Evidence-Based Practice for Nurses: Appraisal and Application of Research, Exams of Nursing

Download Evidence-Based Practice for Nurses: Appraisal and Application of Research and more Exams Nursing in PDF only on Docsity! EVIDENCE BASED PRACTICE FOR NURSES 4TH EDITION BY SCHMIDT BROWN TEST BANK . EVIDENCE-BASED PRACTICE FOR NURSES: APPRAISAL AND APPLICATION OF RESEARCH CHAPTER 1 WHAT IS EVIDENCE BASED PRACTICE? Multiple Choice 1. Which of the following is the best definition of research? 2. Critically thinking about problems that occur in health care to determine possible solutions. EVIDENCE BASED PRACTICE FOR NURSES 4TH EDITION BY SCHMIDT BROWN TEST BANK . 1. Information that is based on personal experience or tradition. 2. Planned and systematic activity that leads to new knowledge and/or the discovery of solutions to problems or questions. 1. Trying a variety of approaches to a clinical problem and settling on the approach that is effective more often than not. Definition of research utilization (p. 4) 2. Which of the following is the best definition of research utilization? 3. Applying research findings from individual studies to practice. 4. Analyzing multiple research studies to synthesize findings. 5. Appreciating the importance of clinical decision making. 6. Using previous personal experience to build confidence. Definition of EBP (pp. 4-5) 3. Which of the following is the best definition of evidence- based practice (EBP)? 4. Application of research findings based on scientific theories in a clinical setting. 5. Research studies that correspond to nationally established priorities for healthcare, conducted by experts in their fields. EVIDENCE BASED PRACTICE FOR NURSES 4TH EDITION BY SCHMIDT BROWN TEST BANK . 5. In what way can evidence from disciplines other than nursing be helpful? 6. Theory based non-nursing evidence can provide a basis on which to build new evidence. 1. Non-nursing evidence supports the use of nursing knowledge obtained by trial and error. EVIDENCE BASED PRACTICE FOR NURSES 4TH EDITION BY SCHMIDT BROWN TEST BANK . 1. Clinical decision making can be based on findings from single non- nursing research studies. 1. All evidence is equally important to the practice of nursing. Identification of sources of evidence (p. 6) 6. You are a new nurse working at XYZ hospital. Your preceptor tells you to dangle Ms. Jones’ legs on the side of the bed before you attempt to assist her to a chair. You ask your preceptor why this is done and she answers, “This is what we have always done, so go do it.” This is an example of which type of evidence? 1. Trial and error 2. Intuition 3. Borrowed evidence 4. Tradition Identification of sources of evidence (p. 6) 7. You are a new nurse working at XYZ hospital. Your preceptor EVIDENCE BASED PRACTICE FOR NURSES 4TH EDITION BY SCHMIDT BROWN TEST BANK . tells you to dangle Ms. Jones’ legs on the side of the bed before you attempt to assist her to a chair. You ask your preceptor why this is done and she answers, “Because I said so.” This is an example of which type of evidence? 1. Intuition 2. Tradition 3. Authority 4. Borrowed evidence Identification of sources of evidence (p. 6) EVIDENCE BASED PRACTICE FOR NURSES 4TH EDITION BY SCHMIDT BROWN TEST BANK . 12. One method for overcoming a lack of resources to access evidence is to 13. devote 15 minutes a day to reading evidence related to a clinical problem. 14. attend conferences where clinical research is presented.. 15. bookmark important Web sites that are sources of clinical guidelines. 16. collaborate with a nursing program for access to resources. Barriers to adopting EBP (p. 9) 13. What steps can be taken to overcome the time barrier to adopting an EBP? 14. Devote 15 minutes a day to reading evidence related to a clinical problem. 15. Subscribe to e-mail summaries of research studies in your area of interest. 16. Take advantage of available technologies to provide quick and convenient access to relevant data and clinical guidelines. 1. All of the above Parts of a research article (p. 18) 14. Which section of a research article provides an EVIDENCE BASED PRACTICE FOR NURSES 4TH EDITION BY SCHMIDT BROWN TEST BANK . overview of the study? 15. Abstract 16. Introduction 17. Review of literature 18. Theoretical framework Parts of a research article (pp. 18) 15. Which section of a research article identifies the problem being studied and includes a purpose statement and background information on the topic? 1. Discussion section 2. Introduction EVIDENCE BASED PRACTICE FOR NURSES 4TH EDITION BY SCHMIDT BROWN TEST BANK . 3. Methods section 4. Results section Parts of a research article (p. 19) 16. A major portion of a research article is the methods section, which includes a discussion of the study design, the sample, and the collected. 1. solutions 2. statistics 3. data 4. theories Parts of a research article (p. 19) 17. The section of a research article outlines the methods used to analyze the data and notes the findings. 1. results 2. summary 3. introduction 4. abstract Parts of a research article (p. 20) EVIDENCE BASED PRACTICE FOR NURSES 4TH EDITION BY SCHMIDT BROWN TEST BANK . experiences is . 4. Quantitative research focuses on collecting evidence, which is evidence gathered through observation using one or more of the five senses. 5. research is concerned with providing accurate observations of phenomena in natural settings CHAPTER TWO EVIDENCE BASED PRACTICE FOR NURSES 4TH EDITION BY SCHMIDT BROWN TEST BANK . USING EVIDENCE THROUGH COLLABORATION TO PROMOTE EXCELLENCE IN NURSING PRACTICE Multiple choice EBP levels of collaboration (p. 40) 1. What are the five EBP levels of collaboration? 2. Organizational, societal, fraternal, national, and international 3. Individual, organizational, regional, national, and international 4. Professional, educational, organizational, regional, and national 5. Individual, organizational, societal, regional, and international EBP levels of collaboration (p. 40) 2. Of the situations listed, which is the best example of collaboration between the levels described in the model of EBP collaboration? 1. A health care organization funds a group of nurses to attend a research conference related to practice areas that have had less than desirable outcomes in the past year. 1. An individual nurse searches databases for the best evidence EVIDENCE BASED PRACTICE FOR NURSES 4TH EDITION BY SCHMIDT BROWN TEST BANK . to support practice with a population of clients on a particular unit. 1. A participant at a national nursing organization conference listens attentively to presenters related to the most relevant topics for the population served. 1. A staff nurse uses findings from the Joanna Briggs Institute to support an EBP project, evaluates outcomes, and reports the findings at an international EVIDENCE BASED PRACTICE FOR NURSES 4TH EDITION BY SCHMIDT BROWN TEST BANK . 11. All of the above. Organizational level (p. 43) 8. Creating an EBP culture is an example of contribution at the 9. organizational level. 10. individual nurse level. 11. regional level. 12. international level. International level (p. 48) 9. The Cochrane Collaboration and the Joanna Briggs Institute are examples of which EBP collaboration level? 1. Individual 2. International 3. Organizational 4. Regional National level (p. 46) 10. What national organizations can nurses use to locate EBP resources and EBP-based clinical guidelines? EVIDENCE BASED PRACTICE FOR NURSES 4TH EDITION BY SCHMIDT BROWN TEST BANK . 1. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, National Institute of Nursing Research, National Nursing Practice Network, and specialty nursing organizations. 1. National Institutes of Health and regional resource centers. 2. American Nurses Credentialing Center and the American Nurses Association. 3. Department of Health and Human Services, Sigma Theta Tau International, and the Joanna Briggs Institute. EVIDENCE BASED PRACTICE FOR NURSES 4TH EDITION BY SCHMIDT BROWN TEST BANK . Ethical guidelines (pp. 50-51) 11. Which international code for ethical conduct by physicians conducting biomedical research followed the Nuremberg Code and provides more specific guidelines? 1. ANA Code of Ethics 2. Belmont Report 3. Code of Federal Regulations 4. Declaration of Helsinki Ethical guidelines (p. 52) 12. Federal regulations mandate the establishment of institutional review boards whose purpose is to 1. develop guidelines for conducting research. 2. identify basic ethical principles in conducting research. 3. review and approve research studies. 4. provide a code of ethics for conducting research. Institutional review board (p. 56) 13. Which type of IRB review is required for research EVIDENCE BASED PRACTICE FOR NURSES 4TH EDITION BY SCHMIDT BROWN TEST BANK . than that involved in daily life or routine physical or psychological exams. 1. the study will be based on the analysis of existing specimens or data only. 2. there is some chance of harm to study participants due to invasive procedures. 3. the study will only involve subject 18 years or older who have given consent. Ethical issues (p. 52) 17. The Belmont Report, issued in 1979, identified the following three ethical principles: EVIDENCE BASED PRACTICE FOR NURSES 4TH EDITION BY SCHMIDT BROWN TEST BANK . 18. confidentiality, consent, and justice. 19. autonomy, social justice, and respect for persons. 20. beneficence, respect for persons, and justice. 21. altruism, confidentiality, and consent. Institutional review board (p. 49) 18. In regard to IRB criteria, which of the following are included in the category of vulnerable populations? 1. Fetuses, infants, children, pregnant women 2. Prisoners, students, females, African Americans 3. Residents of long-term care facilities, students under the age of 18, infants 4. Hospitalized adults, illegal aliens, premature infants, children Nurses as patient advocates (p. 59) 19. A nurse has agreed to assist in collecting data from patients in a primary care setting as part of a research study on grieving and coping skills. What would be the most appropriate action by the nurse when a patient becomes visibly upset after relating that EVIDENCE BASED PRACTICE FOR NURSES 4TH EDITION BY SCHMIDT BROWN TEST BANK . his son was recently killed in an automobile accident and that he does not want to talk further about it? 1. Sympathize and explain how his answers will help many others. 2. Weigh the potential greater good for a greater number of people and continue. 3. Support the patient receiving care by ceasing further questioning. 4. Consider the primary duty to advance nursing knowledge and continue questioning after a brief break. Ethical issues (pp. 51, 54) EVIDENCE BASED PRACTICE FOR NURSES 4TH EDITION BY SCHMIDT BROWN TEST BANK . 1. The majority of nurses do not want to work the night shift. 2. The majority of patient falls occur on the evening shift. 3. The nurses who work the evening shift are not attentive to their patients. Research process (pp. 72-73) 3. An example of a is: “The use of alcohol by freshman at XYZ State University contributes to alcohol-related injuries and increasing numbers of visits to the local emergency room.” 1. purpose statement. 2. hypothesis. 3. problem statement. 4. research problem. Research process (pp. 72-73) 4. An example of a is: “To determine if brief screening for alcohol use and nursing intervention during orientation reduces self-reported alcohol use, alcohol-related injuries, and visits to the emergency room by college students EVIDENCE BASED PRACTICE FOR NURSES 4TH EDITION BY SCHMIDT BROWN TEST BANK . during their freshman year.” 1. problem statement 2. purpose statement 3. research question 4. research hypothesis Research process (p. 74) 5. The following statement: “There will be a change in nursing practice of nurses after completion of an EBP mentorship program as compared to before the mentorship program,” is an example of a EVIDENCE BASED PRACTICE FOR NURSES 4TH EDITION BY SCHMIDT BROWN TEST BANK . 1. problem statement. 2. purpose statement. 3. research hypothesis. 4. correlation. Research process (p. 71) 6. Once an idea is generated for a research problem, what is the next step? 7. Identify variables to be studied. 8. Perform a review of the literature. 9. Conduct a survey to ascertain if the problem really exists. 10. Formulate a hypothesis. Hypothesis (p. 76) 7. A simple hypothesis 8. describes the associative or causal relationship between three or more variables. 9. predicts how strong the relationship is between the variables. 10. predicts an inverse relationship between the variables. 11. describes the associative or causal relationship between two variables. Hypothesis (p. 77) 8. The following statement: “There will be no difference in practice of nurses after EVIDENCE BASED PRACTICE FOR NURSES 4TH EDITION BY SCHMIDT BROWN TEST BANK . and dependent variables are 1. extraneous variables. 2. random variables. 3. within-group variables. 4. control variables. Hypotheses (p. 75) 12. A relationship between variables so that when one variable changes, the other variable changes is a(n) EVIDENCE BASED PRACTICE FOR NURSES 4TH EDITION BY SCHMIDT BROWN TEST BANK . 1. associative relationship. 2. causal relationship. 3. indirect relationship. 4. predictive relationship. Formulating EBP questions (p. 81) 13. A widely used EBP model consisting of four components for identifying clinical questions for specific patient problems is known as the model. 1. AHRQ 2. PICO 3. intervention 4. comparison Formulating EBP questions (p. 82) 14. There is a study being conducted of adults over the age of 65 to investigate the effect of caregiver education on calming communication techniques in comparison to sedative medications on the agitation level of clients experiencing stage 2 dementia. In this study, the clients’ level of agitation would be the measured EVIDENCE BASED PRACTICE FOR NURSES 4TH EDITION BY SCHMIDT BROWN TEST BANK . 1. intervention. 2. association. 3. variable. 4. outcome. Short Answer/Fill-in Dependent and independent variables (p. 80) 1. In a study investigating the effect of eating a bowl of oatmeal every day for 30 days and serum cholesterol levels, is the independent variable. EVIDENCE BASED PRACTICE FOR NURSES 4TH EDITION BY SCHMIDT BROWN TEST BANK . FINDING SOURCES OF EVIDENCE Multiple choice Purpose of finding evidence (p. 89) 1. As an undergraduate student, which of the following should be the focus of your literature review? 1. gathering information 2. helping to identify a research question 3. identifying gaps in current research 4. identifying a source for publication of new findings Purpose of finding evidence (p. 89) 2. Researchers perform a literature review for the purpose of 3. helping to sharpen and focus a research question. 4. highlighting areas of needed change. 5. identifying gaps in current research. 6. all of the above. Purpose of finding evidence (p. 91) 3. To begin a literature review, what initial sources would you use to locate information on your EVIDENCE BASED PRACTICE FOR NURSES 4TH EDITION BY SCHMIDT BROWN TEST BANK . topic of interest? 1. Online search engines, journal archives in the local library, and recommendations from your supervisor or professor 1. Journal articles by nationally recognized researchers, health sciences publication indexes, and online search engines EVIDENCE BASED PRACTICE FOR NURSES 4TH EDITION BY SCHMIDT BROWN TEST BANK . 1. Health sciences publication indexes, government and university literature databases, academic and hospital library resources 1. Textbooks, government and university literature databases, and online medical sites Types of evidence (pp. 93-94) 4. Which of the following is an example of primary sources? 5. Biographies 6. Journal articles 7. Systematic reviews 8. Textbooks Types of evidence (pp. 93-94) 5. Which of the following best describes a primary source? 6. Historical reviews 7. Interpretations of other sources 8. Original information 9. Written summaries Types of evidence (p. 94) EVIDENCE BASED PRACTICE FOR NURSES 4TH EDITION BY SCHMIDT BROWN TEST BANK . 1. Integrative reviews 2. Meta-analyses 3. Peer reviews 4. Systematic reviews How sources are organized (pp. 101, 111) 11. What is the most recognized and widely used database of published nursing practice literature? 1. National Guideline Clearinghouse 2. Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature EVIDENCE BASED PRACTICE FOR NURSES 4TH EDITION BY SCHMIDT BROWN TEST BANK . 3. MEDLINE (PubMed) 4. National Institute of Nursing Research How sources are organized (p. 103) 12. What type of scholarly material can indicate upcoming “hot” topics and includes unpublished reports, conference papers, and grant proposals? 1. Government agency reports 2. Systematic reviews 3. Grey literature 4. Peer-reviewed summaries How to search for evidence (p. 108) 13. In conducting a keyword search of a literature database, including the Boolean operator “AND” to connect two words has what effect on the search results? 1. Expands the search to include all articles containing either word 2. Narrows the search to include only articles that contain both words EVIDENCE BASED PRACTICE FOR NURSES 4TH EDITION BY SCHMIDT BROWN TEST BANK . 3. Confuses the search so you may not get all articles related to your topic 4. Defines the search by one or the other word How to search for evidence (p. 108) 14. In conducting a keyword search of a literature database, including the Boolean operator “OR” to connect two words has what effect on the search results? 1. Expands the search to include all articles containing either word 2. Narrows the search to include only articles that contain both words 3. Confuses the search so you may not get all articles related to your topic 4. Defines the search by one or the other word How to search for evidence (p. 108) EVIDENCE BASED PRACTICE FOR NURSES 4TH EDITION BY SCHMIDT BROWN TEST BANK . broaden the search by locating all records indexed to your search term plus any that include the term in a related, narrower category. 1. exploding 2. Boolean 3. qualification 4. nesting How to search for evidence (p. 110) 19. In searching a literature database, you would use the technique to designate which fields (e.g., author, title, subject, publication date) are to be included in the search. 1. exploding 2. Boolean 3. qualification 4. nesting How to search for evidence (p. 115) 20. After a database search has been completed and you have located published literature on your topic, what is the next step? EVIDENCE BASED PRACTICE FOR NURSES 4TH EDITION BY SCHMIDT BROWN TEST BANK . 1. Verify that all material has been subjected to the peer-review process. 2. Appraise the materials to ensure their integrity and applicability. 3. Include additional materials that loosely relate to the topic of interest. 4. Exclude those materials obtained using data collection tools with low reliability. How to search for evidence (p. 115) 21. After completing a database search, if you have any doubts or concerns regarding the validity of articles you’ve located, what options do you have to resolve the issue? EVIDENCE BASED PRACTICE FOR NURSES 4TH EDITION BY SCHMIDT BROWN TEST BANK . 1. Exclude any materials for which you have doubts about their integrity. 2. Verify questionable material elsewhere using a reputable source. 3. Ask a nursing faculty member or a librarian for assistance. 4. All of the above. Ethical citation of sources (pp. 116-117) 22. Which of the following statements should be cited if used in a research paper? 23. Fewer UTIs occur with routine perineal hygiene. 24. George Washington was the first president of the United States. 25. Zithromax has shown statistically significant results in the treatment of URIs. 26. Antibiotics are used to treat infection. Ethical citation of sources (p. 117) 23. The test can help determine if it is necessary to cite a source in a written work. 1. common knowledge 2. plagiarism 3. reference source EVIDENCE BASED PRACTICE FOR NURSES 4TH EDITION BY SCHMIDT BROWN TEST BANK . 6. The peer review process ensures that research articles and papers to be published as sources meet established for publication. 7. The peer review is conducted to ensure the and integrity of published works. Ethical citation of sources (p. 117) 8. The definition of is using another’s work without giving proper credit. 9. A simple rule to follow in written materials is if statements or graphics are not your original work, it is best to the source. EVIDENCE BASED PRACTICE FOR NURSES 4TH EDITION BY SCHMIDT BROWN TEST BANK . 10. It may be necessary to credit sources even when the original statements are (rewritten in your own words) if the concept being presented must be attributed to another. 11. Certain concepts have become knowledge and as such, do not need to be attributed to a source. CHAPTER FIVE LINKING THEORY, RESEARCH, AND PRACTICE Relationship between theory, research, and practice (p. 123) 1. Which of the following is both the source of questions addressed by research and the testing ground for theory? 1. literature review 2. practice 3. peer review 4. study design Relationship between theory, research, and practice (p. 123) EVIDENCE BASED PRACTICE FOR NURSES 4TH EDITION BY SCHMIDT BROWN TEST BANK . 2. What provides an essential foundation for nursing practice? 3. Formal and informal nursing education 4. Theories and research 5. Hypotheses and discussion 6. Repeated clinical studies Relationship between theory, research, and practice (p. 124) 3. The concepts that are core to nursing are person, environment, health, and nurse; these are known as the nursing EVIDENCE BASED PRACTICE FOR NURSES 4TH EDITION BY SCHMIDT BROWN TEST BANK . determine what packing method led to best wound healing. The 1970s practices provides an example of 1. nursing practice based on personal experience. 2. nursing practice based on research. 3. nursing practice based on untested theory. 4. nursing practice based on tested theory. Importance of testing theory (pp. 125) 7. A is a statement about the relationship between two or more concepts. 8. model 9. construct 10. theory 11. proposition Language of research (pp. 127) 8. A is a special type of proposition that has a theoretical basis and can be tested empirically. 1. model 2. paradigm 3. hypothesis EVIDENCE BASED PRACTICE FOR NURSES 4TH EDITION BY SCHMIDT BROWN TEST BANK . 4. proposition Language of research (pp. 127) 9. In research, a(n) is an observation that can be measured by assigning a number to each dimension. 1. relationship 2. assumption 3. concept 4. variable Language of research (pp. 128) EVIDENCE BASED PRACTICE FOR NURSES 4TH EDITION BY SCHMIDT BROWN TEST BANK . 10. A theory has credence until 11. a) a less costly intervention is determined. 12. b) evidence comes forward to refute it. 13. c) new hypotheses are determined from practice. 14. d) proof is provided that supports it. Language of research (p. 127) 11. Researchers formulated hypotheses based on clear definitions of 12. concepts and variables. 13. empirical indicators. 14. likely risk factors. 15. populations to be included. Language of research (p. 128) 12. Explicit statements of how a variable will be measured, such as using a rating scale to collect quantitative data regarding pain, are called 1. conceptual definitions 2. empirical indicators 3. operational definitions 4. theoretical framework EVIDENCE BASED PRACTICE FOR NURSES 4TH EDITION BY SCHMIDT BROWN TEST BANK . Research study designs (p. 144) 1. In research studies using experimental designs, the purpose is to 2. examine causality. 3. explain relationships and differences among variables.. 4. observe a phenomenon after it has been manipulated.. 5. predict relationships among variables.. Research study designs (p. 144) 2. In research studies using nonexperimental designs, the purpose is to 3. explain relationships and differences among variables. 4. predict relationships and differences among variables. EVIDENCE BASED PRACTICE FOR NURSES 4TH EDITION BY SCHMIDT BROWN TEST BANK . 5. describe a phenomenon in detail. 6. all of the above. Research study designs (p. 144) 3. The major difference between experimental and nonexperimental designs is the role of the 4. variables. 5. participants. 6. researchers. 7. reviewers. Research study designs (p. 144) 4. A type of quantitative study is the , which examines outcomes across a number of studies. (p. 124) 1. case study 2. controlled trial 3. descriptive study 4. meta-analysis Research study designs (p. 144) 5. The researcher actively manipulates the independent (causal) variable to determine its effect on the dependent (outcome) variable when using a(n) EVIDENCE BASED PRACTICE FOR NURSES 4TH EDITION BY SCHMIDT BROWN TEST BANK . 1. experimental design 2. meta-analysis 3. nonexperimental design 4. control group Quantitative designs (p. 145) 6. Causality is the that exists between a cause and its effect. 7. balance 8. relationship 9. purpose 10. outcome EVIDENCE BASED PRACTICE FOR NURSES 4TH EDITION BY SCHMIDT BROWN TEST BANK . 4. total sample. Quantitative designs (p. 146) 11. Variables that confuse the effect of the independent variable on the dependent variable are 1. control variables. 2. extraneous variables. 3. random variables. 4. within-group variables. Quantitative designs (p. 147) 12. When extraneous variables influence and distort the relationship between the independent variable (IV) and the dependent variable (DV) so that the findings do not reflect a true relationship between the IV and the DV, the result is 1. voided. 2. inconsistent. EVIDENCE BASED PRACTICE FOR NURSES 4TH EDITION BY SCHMIDT BROWN TEST BANK . 1. randomization. 2. bias. Quantitative designs (p. 147) 13. What is an effective way to control extraneous variables? 14. Research purpose 15. Experimental treatment 16. Informed consent 17. Randomization Quantitative designs (p. 147) EVIDENCE BASED PRACTICE FOR NURSES 4TH EDITION BY SCHMIDT BROWN TEST BANK . 14. A method of sampling in which all subjects in the sample have an equal chance of being assigned to either the treatment group or the control group is 1. between-group design. 2. within-group design. 3. random assignment. 4. random sampling. Quantitative designs (p. 147) 15. A method of sampling in which all people in the population of interest have an equal chance of being selected to be included in the study is 1. selected sampling. 2. within-group sampling. 3. random assignment. 4. random sampling. Validity (p. 149) 16. Study validity refers to 17. the accuracy and peer-reviewed approval of the research design. 18. the absence of forces that can alter the results of the EVIDENCE BASED PRACTICE FOR NURSES 4TH EDITION BY SCHMIDT BROWN TEST BANK . internal validity? 1. Testing 2. History 3. Mortality 4. Maturation Validity (p. 151) 20. Which type of bias occurs when the dependent variable is influenced by changes made in the way variables are measured? 1. Threat of history EVIDENCE BASED PRACTICE FOR NURSES 4TH EDITION BY SCHMIDT BROWN TEST BANK . 2. Threat of instrumentation 3. Threat of maturation 4. Threat of selection bias Validity (p. 154) 21. In which type of designs do neither subjects nor individuals administering the treatments know if subjects are receiving experimental interventions or the standard of care? 1. Double-blind experimental 2. Longitudinal (prospective) 3. Quasi-experimental 4. Nonexperimental Validity (p. 153) 22. The occurs when changes noted in the dependent variable can be a result of subject reactivity and not a result of the independent variable. 1. selection effect 2. Type II effect 3. Hawthorne effect 4. placebo effect EVIDENCE BASED PRACTICE FOR NURSES 4TH EDITION BY SCHMIDT BROWN TEST BANK . Short answer/fill-in Categorizing designs according to time 1. Also referred to as “ex post facto,” designs start with the dependent variable and look back in time to determine possible causative factors. 2. Nonexperimental designs in which data is gathered from a group of subjects at only one point in time are known as studies. EVIDENCE BASED PRACTICE FOR NURSES 4TH EDITION BY SCHMIDT BROWN TEST BANK . 1. It is a threat to external validity. 2. It is a threat to internal validity. 3. It is a form of selection bias. 4. It is a form of maturation. Experimental designs (p. 167) 3. Which design type is considered to be the “classic” experimental design in which subjects are randomized into either the intervention group or the control group and measured before and after the intervention is implemented? 1. Solomon four group 2. Two group pretest-posttest 3. Multiple group 4. Two group posttest only Experimental designs (p. 169) 4. Which design type allows researchers to manipulate more than one intervention during the same experiment? 1. Multiple group 2. Crossover EVIDENCE BASED PRACTICE FOR NURSES 4TH EDITION BY SCHMIDT BROWN TEST BANK . 3. Factorial 4. Quasi-experimental Experimental designs (pp. 165-175) 5. The three major categories of quantitative research designs are 6. experimental, quasi-experimental, descriptive 7. experimental, quasi-experimental, nonexperimental 8. experimental, nonexperimental, exploratory 9. experimental, descriptive, exploratory Quasi-experimental designs (p. 171) EVIDENCE BASED PRACTICE FOR NURSES 4TH EDITION BY SCHMIDT BROWN TEST BANK . 6. Which design type is similar to experimental design but does not meet one of the other essential components of experimental design, lacking either randomization or a control group? 1. Descriptive 2. Crossover 3. Factorial 4. Quasi-experimental Quasi-experimental designs (p. 171) 7. The advantage of using a quasi-experimental design in nursing is 8. smaller sample size. 9. to provide beginning evidence of causality. 10. descriptive statistics can be used to analyze data. 11. the design is stronger in determining causality. Nonexperimental designs (pp. 176-177) 8. Which type of design would be used by researchers interested in establishing relationships between two or more variables, for example, the type of coping used by EVIDENCE BASED PRACTICE FOR NURSES 4TH EDITION BY SCHMIDT BROWN TEST BANK . Epidemiology differs from clinical medicine, which focuses on the diagnosis and treatment of disease in individuals. Epidemiology monitors the health of the population. 3. Which of the following actions by Florence Nightingale demonstrates her role as an epidemiologist? 4. She convinced other women to join her in giving nursing care to all the soldiers. 5. She demonstrated that a safer environment resulted in decreased mortality rate. 6. She obtained safe water and better food supplies and fought the lice and rats. 7. She met with each soldier each evening to say goodnight, thereby giving psychological EVIDENCE BASED PRACTICE FOR NURSES 4TH EDITION BY SCHMIDT BROWN TEST BANK . support.