Ethos, Logos, and Pathos | CMST 2060 - PUBLIC SPEAKING, Quizzes of Communication and Presentation Skills

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Public

Difference between public and private persona- Ethos refers to the _______________. TERM 2

Ethos

DEFINITION 2 The capacity to influence an audience based on audiences perceptions of the credibility and character of the speaker in relationship to their own interests and values: TERM 3

Ethos

DEFINITION 3 Determined by relationship one has to the audience: TERM 4

Inherited Ethos

DEFINITION 4 The actual reputation that a rhetor carries with them because of an audiences acquaintance with past behavior: TERM 5

Inherited Ethos

DEFINITION 5 Unspoken credibility that needs no mention to function:

Persona

the constructed ethos that a rhetor creates of him or herself within the confines of a particular rhetorical text: TERM 7

first impressions

DEFINITION 7 Persona is important for _______________________. TERM 8

1) Apologist 2) Agent 3) Partisan 4) Hero

DEFINITION 8 Four reoccurring persona: 1)? 2)? 3)? 4)? TERM 9

Apologist

DEFINITION 9 Employed when speakers wish to rebuff attack by appearing the virtuous victim of an unjust accusation: TERM 10

Agent

DEFINITION 10 Speaks on behalf of some institution as a spokesperson of legitimate authority:

Partisan

Represent an ideology instead of a group: TERM 12

Hero

DEFINITION 12 Defined by personal character: TERM 13

Evoked Audience

DEFINITION 13 the attractive image that the rhetor constructs of an for the audience in order to encourage them to act according to that image: TERM 14

Partly finctional identity

DEFINITION 14 Often what a rhetor wants an audience to be rather than what they actually are: TERM 15

Identification

DEFINITION 15 the strategy of creating a common bond with an audience by drawing parallels between the characteristics of speaker and audience:

Identification

"I am one of you" is an example of ___________________. TERM 17

Distinction

DEFINITION 17 the attempt to establish credibility by the possession of special knowledge and/or unique experience that are superior to the audience: TERM 18

Distinction

DEFINITION 18 Persona of the rhetor stands apart from the evoked audience: TERM 19

Identification

DEFINITION 19 Persona of the rhetor is aligned with the audience: TERM 20

Polarization

DEFINITION 20 the strategy of dividing an audience into a positive us and a negative them in order to create unity through difference:

1) Terrorists 2) Political

Parties

What are two examples of Polarization? 1)? 2)? TERM 22

natural state of human behavior

DEFINITION 22 Polarization can appear to be unethical, but division is a "______________________________________." TERM 23

The Diatribe

DEFINITION 23 a speech whose only function is to provoke an audience to self-reflection by directly attacking and ridiculing its most valorized conventions, values, attitudes, and beliefs: TERM 24

shock value

DEFINITION 24 A Diatribe gathers an audience because of _____________________. TERM 25

Logos

DEFINITION 25 Refers to the use of rational arguments and evidence to persuade an audience of the reasonableness of ones position:

Logos

Based on the belief that human beings are rational with the potential to make decisions based on logic, principles, and evidence. TERM 27

1) Logical Reasoning 2) Narrative Reasoning

DEFINITION 27 Reasoning comes in two primary forms: 1)? 2)? TERM 28

Logical Reasoning

DEFINITION 28 the use of inferences and profess to establish relationships between propositions which warrant specific conclusions TERM 29

our beliefs

DEFINITION 29 Logical Reasoning provides reasons for ______________________. TERM 30

Narrative Reasoning

DEFINITION 30 addresses matters of fact in terms of linear stories that paint a more vivid picture of a scene:

1) Claim 2) Grounds 3)

Warrant

Reasoning consists primarily of the relationship between three things: 1)? 2)? 3)? TERM 32

Claim

DEFINITION 32 The primary position or conclusion being advanced by a speaker. TERM 33

Grounds

DEFINITION 33 The supporting evidence for the claim. TERM 34

Warrant

DEFINITION 34 The inferential leap that connects the Claim with the Ground, usually embodied in a principle, provision, or chain of reasoning. TERM 35

1) Backing 2) Rebuttal 3) Qualification

DEFINITION 35 The relationship between Claim, Grounds, and Warrant are made complicated by: 1)? 2)? 3)?

Backing

A reason used to justify the warrant. TERM 37

Rebuttal

DEFINITION 37 Acknowledges the conditions where a claim might not hold. TERM 38

Qualification

DEFINITION 38 Admits to the degree of certainty or confidence that the speaker has in the claim. TERM 39

Generalization

DEFINITION 39 Warrants drawing a general conclusion about a class of people, events, objects, or processes based on specific examples drawn from experience. TERM 40

Analogy

DEFINITION 40 Warrants the comparison of two things that might not otherwise go together for the purposes of drawing a conclusion based in their sharing a vital similarity

Sign

Warrants the diagnosis of some underlying condition based on the appearance of external clues or indicators TERM 42

Causation

DEFINITION 42 Warrants a practical conclusion based on the likely effects brought about by some underlying cause TERM 43

Principle

DEFINITION 43 Warrants judging the character of some particular object, event, or process based on a universal belief or definition TERM 44

Induction

DEFINITION 44 Isolated cases to a broad generalization. TERM 45

inductive reasoning

DEFINITION 45 Good ______________________________ requires a breadth of examples that are genuinely representative of a situation.

Analogy

Purpose is to help understand a potentially confused or problematic situation by drawing parallels with another, more familiar one. TERM 47

Analogy

DEFINITION 47 I know what you mean" is an example of : TERM 48

Sign

DEFINITION 48 Attempting to make the unseen into something tangible and objectiveDiagnose the reason behind things. TERM 49

Causation

DEFINITION 49 Causal reasoning embodied in If-Then statements TERM 50

Principle

DEFINITION 50 Ethical responsibility of the rhetor to select principles that are both accurate and acknowledged by the audience, as to not reaffirm false beliefs.

fallacy

A ______________ is an argument that probably should have never been made in the form/context they were delivered. TERM 52

Either/Or

DEFINITION 52 Presents audiences with a stark choice by presenting two clear but completely opposite and incompatible alternatives based on excessive exaggeration of good and bad qualities. TERM 53

Slippery Slope

DEFINITION 53 Exaggerates the series of inevitable and terrible consequences that will follow from performing some action. TERM 54

Bandwagon

DEFINITION 54 Form of an argument that encourages an audience to do something simply because a majority of other people is doing it. TERM 55

AdHominem

DEFINITION 55 Agumentative strategy that undermines an opposing position by attacking the personal character of its advocates rather than the position itself.

False Cause

Strategy of attributing causes or effects based on ones immediate desires or fears rather than an objective study of the process. TERM 57

Scapegoating

DEFINITION 57 When the cause of undesired effects is attributed falsely to a marginalized group of people who are generally powerless to defend themselves. TERM 58

Red Herring

DEFINITION 58 The attempt by a rhetor to distract attention from an issue unpleasant to oneself by focusing attention on something unrelated, more sensational, and more beneficial to ones self-interest. TERM 59

Non Sequitur

DEFINITION 59 A statement that has no apparent connection with the statements that came before or come after. TERM 60

Narrative Rationality

DEFINITION 60 When people use stories instead of claims made in empirical data and warranted by logical reasoning.

Either/Or

Which logical fallacy's point is to remove any possibility of a middle ground? TERM 62

Either/Or

DEFINITION 62 Either we fight or we die" is an example of which logical fallacy? TERM 63

Slippery Slope

DEFINITION 63 Mowing the lawn is an example of which logical fallacy? TERM 64

AdHominem

DEFINITION 64 Against the man is an example of which logical fallacy? TERM 65

AdHominem

DEFINITION 65 Assaults a competitors ethos- confuses personal virtue with propositional truth.

When it has nothing to do with the issue at

hand.

When is AdHominem a logical fallacy? TERM 67

False Cause

DEFINITION 67 Which logical fallacy attributes favorable causes or effects to actions or events favorable to the rhetor. TERM 68

1) Confusion of causation with correlation. 2)

Confusion of temporal sequence with causal

efficacy.

DEFINITION 68 Two causes of committing False Cause , when not intentional, but related to misattribution: 1)? 2)? TERM 69

Scapegoating

DEFINITION 69 Extreme examples: Jews in Nazi Germany; Salem witch trials. TERM 70

Scapegoating

DEFINITION 70 A fallacy when the group is chosen primarily for the ease in which blame is placed- easy targets.

immediate emotional resonance

Red Heiring is most effective when issue being pointed to also has __________________________________ with an audience. TERM 72

Non Sequitur

DEFINITION 72 Logical fallacy that comes out of nowhere. TERM 73

Stories

DEFINITION 73 The aim of this is to give meaning to ideas by showing how they function over time in peoples lives and in the environment." TERM 74

Narrative

DEFINITION 74 A dramatic story that creates a desire in an audience and then fulfills that desire by describing the interaction among agent, scene, act, purpose, and agency. TERM 75

Narrative Fidelity

DEFINITION 75 Refers to how accurately a narrative represents accepted fact:

Narrative Probability

Refers to the coherence of the narrative as a story apart from actual facts: TERM 77

Pathos

DEFINITION 77 Refers to the use of emotional appeals to persuade an audience by putting them in a certain frame of mind that makes them more willing to act in one way instead of another: TERM 78

Pathos

DEFINITION 78 Showing and not simply Telling: TERM 79

Pathos

DEFINITION 79 Effective ___________ calls emotions forward without needing to name them. TERM 80

relational affairs

DEFINITION 80 In the case of Pathos, emotions are _______________________ that deal with things in our environment.

Utopia

Use the power of an ideal to reveal the limitations of ones actual situation and inspire hope that future perfect events will occur. TERM 82

Wasteland

DEFINITION 82 Portrays a horrific event that repels an audience from current and future social conditions. TERM 83

Event Orientated

DEFINITION 83 Orientation of Utopoia/Wasteland: TERM 84

Action Orientated

DEFINITION 84 Orientation of Virtue/Vice: TERM 85

People Orientated

DEFINITION 85 Orientation of Saint/Sinner:

Object Orientated

Orientation of Idol/Abomination: TERM 87

Virtue

DEFINITION 87 Attracts us to certain concrete actions by investing them with moral and practical value. TERM 88

Vice

DEFINITION 88 A strategy which repels us from certain concrete actions by making them morally offensive and/or practically harmful. TERM 89

social change

DEFINITION 89 Virtuous actions/acts of moral purity are the building blocks of ________________________ instead of just abstract visions of an ideal world. TERM 90

Vice

DEFINITION 90 Attaching a stigma to certain types of actions.

Saint

Portrays particular individuals or groups in a positive light in order to make them role models for other people to follow. TERM 92

Sinner

DEFINITION 92 Another person or group is portrayed in a negative light in order to make them repellant to an audience. TERM 93

Idol

DEFINITION 93 The attempt to invest an object with such attractive qualities that audiences seek to possess or preserve them. TERM 94

Abomination

DEFINITION 94 The attempt to make an object seem so repellent that an audience ignores, shuns, discards, or destroys it.