Essentials of Pathophysiology Exam 2 Review Sheet Questions With Correct Answers, Exams of Pathophysiology

Download Essentials of Pathophysiology Exam 2 Review Sheet Questions With Correct Answers and more Exams Pathophysiology in PDF only on Docsity! Essentials of Pathophysiology Exam 2 Review Sheet Questions With Correct Answers Covers Modules 4, 5, and 6 – Chapters 27, 28, 29, 31, 33, 34, 36, 37, 38, 40, 41 1.What is gastritis? What are causes? • Inflammation of the stomach lining. • Gastritis is caused by ingestion of irritating substances such as alcohol, aspirin, NSAIDS, consequence of viral, bacterial, or autoimmune diseases. • 2. What is GERD? What are causes to this condition? What are complications of GERD if left untreated? • Gastro Esophageal Reflux Disease (contents of the stomach coming up) • Backflow of gastric contents into esophagus through the lower esophageal sphincter, which causes inflammation of stomach and small intestine. • Causes: any condition or agent that alters closure strength of LES or increases abdominal pressure, fatty foods, caffeine, large amounts of alcohol, cigarette smoke, pregnancy, anatomic features (ex. hiatal hernia) • Symptoms: Heart burn, regurgitation, chest pain, dysphagia • Complications: Barret Esophagus (columnar tissue replaces normal squamous epithelium of the distal esophagus), progression can lead to ulceration or fibrotic scarring, esophageal strictures, ppapillo • pulmonary symptoms (cough, asthma, laryngitis from reflux in breathing passages) 3. Review signs and symptoms of peptic use. What is the role of H. pylori in this condition? • It’s disorders of the upper GI tract caused by action of acid and pepsin. • H. Pylori which is a key role in promoting both gastric and duodenal ulcer formation. It thrives in acidic conditions, slows rate of ulcer healing, high rate of reoccurrence, clearance of H. Pylori promotes ulcer healing. • Signs and symptoms: epigastric burning that is usually relieved by the intake of food, especially dairy or antacids, pain of ulcers usually occurs on an empty stomach. Life threatening complications can also include GI bleeding. 4. What is pseudomembranous colitis? What contributes to this condition? What are ways that it can be treated? • It is acute inflammation and necrosis of the large intestine that causes diarrhea, abdominal pain, fever, leukocytosis, sepsis, colonic perforation. • Caused by Clostridium difficile and mediated by bacterial toxins. • Treatment: stop current antibiotic if possible, treat ischemia, treat contributing conditions, oral antibiotics such as metronidazole or vancomycin, fecal transplant, but reoccurrence is common. 5. Review examples of inflammatory bowel conditions and their causes such as Crohn’s disease, ulcerative colitis, celiac disease • Ulcerative colitis: chronic inflammatory disease of mucosa of the rectum and colon which causes large ulcers. Begins as inflammation at base of crypts of Lieberkühn and damage results, then abscess formation in crypts and abscesses begin to develop in epithelium. • Crohn disease: AKA regional enteritis or granulomatous colitis. Cause is unknown. • Neurogenic bladder: inability to urinate (multiple scoliosis,) 19. What is cystitis? What is some important patient teaching to prevent cystitis? What can happen if cystitis does not resolve? • Cystis: inflammation of the bladder • Good toilet hygiene, take antibiotics that are prescribed, resist urge to hold urine, • Pyelonephritis: Kindey infection (inflammation infection of the kidney) 20. Review clinical manifestations for conditions of the male genitourinary tract such as: BPH, hydrocele, testicular torsion • Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH): enlargement of the prostate glands • Hydrocele: collection of fluid around the testis (trauma, infection, cancer) • Testicular torsion: twisting of the spermatic cord 21. Review clinical manifestations for conditions of the female genitourinary tract such as: endometriosis, uterine prolapse, pelvic inflammatory disease • Endometriosis: the endometrium grows outside your uterus • Uterine prolapse: the uterus protrudes out of the vagina • Pelvic inflammatory disease: bacteria introduced into the urinary system 22. Review which organisms/viruses contribute to the following conditions: pelvic inflammatory disease, cervical cancer, UTIs, herpes, syphilis • Pelvic inflammatory disease: chlamydia trachomatis • Cervical cancer: papillomavirus (HPV) • UTIs: caused by bacteria • Herpes: • Syphilis:ema pallidum subspecies pallidum 23. Review the stages of syphilis. What organ systems are most affected by the disorder in the later stages? • Primary: generally, has a sore or sores at the original site of infection. These sores usually occur on or around the genitals, around the anus or in the rectum, or in or around the mouth. These sores are usually (but not always) firm, round, and painless. • Secondary: include skin rash, swollen lymph nodes, and fever. The signs and symptoms of primary and secondary syphilis can be mild, and they might not be noticed • Latent: there are no signs or symptoms. • Tertiary: is associated with severe medical problems. • Nervous system and cardiovascular system, 24. Review disorders during pregnancy such as: pregnancy induced hypertension, hyperemesis gravidarum. • Pregnancy induced hypertension: is a high blood pressure problem caused by pregnancy; can be life threatening, can cause seizures • Hyperemesis gravidarum: sever vomiting, can lead to renal damage if not treated, electrolyte imbalanced 25. What is the concern with chlamydial infection during labor/delivery? • Can pass on to the child, granular conjunctivitis - can cause blindness to the child 26. Review endocrine disorders of the pituitary gland including: gigantism, dwarfism, acromegaly, diabetes insipidus, SIADH • Gigantism: excessive amount of growth hormone, before puberty, around childhood • Dwarfism: absence of growth hormones, delayed puberty • Acromegaly: excessive amount of growth hormone, after puberty, after childhood • Diabetes insipidus: to little ADH, almost waterlike urine, losing to much fluid during urination, dehydration, • SIADH: to much ADH, retaining fluid, very little urine output, very dark urine, 27. What is ADH? What electrolyte is most affected by disorders of ADH production? • ADH: • Sodium 28. Review the differences between hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism. What labs can be drawn to determine if an individual is suffering from a thyroid disorder? • Hypothyroidism m): very tired, slow heart rate, feel cold, hair growth and nail growth, gaining weight, constipation • Hyperthyroidism (overactive thyroid system): insomnia, fast heart rate, diarrhea, bulging of the eyes • Hypothyroidism: T3 and T4 (decrease), • Hyperthyroidism: T3 and T4 (increase), (increase) (decrease) 29. What is parathyroid hormone (PTH)? Which electrolyte is primarily affected by PTH disorders? • parathyroid hormone (PTH): increase calcium in the blood, comes from the bones, • Calcitonin (thyroid gland) moves calcium from the blood and into bones (out of the blood and into the bone) 30. Review differences between Cushing’s syndrome (hortisolism) versus Addison’s disease (adrenocortical insufficiency) • Cushing’s syndrome: increased cortisol level, high blood pressure, • Addison’s disease: decreased cortisol level, instead of holding fluid there losing fluid, low blood pressure, shock, losing a lot of salt, very fatigue 31. Review the difference between Type 1 diabetes versus type II diabetes • Type I diabetes: unable to produce their own insulin, • Type II diabetes: insulin resistant, loss of insulin receptors on the cell 32. What are signs and symptoms of hyperglycemia versus hypoglycemia. What are the three Ps? • Hyperglycemia (high blood sugar): hot, dry mouth, blurred vision, increased thirst • Hypoglycemia (low blood sugar): cold, clammy, dizziness, sleepy, unresponsive, irritability, sweaty, (if patient is unresponsive, check blood sugar) • Polydipsia: excessive thirst • Polyuria: excessive urination Hyperglycemia: high blood sugar • Polyphagia: increase hunger TSH TSH 33. What is diabetic ketoacidosis? Why does it occur? • A complication of diabetes that results from increased levels of ketones in the blood (occurs in patients who are diabetic I) • The body will begin to break down fat (adipose tissue), then protein • Educate patients to check there sugar