Communication Theory: Understanding Messages, Styles, and Cultures, Quizzes of Communication and Development studies

Download Communication Theory: Understanding Messages, Styles, and Cultures and more Quizzes Communication and Development studies in PDF only on Docsity! TERM 1 Primary Goal DEFINITION 1 Focuses on the response he or she wants to achieve from the target of the message.Does the communicator want the message target to understand something, change an attitude about something, or perform some specific behavior? We tend to think of these goals as reflected in the topic or purpose of the message. TERM 2 Secondary Goal DEFINITION 2 -Focus on defining the relationship between the communicators.-Adding relational information to our message TERM 3 Affiliation DEFINITION 3 Adds messages about how much people like or dislike one another TERM 4 Involvement DEFINITION 4 Messages reveal how much interpersonal distance or formality the person is trying to create in the relationship TERM 5 Dominance DEFINITION 5 Projects a desire to control or direct the person to do something TERM 6 Card Talk DEFINITION 6 Combine goals into a whole message presentation or package as we communicate TERM 7 Talk Card DEFINITION 7 Package of messages that is communicated in playing a specific role TERM 8 Content DEFINITION 8 Primary goal of the message or the topic you want the other person to understand or the thing you want them to do:Ex: Go here, play there, I want this, I care about that TERM 9 Style DEFINITION 9 Concerns how friendly, how formal, and how powerful you want to appear in presenting that topic or ideaStyle gives emphasis and fills in meaning about the topic. They work together in the message package TERM 10 Liking DEFINITION 10 -Include words, gestures, eye movements, and other facial expressions to show how much we like or dislike someone- Showing extreme liking might involve smiling, getting physically close to someone, or even touching-Showing extreme dislike might start with a scowl and an angry tone TERM 21 Card Deck DEFINITION 21 Consists of all the cards you have available for any and all communication situations TERM 22 Synchrony DEFINITION 22 When both parties show the same or compatible cards over several exchanges and both parties believe they are playing the same game TERM 23 Dissynchrony DEFINITION 23 When it becomes clear they are not playing the same game TERM 24 Theory of Coordinated Management of Meaning DEFINITION 24 The meaning of messages is coordinated among communicators-or negotiated as discussed above. the idea is that each talk game is organized around a set of rules required to play it properly. TERM 25 Message DEFINITION 25 Every communication event involves this. It could be verbal, written, or nonverbal in nature TERM 26 Channel DEFINITION 26 -The method you use to communicate, whether it's face-to- face, electronic media, or snail mail-If it's broad it carries a lot of information, whereas narrow carries much less information-Broad if if it involves most of your five senses; it's narrow if it involves only one sense TERM 27 Culture DEFINITION 27 Represented by an individual's values and behaviors TERM 28 Context DEFINITION 28 Read the situation and figure out what game people are playing, what card you've been asked to play, and the rules for playing that card to accomplish your goals TERM 29 Unintended Impacts DEFINITION 29 Play a card to accomplish the self-presentation goal of being viewed as an authority on a subject. But the audience might not respond as intended. TERM 30 Referents DEFINITION 30 Tag our psychological or emotional thoughts and feelings when we infuse our topics with style elements TERM 31 Phonetics DEFINITION 31 The sounds we produce when speaking TERM 32 Semantics DEFINITION 32 The meaning of a specific sound or word TERM 33 Morpheme DEFINITION 33 Units of meaning that can either stand alone or are attached to words to clarify their meaning. TERM 34 Syntax DEFINITION 34 -The process of chunking language into meaningful clumps-Ex: My son showed me a photo he found online with a group of baby seals apparently dancing at a nightclub. The caption under the picture read "Stop clubbing, baby seals."-Without the comma (Stop clubbing baby seals.), the caption is a protest against hunters clubbing and killing baby seals for their pelts. TERM 35 Pragmatics DEFINITION 35 Focuses on the work we want the messages to perform TERM 46 Gender DEFINITION 46 Refers to one's orientation about the roles men and women play in society TERM 47 Sex DEFINITION 47 Simply a biological trait TERM 48 Task Orientation DEFINITION 48 -Cultures that value this are more individualistic, low context, low power-distance, feminine, and focused on the past and present-Sometimes people from this culture try to directly influence or push their counterparts in a specific direction. They are not afraid to use their power when necessary. TERM 49 People Orientation DEFINITION 49 -Cultures are more collectivistic, high context, feminine, status conscious, and future oriented-Want to focus on building trust before sharing proposals that would revel information about their preferences TERM 50 Process-Oriented DEFINITION 50 Culture is more collectivistic, low context, masculine, status conscious, and future focused TERM 51 Frustration DEFINITION 51 The point at which annoyances outweigh positives in the new culture TERM 52 Readjustment DEFINITION 52 Strategies can evolve in one of four directions1.) Fully participate2.) Make accommodations3.) Fight (Spend as little time as possible there)4.) Leave TERM 53 Social Identity DEFINITION 53 The individual's knowledge that he belongs to certain social groups together with some emotional and value significance to him of this group membership TERM 54 Self-Concept DEFINITION 54 Psychological understanding of what I believe to be true about myself, both separately from the group and in common with my groupEx: Smart, Caring, Funny, Persistent, Likable TERM 55 Relational Self DEFINITION 55 Set of perceptions about significant dyadic relationships in our lives, such as two great friends, a husband and wife, or a spousal partnership TERM 56 Inclusion DEFINITION 56 The desire to be accepted and respected within some group, family, or relationship TERM 57 Control DEFINITION 57 The desire to impact the environment to get others to pay attention to us so we can get our message across, get fed, or get help TERM 58 Affection DEFINITION 58 The desire to receive intimacy and civility from others TERM 59 Content (Of Identity) DEFINITION 59 Collection of beliefs that I have about myself TERM 60 Structure DEFINITION 60 Where beliefs are organized TERM 71 Dominance-Submissiveness Fram DEFINITION 71 Focuses on the issue of control.Ex: How much do we want to impose ourselves, or submit to the other? TERM 72 Affiliation-Disaffiliation Frame DEFINITION 72 Focuses on how much we like, appreciate, and respect the other TERM 73 Interpersonal Communication DEFINITION 73 -Communication at a personal level-Messages that individuals tailor to each other's personal profile TERM 74 Closed Family DEFINITION 74 Members keep to themselves and are less involved in larger social networks, your communicators are probably going to be fairly reserved and regulated. In these kinds of families, decision making is hierarchical and concentrated in one parent. TERM 75 Drive For Intimacy DEFINITION 75 We need relationships to satisfy us, which is done so by hugs and kisses as children, but extends into many other kinds as we mature into adults TERM 76 Persuasion DEFINITION 76 A specific communication situation that involves (a) a source creating (b) messages that intentionally seek to (c) arouse meanings in the targeted receivers of those messages, which results in the receiver (d) freely choosing to change their attitudes, beliefs, values, and behaviors, and (e) the receivers having a clear path to comply TERM 77 Attitude DEFINITION 77 A judgment about likes and dislikes (e.g., I like football) TERM 78 Belief DEFINITION 78 A judgment about truth or falsity (Football is dangerous) TERM 79 Values DEFINITION 79 Are about what's right and wrong (Football should be banned) TERM 80 Behaviors DEFINITION 80 Relate to a person's actions, including their communications (I am not going to play football) TERM 81 Physiological Needs DEFINITION 81 Survival needs for food, water, and air TERM 82 Safety Needs DEFINITION 82 The need to be protected from harm and become physically and emotionally secure, while having structure and order in life TERM 83 Belongingness and Love DEFINITION 83 The need to achieve the relational goals of socialization and inclusion with people and groups, and form bonds with others for reasons other than meeting physiological or safety needs TERM 84 Self Esteem DEFINITION 84 The need to accomplish the self-presentation and achievement needs of being viewed as competent (positive face), able to accomplish tasks well, and enhance status and reputation TERM 85 Self Actualization DEFINITION 85 The need to make some type of lasting contribution to the world and make the most of yourself TERM 96 Elaboration Likelihood Theory DEFINITION 96 Says that the amount of persuasion the speaker achieves depends on how well the audience listens to the key arguments TERM 97 Central Elaboration DEFINITION 97 They weigh the issue carefully and extensively-they give it full consideration TERM 98 Peripheral Elaboration DEFINITION 98 Means they use a simple decision rule to judge the message, such as appearance or credibility. If they believe the speaker is not credible, the messages are uninteresting, or the concept is too weird, they will not listen nor will they change their minds about the issue. TERM 99 Elaboration Likelihood Theory DEFINITION 99 More narrowly focused on explaining how specific attitudes change in response to persuasive messages. It focused on the important of ensuring that people pay attention to the key arguments encouraging change. Argues that audiences must find the speakers and the information sufficiently rewarding that they are willing to listen and pay full attention. TERM 100 Social Norming Theory DEFINITION 100 -Most valuable when it's clear that the audience is misinformed about some important social norm, like drinking or engaging in other risky behaviors. The theory points the way for how to change the perception of those norms and reduce risky behavior.- Ex: The idea is that if students believe other students drink a lot, then they believe they're normal if they also drink a lot. TERM 101 Influence Strategies DEFINITION 101 Used often to explain how advertising seeks to influence buyers TERM 102 Theory of Reasoned Action DEFINITION 102 Used to help health professionals design health campaigns. The theory tells us that a two-pronged approach is needed- attitude change plus social pressure-to change the public's health behavior TERM 103 One-Sided Message DEFINITION 103 Presents only those arguments that favor the persuader's recommendation. This type of message is best used when the audience already favors the proposal or is not well informed about it. TERM 104 Two-Sided Message DEFINITION 104 -If the audience feels negatively toward your organization, present this message which sets out arguments for your position and refutes or disparages arguments that oppose your group's position.-These massages are best used when the audience is well informed about the issues being addressed or when the audience initially opposes the position being advocated. TERM 105 Explicit DEFINITION 105 Laying out clearly what the recommendation is that should be adopted or held TERM 106 Implicit DEFINITION 106 Leaving the audience to draw its own conclusions based on the evidence provided by the persuader TERM 107 Hostile Audience DEFINITION 107 The best strategy is to reduce any interference the audience might present and get it to listen to the message. Hostile audiences don't like to listen to opposing. TERM 108 Critical Audience DEFINITION 108 A two-sided message is best. Recognizing the audience's opposing views not only shows respect for the position, but shows an understanding of the issues. Goal is to create doubts in the audience's resistance to the persuasive message. TERM 109 Uninformed Audience DEFINITION 109 Goal is to provide enough information to educate it about the issue so the message can be processed. TERM 110 Well-Informed Audience DEFINITION 110 Audience that agrees with the speaker, the key is being well prepared to reinforce the group's position with evidence that will be deemed credible. TERM 121 Personalizing DEFINITION 121 Involves accusing the other person of causing the conflict with some negative personality trait, such as being inconsiderate, insensitive, or uncaring TERM 122 Complaining DEFINITION 122 Involves repeating old problems again and again with no attempt to get the underlying issues and resolve the problem TERM 123 Aggressing DEFINITION 123 Means attacking the other person either physically or psychologically so the aggressor can bolster his or her positive face or even repair negative face TERM 124 Collaboration DEFINITION 124 Involves each person recognizing the other's goals in the conflict and working toward achieving them TERM 125 Empowerment DEFINITION 125 Have the skill and courage to take on the conflict TERM 126 Four Communication Skills for Effective Card Talk Games DEFINITION 126 1.) Listening to the other's position2.) Speaking respectfully by talking about your views on issues and avoiding personal attacks3.) Generating creative solutions to both parties' problems4) Working through a specific process to structure the discussion so it does not get off track TERM 127 Process of Integration DEFINITION 127 Coming together, identifying issues and generating options to address them TERM 128 How Many Cards To Play During A Speech? DEFINITION 128 Generally best to play at least two or three cards during a speech. Effective speakers like to switch talk cards regularly to keep the audience engaged. TERM 129 Psychographics DEFINITION 129 Audiences always use their internal, psychological thoughts and feelings to evaluate a speech. These internal variables are.... TERM 130 Perceptions of the Speaker's Credibility DEFINITION 130 Based on the cards the speaker is playing, the audience judges the speaker's credibility. Credibility consists of three judgments:-Competent-Trustworthy-Dynamic TERM 131 Demographics DEFINITION 131 -External variables that differentiate people, such as race, income, religion, education, and marital status. They may have some link to a person's psychographics.-Give us hints about what the audience members might know, expect, believe, and value. TERM 132 Expectations and Speaker Credibility Perceptions DEFINITION 132 Most relevant psychographic issues you must face TERM 133 Informative Speaking DEFINITION 133 When audiences are interested in learning some kind of new information TERM 134 Monroe's Motivated Sequence DEFINITION 134 Outline for a persuasive speech calls on the speaker to identify an audience need, propose a strategy to meet that need, and help the audience visualize how much better things will be with that solution in place. TERM 135 Thesis Statement DEFINITION 135 Identifies the one central idea of your speech