Ethical Decision-Making in Business: Navigating Stakeholder Responsibilities, Study Guides, Projects, Research of Business Administration

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BA 342 Exam 1 Questions and Answers

2024/

What are the two main themes for this class?*

• Responsibility
• Responsible Leadership Responsibility (Definition)* The ability or authority to act or decide on one's own without supervision (Can you do the right thing?) Responsible Leadership (Financial Times Definition)* Making business decisions that takes into account stakeholders (workers, clients, suppliers, the environment, the community, and future generations) Responsibility Snapshot Cases*
• Understand how Ashley Madison, FIFA, Air Force, BP examples relate to responsibility Smeal Strategic Plan (6) Leadership competencies, ethical issues in business, corporate social responsibility, sustainability, diversity, responsible leadership A License to Operate ("What exactly is that license?/What is the license to operate for a large corporation?")*
• License to be a contractor (i.e. CPA)
• Intangibles = 53% of Total Value of Fortune 500 or about $24.27 T (Coke 96% of Value)
• Consumers = 85% reputation responsibility key (competitiveness & market positioning)
• Risk Management = Gov't, NGO's, Legal
• Investors = 86% institutional investors
• Operations = Innovation, Energy, Waste, Water BA 342 Big Four Competencies ("Do you know what this course is about?")*
• Ethical Issues in Business
• Sustainability
• Diversity
• Corporate Social Responsibility What is EAP?*

• E = Excellent Performance
• A = Academic Integrity
• P = Professional Behavior High Level Drivers of Responsible Leadership (3)
• Population
• Resource Use
• Climate Change Responsible Business Mega Trends (5)*
• Global Crisis = constant conflicts that impact companies (war, genocide, financial crisis)
• Internet & Transparency = fast IT & additional/innovative IT
• Institutional Responsibility
• New Markets & Business Care
• Stakeholder Wants/Needs = all demanding Smeal Honor Code (3) (Exam Q - What is not a component?)*
• Highest ethical standard
• Hold each other accountable
• Will not engage in any improper academic/professional actions Lord Michael Hasting Video*
• Video about corporate social responsibility = KNOW THE OVERRIDING THEME Ethics is PONG - What is PONG? (What is the most important letter?)*
• P = Personal = Always starts with a person = this is ethics at its core = MOST IMPORTANT LETTER
• O = Organizational
• N = National
• G = Global The Nexus of Ethics
• Focused on the importance of integrity interviewers
• Companies are looking at the personal and professional side of candidates
• Sensation-Seeking Trait = score high = people who act impulsively without thinking, driven to excitement & new experiences, and willing to take risks in order to satisfy those needs
• Antisocial Tendencies = unwillingness/inability to conform to the accepted societal standards - enjoy criminal activity (corporate crime)
• Prudence Scale = score low = increased tendency to lie, cheat, steal, drink, fight, etc. Boeing 787 Dreamline (Harry Stonecipher)*
• Know the Harry Stonecipher & the elements described in the example
• Based on ethics, honor, and integrity
• Harry Stonecipher was brought back to Boeing and went "by the books" and practiced ethically with

honor

• Was doing a great job in charge until he was fired because he had an affair with a co-worker = had negative effects/dynames on Boeing (bad public perception)
• His bad use of ethics brought up - "Should personal life be fair game within the workplace?" = you are an employee 24/ Adam Scott (2 Books + Saying)*
• An economic thinker & moral philosopher
• Published "A Wealth of Nations" (1776) and "Theory of Moral Sentiments" (1759)
• Father of modern economic theory (taught moral philosophy)
• Free markets are okay if everything operates ethically and fundamentally Elements Companies Use to Find Out Who People are or to Assess and Employment Situation (4)
• Integrity Interview
• Background Check
• Credit Check
• Personality Test Stakeholder Analysis (5 Elements + Sub-Elements) (Sandusky Scandal)*
• Page 9 (Figure 1.2) Businesses hold the following relationships with these stakeholders:
• Community (Environmental Groups and General Public)
• Owners (Corp. Raiders, Private Citizens, Institutional Investors)
• Consumers (Consumer Activists and Product Liability Threats)
• Employees (Unions, Older Employees, Women, Minorities, Civil Liberties Activists)
• Government (Local, State, Federal) Ethics Resource Center Trends (Know Trends)* Trend = Pressure to commit misconduct:
• High (28%) in 1995
• Then decreased until the recession (2008)
• Started increasing again until 2011
• CURRENT DECREASING TREND FROM 2011 to 2013
• 41% witnessed bad conduct (decrease: bad)
• 63% reported it to superiors (decrease: good)
• 21% reported misdoncuted and faced retaliation (decease: bad)
• 9% pressure to commit misconduct (down: GOOD and IMPORTANT) = we want to smooth out the graph
• 60% of misconduct came from managers
• 24% of misconduct from senior managers

• Pressure to commit wrongdoings in order to do job = increased
• Weak ethical cultures = increased Ethics Resource Center 2013 5 Most Frequent Observed Types of Misconduct
• Abusive Behavior (18%)
• Lying to Employees (17%)
• Discrimination (12%)
• Conflict of Interest (12%)
• Bad Internet Use (12%) Spiderman Video* "With great power comes great responsibility" Honest Tea Honest Tea set up local kiosk where people could take Honest Tea's using the honor system (no worker at stand) International Business Ethics (Cultural Relativism & Ethical Imperialism)*
• Ethical Imperialism/Moral Absolutism = Country A - "All my values are correct and my values will work wherever I go" = use personalized approach everywhere = NO CHANGE
• Cultural Relativism = Country B = "All my values are correct but I will adopt the values of the country that I am in." = make choices based on different countries = CHANGE Global Ethics The middle ground that states that every country shares certain ethics and values Ethics (3 Part Definition)*
• Set of Principles
• Right Conduct
• Underlying Values PSU Values (6) (PRRIDE)
• P = Penn State Community
• R = Responsibility
• R = Respect (underlying value)
• I = Integrity
• D = Discover
• E = Excellence Business Ethics (Textbook Definition)*
• Concerned with the morality and fairness in behavior, actions, policies, and practices that take place in a business context
• You can (kinda) teach ethics, but you can't make somebody ethical = Ethical Judgement (Exam Q) Right vs Wrong Exercise*

• Fundamental, Cultural, Situational, Contextual, Relative (no real standards)
• Large number of people start when they look at ethics when wanting to apply values in decision making
• Today, more people are trying to apply ethics than trying to cheat (starts with FUNDAMENTAL)
• Video about John Q & His Son (heart transplant - extreme view) Hyper Norms (Transcultural Values) ("How do we manage ethics across different cultures?")* The level ground of norms we share among all different countries; operate based upon the higher of home versus host ethical standards thought this is not always easy to determine especially when a host country invokes a standards as being part of its culture. Ethical Decision Making: Individual 3 Step Process*
• Ethical Awareness
• Ethical Judgement
• Ethical Behavior Bounded Ethically (Expect a complex question that will test if you understand what bounded ethically means)*
• Everyone wants to be rational/ethical/honest but there are limits
• People often don't gather all available information = we are BOUNDED (due to internal/external factors)
• We act unethically to impress authority figures (boss)
• Recommend humility to be more ethical
• Never say "I got this!"
• Situational Factors dominate our ethical decision making process
• University of Texas video Millennials & Ethics (Know the themes & where Millennials are in terms of ethics)*
• Report misconduct just as much as other generations
• More likely to experience retaliation
• Report more to informal sources (social media/friends) than formal channels (report to TA before Ron Jon) Moral Disengagement (PSU Students)*
• Outside elements can affect how you act
• Somebody who has made a decision where they are in an environment where they compartmentalize part of their lives = to be apathetic in some areas of your life
• 50 - 90% of college students cheated at some point
• PSU students productively/morally engaged = THON, Smeal #1 for WSJ, Community Service, etc.)
• PSU student productively/morally disengaged = cheating/academic integrity violations, bullying, etc.) Values Framework (6)(Know the elements)*
• Awareness = the issue at hand
• Facts = what you know & what you don't know
• Stakeholders = anyone with interest

• Standards = laws/policies
• Values = safety/cares
• Actions = what to do Drug Use on Job Case (Question about drug use on the job and the values framework)*
• The Office & weed example from class Corporate Dilemma (Question about Enron)*
• We do it to ourselves, environment for ethics
• Enron = Special purpose entities (made fin. statements look stronger than they actually were). Securities fraud, Conspiracy to inflate profits, Corrupt corporate culture. Arthur Anderson (auditor), Andrew Fastow (CFO), Jeff Skilling (CEO),Kenneth Lay (Founder), Sherron Watkins (Controller & Whistle-Blower). Their ethics code was based on respect, integrity, communication, and excellence.
• Martha Steward = Conspiracy, securities fraud, obstruction of justice (insider trading). Cancer drug insider information = sold of stocks & then lied to prosecuters Media Dilemma
• Portrays business as bad or dumb
• Examples = Wall Street trailer, Greed is Good (no ethics), Business is stupid 6 Types of Media Influences
• News
• Advertisements
• Movies
• Internet
• TV
• Social Media 3 Approaches to Ethical Decision-Making*
• Conventional Approach (Societal Norm Focus)
• Principles Approach (Moral Guideline Focus)
• Ethical Tests Approach (Applied Guideline Focus) Conventional Approach
• AKA Society Norm Focus (COMMON SENSE)
• Comparison of Decision & Behavior of Practice to Prevailing norms of acceptability
• Based on ordinary, common sense, prevailing practice, and ethical grounding
• Norms usually stem from family/friends/religion = we know a norm so everything should work out perfectly - "practice norms" Balancing Ethics (Know 3 Components)*

Have to balance:

• Ethical Responsibility
• Legal Responsibility
• Economic Responsibility ALSO DETERMINING FACTORS IN VENN DIAGRAM OF ETHICS, ECON & LAW Principles Approach
• Based on the use of ethics principles or guidelines to justify and direct behaviors, actions, and policies (Aristotle's Guidelines) Ethical Tests Approach
• Based on short principal questions/tests to guide ethical decision making, behavior, and practicies Descriptive Ethics*
• Describing, characterizing, and studying the morality of people, and organization, culture, or a society - "WHAT IS" - contrasts different moral codes, systems, practices, beliefs, and values
• "If everyone's doing it, it must be ethical" Normative Ethics*
• Supplying and justifying a coherent moral system of judging and thinking - "OUGHT TO BE" - uncover, develop, and justify basic moral principles (find principle to distinguish between ethical and unethical)
• "Moral Common Sense" (don't lie, cheat, steal, etc.) Phantom Express Case (Relate to Descriptive & Normative Ethics)* Expense account issue = Ann was putting in the wrong amounts for the company
• Awareness = theft/vouchers changed
• Facts = true or false, protocol, new employee
• Stakeholders = Ann, company, shareholders, government
• Standards = laws/policies Management Ethic's Models (3)*
• Immoral
• Moral
• Amoral Immoral (Know examples)*
• An approach that is devoid of ethical problems/precepts and at the same time implies a positive/active opposition to what is ethical
• Selfish
• Exploit opportunities for personal gain
• Values profitability & organizational success
• Bernie Madoff (Ponzi Scheme - $15-20B lost), Ashley Madison, Enron Amoral (Know examples)*

• Stuck in neutral, profitability is goal = Doesn't really think about ethics
• Unintentional
• "Can we make money with this action?"
• Domino's delivery time (delivery driver accidents/deaths)
• Domino's foreign sexist football commercial with wife cooking and husband orders pizza
• Intentional Amoral Mangement = ethical considerations are not factored into decisions because management believes business activity resides outside the sphere to which more judgements apply (Distinct minority today)
• Unintentional Amoral Mangement = Business activity isn't thought about in ethical terms, but for different reasons, such as ignorance, lack of ethical perception, or moral awareness (Go through life think that what they're doing has an ethnical dimension) Moral (Know examples)*
• Conforms to the highest standards of ethical behavior or professional standards of conduct
• Elevating ethical norms, Aspires to succeed within the confines of sound ethical precepts, Fairness/justice/respect
• MERCK (Ken Frazier CEO) - provides 2.5 billion free pills (Mectizan) that help cure River Blindness Kohlberg's Levels of Moral Development * (Know the 3 different levels + 6 stages)(IMPORTANT) How moral judgement is developed from a young age A general sequence though which individuals evolve in learning to think/develop morally; how young people develop approaches.
• Preconventional Level = Self Focuses (INTERNALLY) - everyone does this (PUNISH & REWARD)
• Conventional Level = Others Focus (EXTERNALLY) - social/do something for others (GOOD & LAW)
• Postconventional Level = Humankind Focus (REST OF WORLD) - self-actualization = do something for everyone (SOCIAL & UNIVERSAL) Society's Expectations of Business Overtime*
• Has drastically increased in recent years due to advancements in technology
• We are dealing with so much more than previous generations were (1960's) 5 Major Stakeholders (Know issues that each stakeholder faces)*
• Customers = product safety
• Employees = fair payment practices
• Community/Environment = Good corp. citizenship
• Shareholders = Protecting S/H interests
• Government = inflation/deflation Ethics & Law
• Ethical behavior is typically thought to reside above behavior by the law
• In many respects ethics & laws overlap (the law embodies the notion of ethics)

Stakeholder Ethical Issues (7)

• Protecting their interest
• Fair compensation for executives
• Quality DoB
• Protection of company assets
• Fair RoI
• Communicating accurately
• Transparency Sources of Value (5)*
• Religious Values
• Philosophical Values
• Cultural Values
• Legal Values
• Professional Values Tylenol Case (1982 & 2009 Cases) ("What the current case didn't do?")*
• Mark Kellerman (12) & 7 others died from taking cyanid Tylenol pill
• PONG = J&J pulled everything off the shelves NATIONALLY
• Tylenol took responsibility early, rebuilt brand safely, corporate culture impact, leadership
• Current Case = Children's Motrin tablets had metal specs in them = hired a contractor to buy up defective painkillers (recalled Tylenol, Motrin, Zyrtec) = $5-6 billion recall Teleological (Definiton + Approaches)*
• What are the consequences & results?
• Utilitarianism = greatest good for the greatest number of people (good to evil)
• Virtue = Focuses on the individual becoming "one with virtues" and is centered on the heart of the person
• The goodness is within you = character Deontological (Definition + Approaches)*
• What is my duty to society?
• Kant/rights/justice
• Kant - Act as if it is a universal law
• Rights/Justice (Fairness Principle) = Rights can't be overridden by utility/utilitarianism, but only by another more basic important right
• Moral rights = don't depend on legal system - moral reasoning
• Legal rights = designated throughout society
• Negative rights = the right to be left alone/free from coercion (freedom of speech)
• Positive rights = right to basic necessity of life (clean air/water) The Trolley Problem (Apply to Teleological & Deontological approaches) Deontological vs. Teleological Graph*

KNOW FOR EXAM (pg 90 of note packet) Ethics Principle

• An ethical concept, guideline, or rule that, if applied when you are faced with an ethical decision/practice, will assist you in taking the ethical course ("honesty is the best policy") Kant's Categorical Imperative
• Follow an internal source that arises from reason or rational culture
• Formulation 1 = only act on rules that you would want everyone to be forced to follow
• Formulation 2 = people deserve response and should not be exploited or used as a means to an end
• Formulation 3 = we do not need God, the state, or culture to determine the law (it is self-evident) Principle of Rights
• Rights can't be overridden by utility/utilitarianism, but only by another more basic important right
• Moral rights = don't depend on legal system - moral reasoning
• Legal rights = designated throughout society
• Negative rights = the right to be left alone/free from coercion (freedom of speech)
• Positive rights = right to basic necessity of life (clean air/water) Principle of Justice
• AKA Fairness Principle
• Involves the fair treatment of each person
• What you are doing is universal Virtue
• Focuses on the individual becoming "one with virtues" and is centered on the heart of the person
• The goodness is within you = character Ethical Tests (7)
• Going Public (#1 ethical test) - disclosure rule - if you do not want to public to know what you plan to do, don't do it
• Best Self = when you think of yourself at your best (Who are you?) - your actions aren't consistent with you at your best
• Common Sense = smell test (Does this make sense?)
• Ventilation = If you're contemplating something - ask others - make sure it passes the smell test
• Purified Idea = Don't think that others could purify your idea by saying they think its okay (pressure from your boss)
• Big Four = Don't compromise your decisions with greed, speediness, laziness, or haziness
• Gag Speed = If you gag at it, don't do it Sexual Harassment Case
• Contact HR or ethics office, be 100% involved, you're not powerful enough to know what to do on your own, FOLLOW UP later The Big Four

• Greed
• Speediness
• Laziness
• Haziness Horses & Fraud Case
• Rita Crundwell (59) was the controller of Dixon, IL (pop. 16,000)
• Wired $30 million of town money into her personal account - used it to buy 400+ horses, $2 million motor home, jewelry, etc.
• No checks & balances = town was not aware of this until Rita went on vacation and a substitute came across the wiring fraud
• 6 year long scam - charged with wire fraud Fraud Triangle (3 Components) Created by the Association of Certified Fraud Examiners (ACFE) 1.) Opportunity = in order to have a bad ethical choice made = there has to be the opportunity = lack of internal controls (WE CONTROL OPPORTUNITY) 2.) Motivation = what is their motivation to commit fraud? 3.) Realization = once you have the opportunity & motivation, how do you justify it? Lockheed Martin Video Case #
• "This is Big - Really Big"
• Google Lockheed Martin and Ethics - Menu - Case Menu - Case #
• Core Values = do what's right, respect others, perform with excellence
• WATCH VIDEO Lockheed Martin's Compliance (12)
• Anti-trust compliance
• Drug Free workplace
• Equal employment opportunity
• Former government employees
• Export control
• Harassment in the workplace
• Information protection
• Insider trading
• International business practices
• Gift and business courtesies
• Labor charging
• Truth in negotiations act Foreign Corrupt Practice Act (FCPA) (1977)

• Greatest risks involving local agencies & other 3rd party intermediaries = often comes in "commissions"/bribes (Grease payments)
• Drastic increases in citations/charges over the last few years = created 30 years ago but very low number of cases until recently
• Applies to US companies doing international business
• Significant punishment = $1.6 billion fine
• Training is very important to prevent this Apple CEO Tim Cook Ethics
• Ethical compass influenced by his parents = who you surround yourself with and who you care about the most
• Ethics is about LEAVING THINGS BETTER THAN BE FOUND (environmentally, use of labor supplies, carbon footprint, support mechanisms, how you treat employees, and your whole persona) ECPA
• Challenges for improving ethical management skills - bad things happen to good companies
• 4% of people in the world are sociopaths with no conscious
• 5% don't do anything wrong in their life because they have no fear
• There is an ethical bell curve in organizations because of this (need resources in business when people feel conflicted) = they are the moral agents in your firm = you learn from their mistakes and help you grow on your values
• ETHICS IS ABOUT PROGRESS - NOT PERFECTION
• The world needs to work together to make the future better for everyone Top Management Leadership Practices (5)
• Realistic Objectives
• Ethics Programs and Officers
• BoD Oversight
• Ethics Audits and Risk Assessments
• Effective Communication Moral Mangement Practices (6)
• Ethics Training
• Corporate Transparency
• Whistle-blowing Mechanisms (hotlines)
• Discipline of Violators
• Codes of Conduct Ethical Decision-Making Process Behavioral Ethics
• Helps us to understand at a deeper level many of behavioral processes that research has shown actually are taking place in people/organizations

• Descriptive in nature
• Strive to capture insights into processes that have been observed to be taking place in practice
• The study of systematic and predictable ways in which individuals make ethical decisions and judge the ethical decision of others that are at odds with intuition
• Helps overcome problems and better design organizations Bounded Ethically Occurs when managers/employees find that even when they aspire to behave ethically its difficult due to a variety of organizational pressures and psychological tendencies that intervene Moral Decisions/Moral Managers/Moral Organizations
• Moral decision are made the the manager of the organization
• Moral managers will make moral decisions win the use of ethical principles
• Moral organizations are dominated by the presence of moral managers make moral decisions Rules & Ethics
• Rules = found in Compliance document (goes into ethical culture).
• Compliance = following the rules; found in business conduct compliance
• Ethics = found in Code of Conduct (goes into ethical culture) = focuses on core values; what you should do or ought to be doing Organizational Ethics Components (10)
• Leadership
• Ethics officers
• Codes
• Training
• Audits
• Industry standards
• Avoid undue authority
• Communicate
• Detection & Prevention
• Compliance standards Chapter 9 Technology
• All the ways people use inventions/discoveries to meet the needs/wants. It has a high/mostly positive impact on people
• Technology Rap by Prince EA (Anti-Social Network - technology is disconnecting us from each other)
• Matrix Decision (Blue vs Red pill) - Blue pill = "I just wanna stay in the bubble). Red pill = "I want to see things from different eyes"

Speed of Technology (2014 Video)

• Video that showed the accelerating rate in which we are gathering technology and expanding our knowledge
• Rapid/Exponential advancement of technology - growing at an extremely fast pace
• Technology is increasing at an overwhelming rate - the current generation has to deal with so much more stuff - NEED ETHICAL EYES Technological Determinism
• "What can be developed, will be developed"
• "Whatever new thing comes out, I am going to have it."
• Ethical issues/other side effects aren't being considered Ethical Lag
• The speed of technology change far exceeds that of the ethical development
• Every time we invent new technology, our ethical principles lag (technology and ethics of Facebook - Zuckerberg couldn't take back what he said because it was posted online) Tech Company Priorities (3) 1.) Functionality - functionality of technology comes first 2.) Monetize - making money off the product 3.) Technical Issues - deal with these after selling the product Economic Eras & Tech (5) 1.) Hunter/Gatherer (From Beginning) = 1 in 1 out 2.) Agrarian (From 2000 BC) = 1 in 50 out (FARMING) 3.) Industrial (1760's - 1940's) = 1 in 2,500 out (MASS PRODUCTION) 4.) Information (1940's to 1990's) = 1 in? (COMPUTERS) 5.) Knowledge (Big Data Era) (1990's to Present) = 1 in? Technology Pros (4)
• Increase in goods/services
• Decrease in labor to produce
• Labor is safer/easier
• Increase in living standards Technology Cons (4)
• Depletion of natural resources
• Technological unemployment
• Environmental pollution
• Creation of unsatisfying jobs E-Commerce One of the most significant technological phenomena of our time = it primarily affects consumer stakeholders and competitors of commerce firms (90% of it is B2B)

Personal Technology Troubles (10)

• Favor Quick Fixes
• Fear & Worship of Technology
• Blurred lines between real and false
• Accept violence as normal
• Love technology as a toy
• We live distanced & distracted
• Communication better or worse
• Relationships better or worse
• Knowledge better or worse
• Ethics better or worse Corporate Technology Troubles (13)
• Online scams (Identity theft)
• Invasion of privacy vs Informed consent
• Intellectual property rights
• Stolen Data
• Hacking of corporate knowledge
• Sharing consumers information
• Spam
• Behavioral advertising (cookies)
• GEO tags with photos
• Bio-Technology (Personal Data & Genetics)
• Company cell phones
• Monitoring
• Information overload 3 Components of Ethics & Technology
• Intellectual Property
• Privacy (look at statistics)
• Security Privacy Data (Statistics) (7)
• 12.6M identity theft victims
• 1 in 4 data breach victims impacted
• 1 of 40 children identity theft victim
• $21B stolen from victims
• 37% consumers feel uncomfortable sharing personal info
• 70% want to know if mobile is sharing their info
• Women of 35+ feel least in control with their personal data

Threats to Privacy (6)

• Social Networks (Facebook hackers)
• Hackers (phising/banking/shopping fraud)
• Behavioral Advertising (Cookies)
• Data Stealing (Rouge applications on social networking sites)
• Facial Recognition Technology (Facebook Automatic Tagging)
• Geo-Tags (GPS tracking) Terms & Conditions Once you accept the Terms & Conditions statement, the government has accept to all of your information that you put on social media sites like Google or Facebook Opt-In vs. Opt-Out
• Out-In = new information technology gives you clear overview (Terms & Conditions gives companies to use your info)
• Opt-Out = to get out of the contract
• Disclosure = always tells people what you are doing (MOST IMPORTANT) Employee Privacy Issues (9)
• Sexual Harassment
• Social Media
• Phone Usage/Recording
• Email
• Web History
• Health Info
• Personal Data
• Tracking Location
• Access Consumer Privacy Issues (9)
• Confidentiality
• Spending History
• Credit Card
• SSN
• Personal Data
• Intrusion
• Tracking Web
• Selling
• Access Chief Privacy Officer

• Michelle Dennedy (CPO Intel Security)
• Works on the law, values, and what information to collect and what to do with it
• She defines privacy as the fair and authorized processing of data; wants to discuss ethics and technology with kids Privacy Bill of Rights (8)
• Individual Control
• Transparency
• Stolen Personal Info
• Respect for Context
• Security
• Access & Accuracy
• Focused Collection
• Accountability Chief Security Officer
• Technologist, creates robust systems to project information
• 43% of companies last year had a data breach Security Bill of Rights (8)
• Individual Control
• Transparency
• Stolen Personal Info
• Respect for Context
• Security
• Access & Accuracy
• Focused Collection
• Accountability Kaspersky 7 Circles of Cyber Hell
• Researchers & Scientists (1980's)
• Hooligan's & Jokers (1990's)
• Criminals (late 1990's)
• Hacktivists (late 1990's - damage)
• Personal/Corporate Reputations
• Espionage (trade stolen data - (business/nations))
• Military Attacks (cyber warfare)
• Terrorists (anything) Kapersky & Ferrari
• Industrial systems = biggest security problem
• Unpredictable damage

• Cyber threats turn into cyber crimes
• Ferrari has to protect data across the world (sharing data = biggest issue)
• Intellectual Property Protection Intellectual Property
• Illegally downloading music/music videos
• Occurs in 23 countries (2011) & in 100 countries (2013)
• Debut album sales down 77% By 2015 - 1.2 million industry jobs lost
• 1999 to 2009 = 17% decrease in US musicians
• REVIEW CHART IN SLIDES