Ethical Principles and Counseling Practices, Exams of Psychology

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PSYCH 388 Introduction to Counselling Final Exam tips questions and answers 2024 Athabasca University

PSYCH 388 Introduction to Counselling Final Exam tips questions and answers 2024 Athabasca

University

Quiz 1:

1. Which of the following provinces began the process of self regulating councillors in 2009? a. Nova Scotia
2. You have terminated a counseling Relationship With the client and then find yourself romantically attracted to him/her. Ethical guidelines for dual relationships are not identical across all organisations therefore, as a general rule you should a. Remove yourself from socializing with her/him
3. The process of determining which ethical principles are involved and prioritizing them based on professional requirements and beliefs is a. ethical reasoning
4. Non-maleficence means a. do no harm
5. counseling deals with the following concern(s) : a. all the above - Wellness, career, education
6. Cultural mosaic means ; whereas , melting pot means? a. Plural all culture identities ; Singular cultural identity
7. The Counselor is one who disregards cultural differences a. culturally encapsulated
8. ethnocentrism is best defined as one’s a. Tendency to judge others negatively based on personal values
9. Which of the following is most effective at avoiding counselor burnout? a. Modify the environment and the individual/ interpersonal variables associated with it
10. based on your readings thus far, which of the following is one of the many benefits of training to become a counselor? a. All the above - Becoming skilled at developing productive, trusting relationships; learning to love and live more intensely ; developing better comprehension of others behaviors
11. in what way did Canadian counseling play a role in World War II a. they combined resources to create psychological tests for the military
12. in which decade did guidance counseling in Canadian schools change to client centred, individualized counseling? a. the 50s and 60s
13. counselors might be justified in breaking confidentiality a. all the above - one a client threatened suicide, if there are threats of violence towards others, when children are abused
14. of the four main Attribution models that counselors use on either a conscious or unconscious basis, the one where clients are held “reasonable for solving their problems but not for causing them” is a. The compensatory model
15. when there is a potential conflict between a counselors employer and a councils client the counselor should a. first protect the rights of the client
16. dysfunctional motivators to becoming a counselor includes the following, except a. curiosity - Emotional distress, vicarious coping or rebellion, loneliness and isolation
17. Which of the following best defines counseling itself? a. Personal growth and Wellness
18. racism is defined as a. prejudice displayed in blatant or subtle ways
19. which influential early publication By Clifford Beers criticized the inhumane treatment of the mentally ill and led to the establishment of the National Association of mental health?

a. A mind that found itself

20. A(n) is a non professional helper, whereas a is a professional helper a. friend; Psychiatrist

21. There are situations where the law and professional counseling ethics are in conflict. identify and briefly describe three situations that involves the sharing of information among clients, counselors, and the court system. Confidentiality i. ethical duty to fulfill a contract or promise to clients that the information revealed during the therapy will be protected from unauthorized disclosure ii. becomes a legal and ethical concern if broken, whether intentional or not iii. exceptions: court ordered disclosures an records b. Privacy i. An evolving legal concept that recognizes an individual's rights to choose the time, circumstances, an extent to which they wish to share or withhold personal information c. Privileged communication i. An narrower concept, regulates privacy protection and confidentiality by protecting clients from having their confidential communication disclosed in court without their permission
22. **Dimirsky and Brandes (2010) believe that socioeconomic status (SES) is an issue that should be taken into account as you plan counseling strategies. Questions need to be asked to help a counselor decide whether SES is a situational factor or whether it needs to be dealt with as a cultural issue a. What is meant by a cultural SES issue? Cultural SES issues are the norms in our society such as ethnocentrism. Such as dominant culture is normative, allowing them to have access to better education, better resource is. The outside groups do not have the same access to resource is, inherently putting them to a lower SES. b. Develop one question you could ask the client for each of the following that would help you determine whether SES is likely a cultural issue i. personal history. What is your educational background? ii. family history. Did you grow up with both parents? What did your parents do for work? c. how could each question in b assist you with assessing their circumstances as a cultural issue? These questions would determine what privileges the client had growing up. Such as where they lived and support at home. It can also provide detail as to their childhood.
23. a. Identify the five ethical principles that guide counselors ethical choices and conduct.
    1. Beneficence
    2. Non-maleficence
    3. Autonomy
    4. justice
    5. Fidelity b. In your own words Lane what each principle addresses use one sentence to explain each principle.
       1. Beneficence - To do good and always act in the best interest of the client and to also prevent harm.
       2. Non-maleficence - Non harming or inflicting the least harm possible to reach a beneficial outcome.
       3. Autonomy - The principle allows the individual the freedom of choice and the ability to make their own decisions and act on their own values.
       4. justice - To be treated fairly at equitable.
       5. Fidelity - Clients must be able to trust their counselor and have faith in the therapeutic relationship.
24. a. In your own words define cultural dash blind counseling. It is the belief that culture does not matter when working with the individual. It is very individualistic and does not factor in the cultural background. b. From a counseling perspective, how might this negatively affect or impact the counseling relationship and treatment outcomes? a.

The client may drop out if they do not feel heard or understood. A client's cultural background plays a huge role in who they are and how they have developed as a person. Various cultural norms can explain certain beliefs, attitudes and behaviors. It would be helpful for the counselor to acknowledge this as it can benefit the therapeutic relationship and bring insight during the sessions. Quiz 2

1. Unhelpful counselor interviewed behavior includes a. preaching and storytelling
2. the 5 D’s for unsuccessfully dealing with loss and departure includes all the following, except: a. delighting in what you have gained and what lies ahead of you
3. According to Egan (2007), Empathy involves which of the following? a. All the above - Perceptiveness, assertiveness, know how
4. when terminating individual counseling sessions, counselors should a. tell client there are five to 10 minutes left
5. according to Cormier in Hackney (2008) and Young (2005), all of the following considerations are important when deciding on the timing of termination, except a. the client has become too dependent
6. opponents of testing usually argue that tests: a. all the above - encourage client dependency, prejudice the counselors picture of the client, are invalid and unreliable in assessment
7. a counselor initiated interviews should a. start with the council explaining the reason he or she wanted to see the client
8. the advantages of involving clients in the Selection of tests include each of the following, except: a. there is an opportunity for the counselor to observe test selection skills
9. re examining all phases of the therapeutic process to determine if there may be improperly defined goals or an inappropriate strategy in place is known as a. recycling
10. termination is often a taboo subject because it is associated with a. loss
11. which of the following is considered client resistance to termination?

a. All the above - the client asks for more time at the end of the session, the client develops and you end long term problem, the client reaches an agreed upon goal but asked for more appointments

12. counselors who have developed their self-awareness skills are likely to do all of the following, except: a. convey immediate trustworthiness
13. When a client says, “I think talk is a cheap and ineffective way to bring about change,” the client is displaying a. indirect transference
14. In order to understand a test, a counselor must know a. all the above - the characteristics of its standardized sample, it's reliability and validity results, it's methods of administration
15. Closure serves the following positive function(s) a. all the above - it is a reminder that the client has matured through the counseling process, Ed may act as a motivator, it serves as a way for the client to practice independence
16. Schulman (1999)Suggest that approximately of the time spent in counseling should focus on termination a. 1/
17. affective goals in counseling a. are agreed upon by both the client and the counselor
18. the degree to which a test appears to measure what it is supposed to measure is known as a. content validity
19. a good way to end an individual counseling session is to a. make a brief statement about the time
20. using homework with clients can do all of the following, except: a. change other peoples behaviors
21. in your own words scribe for guidelines that counselors can use to prepare their clients for positively terminating the counseling relationship. a. It is important that termination is mutually agreed upon, below highlights four ways that a counselor can positively prepare their client. i. be aware of the client's need and desire and allow the client time to express them. At the end of the counseling relationship the client may want to thank the counselor for the help and support. Is important the council allow this and not underestimate their role in the client's journey.

ii. Review major events of the counseling experience and bring the review into the present period allow the client to focus on their growth by looking at where they were when they first started to now. This step focuses on significant moments an important turning points iii. supportively acknowledging the changes the clients has made. The counselor points out the positive changes that the client has achieved an progress they have made. Also encouraging the client to continue the work with the option to return to counseling if needed. iv. Request follow up contact. Although the counseling relationship is over, the counselor will continue to care period they may ask the client if they can check in to see if the progress has continued.

22. A. In your own words, briefly describe reframing and one or two sentences. a. reframing is the technique that offers the clients another probable and positive viewpoint on a situation. With a changed POV the client has a different way of responding. B. Using dialogue, provide one specific example of what a client might say, and how a counselor might respond to demonstrate re framing. a. Client Sarah : complaints seriously that her mother is overly involved in her life, constantly nagging her about what she should be doing. Counselor Sue: “isn't it loving of your mother to teach you ways to take care of yourself so you will be prepared to live on your own without her ?”
23. Identify five things that the counselor must know when selecting tests to use with the client a. the characteristics of the standardization sample b. the types and degree of its reliability and validity c. scoring procedures d. the limitations e. the method of administration
24. **In your own words briefly describe transference and countertransference. a. Transference: clients projection of past or present feelings, attitudes, or desires on to the counselor ( e.g., early life emotions or current life experiences) i. can be either direct (e.g., client who thinks of the counselor as his or her own mother) or indirect, that is, behaviors that obviously directly related to the counselor m(e.g., “Talk is cheap and ineffective”) ii. can be either positive (e.g., clients admiration of the counselor) or negative (e.g., client accuses counselor of neglecting or acting negatively towards him or her )

b. countertransference: counselors projected emotional reaction to or behavior toward the client (e.g., counselor might manifest behaviors towards her client as she did towards her sister when they were growing up) i. interaction can destroy the counselor’s ability to be therapeutic at objective, and thereby be detrimental to the counseling relationship ii. may be manifested in several ways:

1. a constant desire to please the client
2. identifying with the client’s problems to the extent that the counselor loses objectivity
3. developing sexual or romantic feelings towards the client
4. compulsively giving advice, and
5. wanting a social relationship with the client Quiz 3
6. According to Rogers, which of the following is a deep and genuine caring for the client as a person? a. Unconditional positive regard
7. according to psychoanalytic theory, which of the following is comprised of amoral basic instincts? a. Id
8. A superiority complex is a. overcompensation for feelings of inferiority
9. according to Rogers; which of the following involves the ideal self being consistent with the actual behavior? a. Congruence
10. the empathy chair technique is used in a. Gestalt therapy
11. desensitizing a client to situation with an imagined anxiety producing scene that does not have dire consequences is a process known as a. flooding
12. the most powerful and dominant influencer of human behavior, according to psychoanalytic theory, is the ; According to Adlerian thought, is the influencer is the. a. Unconscious mind; Conscious mind

8. what percentage of counselors identify themselves as eclectic? a. 60 - 70%
9. in the gestalts approach, “now” equals: a. experience = awareness = reality
10. Which of the following is emphasized by the narrative family counseling approach as one of the main treatment strategies? a. Re-authoring
11. according to Rogers (1980), congruency is a. the ability to be transparent in a counseling relationship
12. rational emotive behavioral therapy states that human beings are a. inherently rational and irrational
13. there are four common types of crisis. A developmental crisis a. includes the normal ebb and flow of human growth and development
14. which of the following behavioral techniques involve eliminating a behavior by removing the reinforcer? a. Extinction
15. According to Boy and Pine (1983), theory is the behind the of counselors roles. a. Why; How
16. Ellis (2008)believed that human beings are a. gullible
17. McBride and Martin (1990) Advocate a hierarchy of eclectic practices. Which of the following does not apply? a. Theoretical inquiry
18. In gestalts therapy, confrontation involves asking which of the following questions? a. What; How
19. which of the following behavioral technique involves the display of behaviors in alternate environments? a. Generalization
20. Behavioral theories of counseling are a. all the above - especially popular in institutional settings, useful in addressing difficulties associated with anxiety, stress and assertiveness, the best choice in working with clients who have specific problems such as eating disorders or substance abuse

21. A. briefly describe two goals related to behavioral therapy. a. Behavioral counselor wants to help clients make good adjustment to life circumstances and achieve personal and professional objectives b. another goal is to focus on modifying or eliminating the dysfunctional behaviors that are being displayed while helping acquire new healthy and constructive ways of acting and living. B. I identify and briefly describe two general techniques used in behavioral therapy. a. Use of reinforcers - reinforces are those events that follow behavior to increase the probability of the behavior repeating. it can be either positive or negative. b. Shaping - another technique used by learning a behavior gradually in steps through successive approximation. When clients learn new skills to counselor helps by breaking down behaviors into manageable units
22. Sometimes classic psychoanalysis is characterized as: “too much superego, your cabbage; too much id, you're a savage.” How does such an interpretation do justice an injustice to achieving healthy ego? a. According to Freud the personality consists of three parts : the id, ego and superego. the Ed operates according to the pleasure principle and can be viewed as Savage due to its amoral basic instincts. Whereas, the Super ego, operates according to the moral principles. Being viewed as a cabbage can refer to the various layers values on beliefs that were instilled by parental figures. Finally, the ego is left with being the decision-making executive of the mind. It can be challenging to achieve a healthy ego because you are in constant conflict with wanting to appease to the pleasure and desires principles while maintaining one's morals. The ego can be seen as in conflict tried to find equilibrium with both aspects.
23. in your own words, identify and describe two techniques used in the Adlerian approach to accomplish behavioral change. a. There are several techniques that are used by adlerian counselors, here are two; i. Confrontation- During the technique the counselor challenges the clients to consider their own private logic. By doing so they can often realize that they can change their way of thinking and ultimately behavior. ii. Encouragement - counselors use encouragement which means that they have faith in the person. Encouragement can help the client feel good about themselves and others. Encouragement is also key and productive lifestyle choices in learning and living.
24. in your own words describe two limitations for each behavioral therapy and reality therapy. a. Behavioral therapy: i. the approach does not deal with the total person, Just explicit behavior. It has been criticized for taking out the person out of personality. by focusing on the behavior alone other parts of the persons personality are not looked at for more background as to who they are. ii. The approach ignores the client's past history an unconscious forces. The client's past and experiences are not discussed which can be beneficial in terms of understanding who the person is. b. Reality therapy: i. the approach emphasizes the here now of behavior so much that it sometimes ignores other Concepts, such as the unconscious and personal history ii. the approach is dependent on establishing a good counselor - client relationship. This can be an issue as not every client and council will have the same report Quiz 4:
25. When giving feedback to clients, it is recommended that feedback:

a. both A&C are correct - is based on describable behavior and immediately follows a stimulus behavior

2. a number of changes can occur in couples and family counseling period where structured rules are altered. it is referred two as a. A second order change
3. family counselors “map” within their minds the family they are seeing. a. Structural
4. family system counselors emphasized the following two functions of communication: a. content and relationship
5. A generally agreed upon number of group members in most types of adult groups is a. 6 to 8
6. In Tuckman’s (1965) stage process for group counseling, which of the following deals with individual and collective goals? a. Performing
7. according to the Bowen family therapy, when partners in a marriage are stressed, they tend to a. triangulate
8. according to McDaniel’s (1984), the formula to illustrate the definition of a career is as follows (where C=career , W = work, L = leisure, J = job, F = free time) a. C=W+L
9. Which of the following is considered an appropriate task for elementary school counselors? a. All the above - classroom guidance, consultation, peer mediation
10. Common disorders and behavior problems in youth include: a. all the above - anxiety and depression, addiction, physical aggression
11. In family therapy, termination can be initiated most appropriately by a. both the family and the counselor
12. a counselor must initially win which battle and working with the family? a. Battle for structure
13. Peer counselors in schools

a. provide all the above - help students get to know one another, create a positive atmosphere, help students resolve personal difficulties

14. a main advantage of an open-ended group is a. size flexibility
15. which of the following groups involves more conflict initially and greater risk taking, but cohesion and support may lag and members may drop out? a. Heterogenous group
16. the word ‘career’ is more then the term ‘vocational,’ an is much then the word ‘occupation.’ a. Contemporary; Broader
17. At the postsecondary level, tertiary prevention a. Is akin to remediation and includes direct service to victims
18. group counseling focuses on involvement; Whereas psycho educational group focuses on more understanding. a. Affectives; Cognitive
19. the statement that “the family is greater than the sum of its parts’ exemplifies the concept of a. non-summativity
20. primary prevention at the secondary school level can help students a. become more self-reliant
21. in your own words, define remediation. Briefly discussed the remediation activities at the Secondary school division a. Remediation is the act of trying to make a situation right by implementing activities to correct certain situations. According to the text there are several remediations an interventions that can be implemented and secondary schools to help the students. Many secondary students will be affected by various mental health disorders, therefore it is essential that the school is aware of these disorders so they can best support the individual. They may not be qualified to support the student, so being aware of the symptoms and resources of who can best support the student will be essential. Such as referring to the DSM manual as well as connecting to community mental health agencies. b. Divorce is another area that remediation activities can help the students. As this time can be challenging for the student as they adjusted the many changes happening at home. During this time short-term group counseling can help make a positive impact by helping resolve their feelings. c. Teenage pregnancy is another area the remediation activities can help the young parents continue their education period an important task will be to prevent having a second child on connecting the

students to resource that can help with parental education period it is also important to provide support so the students can be successful in their academic, personal an interpersonal lives.

22. identify and briefly describe the changing forms of family life a. There are several forms of the changing forms of family life Prior to WWII: i. The nuclear family, which consists of a husband, wife and their children. ii. Multigenerational family, includes at least three generations which are child, parents and grandparents, it may also include an unmarried relative such as an aunt or uncle. After WWII: i. Single parents family, includes one parent and either biological or adoptive children. The one parent is solely responsible for caring for the children. ii. Childless family, consists of couples who consciously choose to not have children Or due to biological factors cannot have children iii. The aging family, where heads of the household are over 65 iv. Gay/lesbian family, made up of saving sex couples with or without children v. Multicultural family, individuals from two different cultures unite and form a household that may or may not include children
23. What are some of the roles / tasks that elementary school counselors generally perform? a. Implement effective classrooms guidance , such as creating and implementing preventative education period such as topics of focus on school violence on the promotion of positive body image. b. Provide individual and small group counseling c. assist students in identifying their skills and ability by creating an atmosphere where sharing and acceptance, problem solving and ways to resolve personal difficulties. d. Work with special populations such as students with learning disabilities, coming from abusive homes and those experiencing poverty e. develop students career awareness coordinate school, community and business resource is f. consult with teachers and other professionals g. communicate and exchange information with parents/ guardians h. participate in school improvements an interdisciplinary teams

24. what three assumptions do marriage 4 slash couple/ family counseling and individual counseling share? And which two areas do they differ? a. the three assumptions that they all share are: i. they recognize the importance of family plays in the individual's life ii. they focus on problem behaviors and conflicts Between the individual an environment iii. they are all developmental b. two areas they differ are: i. individual counseling Lee usually treats the person outside his/ her 4 slash family, whereas marriage 4 slash couple/ family generally includes the involvement of others ii. marriage 4 slash couple/ family usually works at resolving issues within the family as a way of helping individual members better cope with the environment