functions that remain independent throughout development. Answer: c Difficulty Level: Medium Blooms: Understand Page(s): 150 73. In the development of language and thought: 74. internal speech precedes private speech. 75. — internal and external speech develop simultaneously. 76. external speech precedes internal speech. 77. external speech develops after internal speech. Answer: c Difficulty Level: Medium Blooms: Understand Page(s): 150 74. Vygotsky argued that __ represents an early transition toward becoming more socially communicative. 75. —mindstream 76. inner speech 77. — lisping 78. private speech Answer: d Difficulty Level: Easy Blooms: Remember Page(s): 150 75. Michelle, 4, talks to herself frequently, especially when she is trying to solve a difficult problem. Lev Vygotsky would say that Michelle is: 76. engaging in egocentric and immature thinking. 77. likely to be socially competent. 78. functioning at the upper limit of her zone of proximal development (ZPD). 79. engaging in scaffolding. Answer: b Difficulty Level: Hard Blooms: Apply Page(s): 150 76. Amy, age 3, walks by her grandmother’s collection of glass animals and says, “Those are a ‘no-no’; don’t touch.” It would appear that Amy is using__ to regulate her own behavior. 77. — mindstream 78. — intuitive reasoning 79. private speech 82. nutrition 83. didactic lecture 84. dramatic play 85. abstract presentation Answer: c Difficulty Level: Easy Blooms: Remember Page(s): 151 82. Tale is in a “Tools of the Mind” classroom. His teacher guides him to plan his own message by drawing a line to stand for each word he says. Tale then repeats the message, pointing to each line as he/she says the word. Finally, Tale writes on the lines, trying to represent each word with some letters or symbols. This process is called: 83. model drawing. 84. — scaffolding writing. 85. word visualizing. 86. positive role- play. Answer: b Difficulty Level: Medium Blooms: Apply Page(s): 152 83. Vygotsky’s view of the importance of __ on children’s development fits with the current belief that it is important to evaluate the contextual factors in learning. 84. autonomy 85. — sociocultural influences 86. economic status of teachers 87. — scaffoldin g Answer: b Difficulty Level: Easy Blooms: Remember Page(s): 152 84. Which of the following statements about Vygotsky's theory is true? 85. Cognition primarily directs language development. 86. Language has a minimal role in shaping thought. 87. Language plays a powerful role in shaping thought. 88. Education merely refines the child’s cognitive skills that have already emerged. Answer: c Difficulty Level: Medium Blooms: Understand Page(s): 152 85. In moving from Piaget to Vygotsky, the conceptual shift is one from: 86. the individual to collaboration. 87. collaboration to sociocultural activity. 88. construction to discovery. 89. socializing to operational thought. Answer: a Difficulty Level: Medium Blooms: Understand Page(s): 152-153 86. Which of the following is a criticism of Vygotsky’s theory? 94. superfluo us Answer: b Difficulty Level: Hard Blooms: Apply Page(s): 153 91. After the age of___, children attend more efficiently to the dimensions of the task that are relevant. 92. 30r4 93. 4o0r5 94. Gor7 95. 5 Answer: c Difficulty Level: Hard Blooms: Understand Page(s): 153 92. When experimenters ask children to judge whether two complex pictures are the same, preschool children tend to use a haphazard comparison strategy, not examining all of the details before making a judgment, exhibiting a lack of: 93. conservation. 94. attention to the salient. 95. centration. 96. _ planfulnes s. Answer: d Difficulty Level: Medium Blooms: Apply Page(s): 153 93. In Central European countries, such as Hungary, kindergarten children participate in exercises designed to improve their. . An eye- contact exercise, in which the teacher sits in the center of a circle of children and each child is required to catch the teacher’s eye before being permitted to leave the group, is an example of an exercise to improve . 94. hand-to-eye coordination 95. attention 96. — social skills 97. creativi ty Answer: b Difficulty Level: Easy Blooms: Remember Page(s): 153 94. Inshort-term memory, individuals retain information for up to ___if there is no rehearsal of the information. 95. 30 seconds 96. 15 minutes. 97. 5 hours 98. 2 days Answer: a Difficulty Level: Easy Blooms: Remember Page(s): 154 95. Irene is taking a test where she hears a random list of numbers, which she is then asked to repeat in the right order. Irene is having her memory tested. 96. recognition 97. — implicit 98. procedural 99. — short- term Answer: d Difficulty Level: Hard Blooms: Apply Page(s): 154 96. Using rehearsal, we can keep information in short-term memory for a much longer period. In this context, rehearsal means: 97. preparing for a memory-span test. 98. doing mental exercises daily to keep the mind sharp. 99. repeating information after it has been presented. 100. taking regular memory-span tests. Answer: c Difficulty Level: Medium Blooms: Understand Page(s): 154 97. Research with the memory-span task suggests that: 98. short-term memory increases during early childhood. 99. long-term memory reaches maturation by early childhood. 100. memory span depends on one’s ethnic origin. 101. heredity is a major factor affecting memory. Answer: a Difficulty Level: Easy Blooms: Remember Page(s): 154 98. In a study comparing the memory spans of preschool and elementary school children, the latter group consistently scored better. This apparent increase in memory span with age could be explained partly by how: 99. the peer group plays a part in short-term memory. 100. older children rehearse the digits more than younger children do. 101. elementary schools practice scaffolding. 102. memory-span tests are not always an accurate measure of short- term memory. Answer: b Difficulty Level: Medium Blooms: Analyze Page(s): 154 99. Six-year-old Shirley, a witness to a robbery, was asked to testify at the trial. The defense argued that her testimony would be invalid because: 100. at her age, she has no long-term memories. 101. her memories are highly susceptible to suggestion. 102. she is more likely to embellish her memories. 103. children cannot recall details of events sequentially. Answer: b Difficulty Level: Medium Blooms: Apply 108. he has started to understand that people can have ambivalent feelings. Answer: b Difficulty Level: Medium Blooms: Apply Page(s): 157 105. The realization that people can have false beliefs develops in a majority of children by the time they are_ years old. 106. 2 107. 3 108. 4 109. 5 Answer: d Difficulty Level: Easy Blooms: Remember Page(s): 158 106. One of the disadvantages of “false-belief tasks” as indicators of understanding the thoughts of children is that: 107. the false-belief task is a complicated one that involves a number of factors. 108. this kind of task has at least four possible outcomes. 109. the false-belief tasks are too simple. 110. it is only by the preschool years that children have a deepening appreciation of the mind itself. Answer: a Difficulty Level: Medium Blooms: Understand Page(s): 158 107. It is only by age 7 that children begin to recognize all of the following EXCEPT: 108. there can be more than one correct opinions on an issue. 109. people’s behaviors do not necessarily reflect their thoughts and feelings. 110. people have different interpretations of the same event. 111. people can have ambivalent feelings. Answer: d Difficulty Level: Medium Blooms: Understand Page(s): 158 108. Pointing to a tree, young Leo says, “Bird flied away.” Leo’s interesting but incorrect use of the “-ed” word ending shows that he is trying to learn the __ rules of language. 109. phonological 110. morphological 111. pragmatic 112. syntacti c Answer: b Difficulty Level: Medium Blooms: Apply Page(s): 159 109. Jean Berko’s experiment involving “wugs” demonstrated that the young children who took part in the experiment knew: 110. the phonological rules. 111. the rules of syntax. 112. the pragmatic rules. 113. the morphological rules. Answer: d Difficulty Level: Medium Blooms: Understand Page(s): 159 110. Zelda, 3, is always asking questions like “Where Daddy is going?” and “What Mommy is doing?” This indicates that she is yet to learn the auxiliary-inversion rule and to apply rules of: 111. pragmatics. 112. morphology. 113. syntax. 114. phonolog y. Answer: c Difficulty Level: Medium Blooms: Apply Page(s): 160 111. By the time they enter first grade, it is estimated that children know about _ words. 112. 1,200 113. 8,000 114. 14,000 115. 5,000 Answer: c Difficulty Level: Easy Blooms: Remember Page(s): 160 112. Around years of age, children learn to change their speech style to suit the situation. 113. 6or7 114. 7ors 115. 2or3 116. 4or 5 Answer: d Difficulty Level: Easy Blooms: Remember Page(s): 161 113. Five-year old Donna speaks in shorter, simpler sentences to her baby brother, in a very informal way with friends, and uses a more formal language with her father’s friends. Donna is demonstrating her grasp of: 114. pragmatics. 115. morphology. 116. syntax. 117. phonolog y. Answer: a Difficulty Level: Medium Blooms: Apply Page(s): 161