EVOC Final Exam Study Guide questions verified with 100% correct answers, Exams of Motor Vehicle Design

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EVOC Final Exam Study Guide

Questions and Answers

1. What is the most common cause of tragic accidents involving emergency vehicles ANS Poor decision making.
2. What is meant by "front end" risk management? How can you benefit from it ANS You have to anticipate what your risks will be and know how to handle them before they occur. A front end approach helps ensure your decisions are safe and in line with agency policy.
3. What is a tort ANS A lawsuit arising from law enforcement activities. 4.. Who are the two parties in a civil case

ANS The plaintiff and the defendant

5.. What are the various types of liability? Explain the difference between them ANS Direct Liability: Your action (or inaction) that directly resulted in the plaintiff's injury. Vicarious Liability: an unintentional failure to exercise a reasonable degree of care.

6. Which type of liability usually results in the highest level of monetary damages? Why ANS Municipality Liability under section 1983. Because of the "deep pockets" of the municipality and no set financial limit under section
8. E. What are two categories of direct liability ANS Negligence: Does not involve an intentional act on your part. Willful misconduct: A conscious decision to engage in the injury causing behavior or an intentional disregard for the safety of others.

8. What is the difference between compensatory damages and punitive dam- ages? Under what circumstances are each awarded ANS Compensatory Damages: are awarded to cover the injury only. These are awarded for negligent behavior. Punitive damages: go beyond compensation for damages. It also serves as a deterrent to keep you from engaging in such behaviors in the future. These are awarded for intentional behavior.
9. Rules for backing: 1. Position your hands properly. (left hand at the 12 o'clock) 2.sound your horn before you start. 3.look out your rear window before you start. 4.Accelerate slowly 5.Keep hand movements to a minimum.
10. When can a claim of vicarious liability be made ANS When a plaintiff suffered an injury at the hands of an officer who was improperly supervised, trained or otherwise allowed to cause the injury by the actions of the senior official. 11. What is meant when a municipality is accused of "deliberate

indifference?- : The municipality has shown an extreme disregard for public safety. Such as a failure to properly train.

12. What is a duty? How does it relate to a liability claim ANS A duty is an obligation. Typically the plaintiff will try to prove they were injured because you neglected a duty. (By statute or law, agency policy, or constitutional provision)
13. What are your states statutory provisions regarding emergency vehicle operations ANS RCW 46.61.
14. What does "due regard for public safety" mean ANS The absence of negligence. You must keep an eye toward protecting everyone who could conceivably be affected by the emergency response.
15. What is a policy ANS A directive for action.
16. How does the Fourth Amendment to the US Constitution affect law enforce- ment driving ANS It protects against unreasonable search and seizure. A suspect who is injured due to your actions could be considered an unreasonable

seizure.

17. How does the Fourteenth Amendment affect law enforcement driving ANS No one can be denied the right to life, liberty, or property without due process. When a third party is injured they may claim they were denied that right.
18. What is the best way to protect yourself against lawsuits ANS Comply with your agencies policy at all times. This will protect you under qualified immunity. 19. The "Universe of Risk" can be divided into two categories. What are they?- : Known Risk and Unknown Risks 20. What are the four steps of the comprehensive risk management program?- : 1. Identify and analyze all known risks. 2.Determine ways to reduce the impact of these risks. 3.Implement the best possible solution. 4.Monitor the solution for effectiveness and adjust as necessary.
19. What are the three elements of risk management at the department level?- : 1. Policy development. 2.Comprehensive training. 3.Incident review.
20. What is the definition of risk ANS A hazard to which you are exposed when you take a certain action.

23. Which component of the interactive triangle is not a risk factor ANS • The Condition of the vehicle at the time of the pursuit.

• The environment.

24. Identify two examples of unknown risks ANS • Reactions to pedestrians and other drivers.

• Driving behavior of the suspect you are pursuing.

25. Explain how the terms "control" and "discretion" apply to an EVO policy ANS • Control builds a guideline of what you can and cannot do through policy.

• Discretion allows you to make the best choice of the options you have.

26. What are the three components of driving ANS • Awareness: recognizing changes in the environment.

• Space management: planning ahead to keep the best control of your path of travel.
• Collision avoidance: moving your vehicle to avoid danger.

27. Why is driving an emergency vehicle more dangerous than a normal street vehicle ANS Officers spend more time behind the wheel and are forced to drive in a variety of conditions.
28. 3 types of driving systems ANS SMITH SIPDE Zone Control System 29. List five of the common dangerous attitudes and give some of the signals of each. Over confidence:: Over confidence:

• A feeling of invincibility
• Showing off
• It won't happen to me Lack of confidence:
• A feeling of fear when attempting a maneuver.
• Insecurity from inexperience or previous mishaps
• Anxiety symptoms

Self-righteousness:

• Always right
• Law applies to others but not you
• Believes everyone will get out of your way because your law enforcement. Impatient:
• Always in a hurry
• Feeling that others are preventing you from getting where you need to go.
• Tendency to do more than one thing at a time. Preoccupation:
• Mind constantly wondering
• Doing other things while operating a vehicle

30. What are the steps for overcoming dangerous attitudes ANS

• Use training to improve your skills
• Practice what you learn in training
• Trust your judgment

31. What steps can you take to overcome fatigue ANS • Get proper rest and exercise

• Keep fresh air circulating throughout the vehicle

32. How can you control stress ANS • Talk to someone you trust

• Do not take your work home with you
• Stay physically fit

33. List some of the common everyday products that are agents of controlled substances ANS Coffee, soda, cigarettes, beer, liquor, wine, over the counter medica- tion
34. What are the rules for driving while under the effect of a controlled sub- stance ANS • Never drive while under the influence of alcohol.

• Drink coffee and smoke in moderation
• Find out the side effects of prescription drugs
• Understand the impact of an illness being treated with medication 35. Why is an unprofessional attitude towards emergency vehicle dangerous?- : It can shorten the life and effectiveness of a vehicle

36. What are the two objectives of a vehicle inspection ANS

• Helps maintain operational effectiveness and safety of the vehicle.
• Builds your confidence in your car.

37. Why should you immediately report any damage found in an inspection? Why do damage reports need to be written, instead of transferred orally ANS • To immediately correct a potentially

dangerous situation.

• This will protect you from being accused of causing the damage to the vehicle

38. What three steps should be taken in the event of sudden mechanical failure ANS • Slow down

• Get off of the road and stop
• Use your radio to call for advice and assistance.

39. What are the rules for controlling speed ANS • Acceleration should always be smooth

• Acceleration should always be in direct relationship to your intended path of travel

40. What are the three points in every turn and corner ANS • Entry

• Apex
• Exit

41. How do you determine your following distance ANS Determine how many sec- onds you are behind the vehicle in front of you
42. What three safety steps should you take when driving in heavy traffic ANS • Avoid driving in and out of lanes

• Leave yourself a path of escape
• Increase your visibility to others

43. If you must use your radio while in motion, what steps should you take to maintain your safety ANS • Use radio when visibility is best

• Avoid transmitting while going through corners or curves
• Speak clearly and efficiently
• Secure the microphone in a consistent location

44. Why should you back in to perpendicular parking spaces instead of pulling in head first ANS This allows you to exit quickly in an emergency.
45. What are the two questions you should ask yourself before making a lane change ANS • Is the lane change necessary?

• What will I gain by doing it?

46. What are the two difficult problems you are likely to encounter when considering passing a slower vehicle on a two lane road ANS • Drivers tend to slow down when they see an approaching patrol vehicle. This makes your closure time less than you might expect.

• It is difficult to judge oncoming vehicles speed

47. What should you do when your visibility or line of sight is restricted ANS • Get the best speed control.

• Keep your following distance.
• Check ahead for possible escape paths.

48. What steps should you take to get out of a skid ANS • Steer in the direction of the skid.

• Cover your brakes

49. What are the two basic rules for reading the road ANS • Drive according to what you can see.

• Do not travel faster than your ability to stop within visible distance.

50. What are the limitations of relying on your headlights when operating a vehicle at night ANS • They illuminate only a short distance.

• They only show what is straight in front of you.

51. What are the steps you should follow when driving at night ANS • Understand and acknowledge your limitations.

• Do not overdrive your headlights.
• Increase your sight distance.
• Allow greater margin of safety, especially when overtaking and passing other vehicles.
• Avoid staring at bright lights, especially headlight glare from oncoming vehicles.
• Never wear sunglasses at night.

52. What is hydroplaning? How can it be avoided ANS • Your tire rides on water rather than the road.

• It can be avoided by slowing down during wet driving conditions.

53. What are the rules for driving in bad weather ANS • Slow down but keep moving.

• Lengthen your following distance.
• Increase your following distance.
• Do not make any sudden moves.
• If conditions are very severe, pull over as far as possible and stop.

54. How does increased speed impact emergency vehicle operations ANS It makes the physical requirements of controlling a vehicle more difficult.
55. Why is your physical condition so important when operating in an emer- gency mode ANS Lack of physical condition will impact your ability to respond to emergencies.
56. What three mental factors are commonly associated with emergency dri- ving? What are some of the signs of each ANS Aggression:

• Anger easily aroused, particularly by the actions of others.
• Eagerness to undertake all activities in a spirit of competition.
• Intense desire to win at all costs. Peer pressure:
• Allowing the influence of others to override your better judgment.
• Believing that others have unrealistic expectations of you. Extreme emotion:
• Raised heart rate, and respiratory rate, flushed face, higher blood pressure and tense muscles.
• Long-term effects include change in appetite, digestive problems and

ulcers.

57. What four steps should you take to control the mental aspects of respond- ing to an emergency ANS • Be assertive, not aggressive.

• Talk yourself through an emergency run.
• Never let anyone else persuade you to go against your best judgment.
• Use your emotions to your advantage.

58. What three rules should you remember about backing up during an emer- gency response ANS • Back in a straight line if possible.

• Do not rush.
• Limit backing to short distances.

59. Why are weight transfers dangerous at high speeds ANS A sudden shift in weight can result in loss of traction reducing steering and braking control.
60. What technique should you use to reach your vehicles top speed ANS Depress the accelerator ½ to ¾ of the distance to the floor. Adjust accordingly.
61. What is the danger of your brakes heating up? What can you do to keep them cool ANS Heated brakes lose their ability to grab and stop the wheel. Keep the brakes cool by using them sparingly.

62. Why is the two-handed steering method more important in the emergency mode than in non-emergency mode ANS Two hands on the wheel gives you more control.
63. How does inertia affect your vehicle as it corners ANS Inertia acts as if you are still going straight. This will push you to the outside of the corner.
64. What is meant by only use the available roadway when cornering ANS It means you should never encroach on another vehicle's path of travel when you are cornering.
65. Why is your radio your most important piece of equipment ANS • Because you have a functioning radio you are never alone.

• It expands the size of your team responding to a call.
• Increases effectiveness by allowing coordination.

66. List the four steps for effective radio communication ANS • Make your transmis- sions brief but complete.

• Be as accurate as possible.
• Keep your voice calm, natural and relaxed.
• Be efficient and safe.

67. What emergency warning devises are required by your state statues for an emergency response ANS • Lights (Always) and siren (When necessary).
68. What effect does vehicle speed have on your siren ANS The effectiveness decreases as speed increases.
69. What is the "invincibility syndrome?": The false belief that the general public will always respond predictably and safely to your

emergency warning devices.

70. What are the four steps you can take to increase the effectiveness of your emergency warning devices ANS • Use your headlights.

• Change your siren pattern.
• Slow down near pedestrians, especially near school zones.
• Expect the unexpected.

71. What are some factors that affect rout selection ANS • Traffic delay

• Line of sight restrictions
• Road conditions
• Weather conditions
• Time of day
• Day of week

72. What five questions should serve as a checklist for route selection ANS • Is the route the quickest and most direct?

• Do the intersections along the way offer acceptable line of sight and legal right of ways?
• Does the route have the fewest number of obstacles that can inhibit people from

seeing or hearing my warning devises?

• Does the route require the least number of steering and speed adjustments?
• Are the thoroughfares wide, and do they have numerous escape options for avoiding collisions?

73. How can you practice route selection ANS When responding to a non-emer- gency call, choose your route as if it was an emergency. Evaluate your route decision upon arrival.
74. What are the three types of impacts that can occur in a collision ANS • Vehicle impact

• Human impact
• Internal impact

75. What are the best ways to avoid a collision? When should you use each one of them ANS • Good space management: should be used at all times.

• Evasive steering: should be used when your path is blocked suddenly and you have room to maneuver.
• Sudden braking: should be used when your path is suddenly blocked and you do not have room to maneuver.

76. What does "riding down the collision" mean ANS Your seat belt stops your forward momentum as the vehicle stops. This reduces the severity of internal impacts.
77. Define "pursuit" ANS PURSUIT: A driver of a motor vehicle who willfully fails or refuses to immediately bring their vehicle to a stop and who drives their vehicle in a reckless manner while attempting to elude

a pursuing vehicle being operated by a readily identifiable law enforcement officer, after being given a visual or audible signal to bring the vehicle to a stop. The signal given by the law enforcement officer may be by hand, voice, emergency light, or siren. The law enforcement officer must be able to show by a preponderance of the evidence that the subject is aware of the law enforcement officer's attempt to stop the vehicle.

78. How are pursuit operations different from other modes of law enforcement driving ANS • Officers are forced to make more critical decisions.

• Officers have little control over the situation.
• There are more participants.

79. What is meant by a policy being based on custom of usage? How is that dangerous for you ANS It means policy is not well defined and has been allowed to develop through broad interpretations by the officers. Too much leeway often leads to lawsuits.
80. What are the advantages of being under a restrictive pursuit policy ANS • Shows what is expected of you.

• Protects you from unnecessary danger.
• Reduces the risk of liability proceedings.

81. What is the test of reasonableness? How does it apply to a decision to initiate a pursuit ANS If I initiate this pursuit and it results in an injury, death or property damage, would a reasonable person find that my actions were justified?
82. What factors should you consider when making a decision whether to pursue a fleeing suspect ANS • Do you know what you are authorized to do? (by policy)

• How dangerous is the suspect?
• Is there a need for immediate response?
• Are you mentally and physically capable of conducting a pursuit?
• Is your vehicle capable to handle a pursuit?
• Do environmental conditions favor a successful outcome?

83. What information should be communicated to dispatch if you decide to pursue a suspect ANS • Identify yourself

• Give description of the fleeing vehicle.
• Outline your reason for initiating the pursuit.

84. What should you do if you decide not to pursue a suspect ANS • Try to identify the suspect.

• Detail your reasons for not pursuing the suspect.

85. What question should you repeatedly ask yourself during a pursuit ANS - Based on how the situation has changed, if this pursuit results in injury, death or property damage, would a reasonable person find that my actions were justified?

86. What safety considerations should you follow when pursuing a suspect ANS • Always leave yourself an out.

• Do not attempt to apply psychological pressure on the suspect.
• Only go as fast as you have to go.
• Maintain optimum line of sight conditions.
• Come to a stop before entering and intersection. At minimum, be prepared to stop.
• Assist any third party injury.

87. How can you help a pursuit from becoming a personal challenge ANS • Be prepared to change your objective.

• Get more people involved.

88. What are the limitations of emergency equipment in a pursuit ANS • You can easily outrun your siren.

• The suspect's vehicle has no emergency equipment

89. If you are a backup unit, what are your responsibilities ANS • Assist in any way possible.

• Be prepared to take over as the primary unit.
• Aid any injured third party

90. When should you terminate a pursuit before making an apprehension ANS - When, in the deputy's assessment, the risks of the pursuit outweigh the necessity of the pursuit then the pursuit shall be terminated.
91. What forces might lead you to terminate a pursuit before making an appre- hension ANS • The suspect has been identified and later apprehension poses no risk.

• Your supervisor calls it off.
• Prevailing traffic makes the pursuit unsafe.
• Your vehicle has a mechanical malfunction of any kind.
• The suspect's vehicle is no longer in sight.

92. What steps should you take if you terminate a pursuit without making an apprehension ANS • Safely come to a stop and turn off your emergency warning devises.

• Communicate your decision to terminate.

93. Why is using force to terminate a pursuit often considered a use of deadly force ANS It is considered deadly force because any intervention may cause the suspect to lose control of his vehicle. This frequently leads to great bodily harm or death.
94. What question should you ask yourself before using force to terminate a pursuit ANS If the suspect or another is injured or killed as a result of using force, would a reasonable person find that my actions were justified?

95. What two steps should you use when using your radio ANS • Be complete.

• Be professional.

96. When filling out a pursuit incident report, what four things should you keep in mind ANS • You will have to be systematic.

• Note the times of all events.
• Identify all of the people involved in the pursuit.
• Be truthful.

97. What three things should you remember when making a written report of a pursuit ANS • Use your policy as the basis for your summary.

• Include the test of reasonableness.
• Correct any errors in the dispatch tape or incident.

98. What questions should you use to analyze a pursuit after it is over ANS • Did all of your actions conform to the agency's policy?

• Were all of your decisions the correct ones to make?
• Were other options available for each action?
• If presented with the same situation again, what would you do differently?
• Did your agency's policy reflect the reality that you faced?

99. What are the proper procedures that you should follow to help correct a policy that does not address your needs ANS Discuss the problem with your super- visor and administrators. Keep in mind that effective policy must address a number of needs of a number of groups. Do not make demands. Make recommendations. If you approach a problem in a professional manner, you can help solve it.
100. What steps should you take to prepare for a lawsuit ANS

• Preserve all incident evidence and information.
• Take care of yourself to ensure that you are at your best physically and mentally
• Meet with your attorney as early as possible.

101. What are the keys to testifying in a deposition or a trial ANS • Be truthful

• Be prepared
• Be professional
• Be consistent
• Be clear

102. How should you respond when a case is over ANS • Do not overreact if the judgment goes against you.

• Participate in debriefing to identify positive and negative aspects of the entire incident.
• Work to create change if change is needed.

103. Sacramento vs. Lewis: Shocks the conscience
104. Scott vs. Harris: The Fourth Amendment does not prevent a police officer from ramming a fleeing suspect's car to end a high-speed

chase,

105. RCW 46.37.190: Warning devices on vehicles—Other drivers yield and stop.
106. RCW 43.101.225: Training on vehicular pursuits.
107. RCW 46.61.024: Attempting to elude police vehicle
108. RCW 46.61.210: Failure to Yield to an Emergency Vehicle:
109. Brower v. Inyo County: A case in which the Court held that a police roadblock could constitute an illegal seizure under the Fourth Amendment.
110. Feist v. Simonson: Simonson pursued a suspected stolen vehicle at high speeds for over 6 miles, 1.2 of which was in the wrong direction down an interstate. The suspect vehicle struck plaintiff's vehicle at a closing speed of between 97 and 104 MPH killing the plaintiff. Simonson had a history of engaging in high-speed pursuits. The court found that reasonable officers would know or should know as a matter of law that engaging in such a pursuit violated the 14th Amendment. The court further found that although the decision to pursue may have been reasonable given the length of time and the officer's knowledge of the risks, his decision to continue the pursuit would be evaluated under the deliberate indifference test.