Communication and Language: Understanding Terms and Contexts, Quizzes of Communication

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Verbal Comm.

Refers to the words we use during the comm. process

TERM 2

Rules

DEFINITION 2

Agreed upon and provide a structure for what is socially

acceptable

TERM 3

Constitutive Rules

DEFINITION 3

Identify appropriate words and behaviros

TERM 4

Regulative Rules

DEFINITION 4

-Control comm. by managing comm. interaction-Are context

bound, change with audience and context

TERM 5

Physical Context

DEFINITION 5

Where you actually are, physical environment

Cultural Context

Has a huge impact on the words we useU.S. has a very low

context culture, use words in a very direct manner

TERM 7

Historical Context

DEFINITION 7

related to culture, but focuses on traditions and history of the

relation ship.Looking at how we have done this beforewhen

have had convos in one setting, is hard to change to a

different setting

TERM 8

Relational Context

DEFINITION 8

What types of messages are aloud in this relationship?

TERM 9

Symbols can

be____or_____.

DEFINITION 9

-Concrete-Resemble what they represent-Abstract-arbitrary

and nonrepresentational, represent non-concrete word, ex.

patriotism, love, lie

TERM 10

Denotative

DEFINITION 10

Dictionary meaning of the word

Connotative

What the word means to that person or in the particular

contextCan't separate the words being said from the person

saying them

TERM 12

Interpretation of language is

_______.

DEFINITION 12

subjective-Everyone interprets differently

TERM 13

Jargon

DEFINITION 13

The language of a particular profession, activity, group, or

event.

TERM 14

Ambiguous Language

DEFINITION 14

Refers to how our language ranges from being very abstract

to very concrete.Can use very intentionally, politicians

TERM 15

How does ambiguous language influence our

own convos?

DEFINITION 15

you don't want to express your opinion on a topic so just

make a general statement.Can lead to mistakes when used

in historical aspect.

Euphemism

Words that take the sting out of the statement.she passed

away instead of she died

TERM 17

Relative Language

DEFINITION 17

The words that we use and the way that we perceive the

worldMeans one thing to me, and something totally different

to you

TERM 18

Static Evaluation

DEFINITION 18

Refuse to let go of our perception of someone, refuse to look

at somebody in a different way.

TERM 19

Direct vs Indirect

DEFINITION 19

Direct- Straightforwardindirect-subtle, roundabout

TERM 20

Formal vs Informal

DEFINITION 20

Formal-Used when comm. with somebody of higher power

(parent, teacher, boss, etc.)Informal-relaxed, casual, familiar

verbal style (friends, co-workers)

Clarity vs Equivocation

Clarity- simplistic, down to earth, understandable nature of

comm.Equivocation- Non straightforward comm. that

appears ambiguous, contradictory, obscure, or even evasive.

Choosing specific words that may not demonstrate the whole

truth

TERM 22

Cognitive Function

DEFINITION 22

Use of language to acquire knowledge, reason, and to make

sense of the worldStrong connection with culture

TERM 23

Uncertainty Reduction Theory

DEFINITION 23

Human communication is used to gain knowledge and create

understanding by reducing uncertainty, therefore increasing

predictability

TERM 24

Self-Disclosure

DEFINITION 24

Purposefully revealing personal information about oneself

TERM 25

Social Reality Function

DEFINITION 25

Verbal comm. serves to create our social reality

Linguistic Determinism

Language determines thought

TERM 27

Linguistic Relativity

DEFINITION 27

Distinctions encoded in one language are unique to that

language alone."there is no limit to the structural diversity of

languages"

TERM 28

Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis

DEFINITION 28

The language we learn, as well as the culture we are exposed

to, is used to shape our entire reality

TERM 29

Group Identity Funtion

DEFINITION 29

Verbal comm. serves to distinguish one group from another

and provides a sense of similarity for its members

TERM 30

Social Change Function

DEFINITION 30

Language can inhibit our abilities to perceive the world in

unique ways, or it can dynamically change habits and

prejudices

Powerful vs powerless Language

Pful- Viewed as assertive,direct,confident, how you are

actually saying the wordspLess- Hesitant, not

straightforward, absent

TERM 32

Hesitation

DEFINITION 32

Makes language powerless

TERM 33

Tag Question

DEFINITION 33

Put a question at the end of your statementpowerless

TERM 34

Hedges

DEFINITION 34

Not fully committing to something"I guess...",

"Maybe....",powerless

TERM 35

Intensifiers

DEFINITION 35

Unsuccessful attempt to make words sound stronger"Test

was SO SO difficult"powerless

Disclaimer

Discrediting yourself before making a statement."I'm not

really sure if I know what I'm talking about, but....."powerless

TERM 37

Politeness

DEFINITION 37

Overly polite forms are powerlessDepends on cultureIn the

south, makes you seem powerful

TERM 38

Lifespan

DEFINITION 38

Someones ageFor someone who is elderly, we may be super

polite or speak louder because of hard hearing

TERM 39

Context

DEFINITION 39

Context of verbal comm. will impact the outcome of the

message

TERM 40

Sex

DEFINITION 40

If person is male or female.Maculine- report talkFeminine-

rapport talk

Nonverbal Comm

Any communication other than the words we sayhow we say

words (physical appearance, gesture, touching)

TERM 42

Nonverbal is ____ _____ than verbal comm.

DEFINITION 42

more crediblemore likely to believe nonverbal than verbal

TERM 43

Nonverbal comm is both

____and____based.

DEFINITION 43

Biologically and culturally

TERM 44

Biologically based

DEFINITION 44

1.Our bodies have a physiological reaction that we cannot

control, fight/flight response, angry2.involuntary

TERM 45

Paul Eckmann

DEFINITION 45

Researcher in comm. and emotion;6 universal facial

expressions: sadness, anger, disgust, fear, surprise,

happiness

Microexpression

Expression that flashes across the face very quickly

TERM 47

Leakage

DEFINITION 47

Express something nonverbally that we are trying to

controlMore intense the emotion, more likely leakage will

occur

TERM 48

Display Rules

DEFINITION 48

1.Culturally based2.Tell us the approp. display of nonverb.

comm.3.part of us, dont spend large amount of time thinking

about it.4.Think about when something at risk, in power

situations, or if unsure of rules

TERM 49

Nonverbal comm. is often _____

DEFINITION 49

ambiguous, Misinterpreted-Difficult to figure out-Try to

interpret meaning into something we don't have much info

on-

TERM 50

very important to try and avoid _______

_______.

DEFINITION 50

nonverbal distractions

We all have a _______ for nonverbal comm.

baseline-Some smile alot, stand closer to people, dont make

direct eye contact-Dont know peoples baseline unless around

them often

TERM 52

Blank expresser

DEFINITION 52

Someone who maintains a blank facial expression-not very

common, difficult to read their facial expression

TERM 53

3 functions of nonverbal comm.

DEFINITION 53

1. Express like and dislike2.Express Power3.Turn taking

(responsiveness)

TERM 54

Express

power

DEFINITION 54

statusNumber one way: way they dressproxemics-more

powerful, more space they take up, feel they have more

space owned to them

TERM 55

Turn taking(responsivenes)

DEFINITION 55

Don't literally tell someone it is their turn to speakLook at

nonverballyCorresponds to how much you like the

personmore highlighted through technology

Physical Appearance

Tell us about their hygiene, status,gender, age, intelligence,

health, ethnicity, interestsMake assumptions base on

appearancemost notable form of nonverb comm.used most

commonly to make a first impression

TERM 57

Kinesic

DEFINITION 57

Bodily movement-gestures, posture, whole body movement

TERM 58

Whole body displays of emotion

DEFINITION 58

affect display

TERM 59

use in conversation for understanding

DEFINITION 59

delivery gesture(holding up fingers, nodding of head)

TERM 60

Primarily signals

feedback

DEFINITION 60

citing gesture

used to seek clarification, show you don't

understand

Seeing gesture

TERM 62

Turn to someone when is there turn to speak

DEFINITION 62

Turn taking

TERM 63

_____ are most expressive part of face.

DEFINITION 63

eyes

TERM 64

Duchenne

Smile

DEFINITION 64

Fake smile

TERM 65

Paralanguage

DEFINITION 65

What is happening with your voice in

interactions/communication

Vocal distracters/segregates

also called vocal fillersuhm,errs,you know,likeuse when

nervous, unsure of what your going to say

TERM 67

an increase in _______ gives a decrease in

______.

DEFINITION 67

vocal segregates, credibility

TERM 68

pitch, rate, volume, dialect

DEFINITION 68

Vocal qualitiesNeed to be self aware of these when speaking

TERM 69

Laughing, crying, whining

DEFINITION 69

Vocal characterizersDon't think about them unless are odd,

like a distinctive laugh

TERM 70

Haptics

DEFINITION 70

touchcan be accidental

Functions of touch

1. positive effect-to show social and emotional support2.playful-

tickling,wrestling,high five3.control-hold someone back from fight,

get someones attention, get somebody to move4.ritualistic-do in

ritual format. shake hand when meet someone, kiss kids goodbye

to school,team handshake5.task-must use touch in order to

perform certain job.6.hybrid-combo of 2 touches

TERM 72

Proxemics

DEFINITION 72

space

TERM 73

4 realms of space

DEFINITION 73

intimate: 0-6 in, kids,spousepersonal: .5-4 ft,close friends,

family, spouseSocial: 4-12 ft, business transactions, cocktail

convos, conference roomsPublic: 12 feet and greater, public

forum, sermon, commencement speach

TERM 74

Expectancy violation theory

DEFINITION 74

Go through our daily interactions expect people to maintain

certain spatial norms; when they fail to do so, very

noticeable to us and have a negative reaction.If person more

powerful- suck it up and move onIf equal power or less-may

say something

TERM 75

communicate through space we have

ownership of

DEFINITION 75

Use of color

Set up furniture in a home

Direct flow of traffic through space

TERM 77

American culture is relatively obsessed with

_____.

DEFINITION 77

time

TERM 78

Informal time (chronemics)

DEFINITION 78

nonverbal use of time, how we actually use time

TERM 79

How long it is going to take us to do

something, how much time we allocate to

something

DEFINITION 79

DurationHow long we think something should take.

TERM 80

whether or not someone is on time and is it

okay for that person to not be on time

DEFINITION 80

puntualityculture specific

What you do with your time

activityhow much can you get done in the time you have

allocated for it.

TERM 82

deception

DEFINITION 82

includes all communications or omissions that serve to

distort or omit the truth.intentionalviolates both relational

and conversational rules

TERM 83

entering into reactions assuming that person

is being truthful

DEFINITION 83

truth bias

TERM 84

Lie

DEFINITION 84

one person intending to mislead another, doing so

deliberately, without prior notification and without being

asked to do so.

TERM 85

Concealing

DEFINITION 85

withholding information; not saying anything untrue, just

don;t say anything at all

Falsifying

saying something untrue

TERM 87

direct falsification

DEFINITION 87

flat out lying

TERM 88

exaggeration

DEFINITION 88

overstate, becomes lie when is intended to make you believe

something

TERM 89

equivocation

DEFINITION 89

giving false impression without saying something untrue

TERM 90

understate

DEFINITION 90

downplay how you actually feelform of lying we usually find

admireable

We usually choose to conceal or to falsify?

concealeasier because if you lie, you have to remember that

lie

TERM 92

Benevolent vs malicious lies

DEFINITION 92

benevolent- meant to help the other personmalicious- meant

to harm another person

TERM 93

Motives for lying

DEFINITION 93

partner-focused: dont want to hurt feelings, help maintain

self esteemself-focused: want to enhance or protect our own

self imagerelationship-focused: limit relationship harms or

conflicts

TERM 94

4 steps in the listening process

DEFINITION 94

1. Receiving- acknowledge the message, fail to acknowledge

may make them stop sending or change the message2.

Recall- Being able to remember the message may make

them stop sending or change the message3. Rate-

Evaluation,form an opinion of the message4. Responding-

providing feedback, if fail at one of previous steps, cannot

respond

TERM 95

6 barriers to listening

DEFINITION 95

noise- physical, psychological, semantic (ESL, improper grammar,

slang)complexity- message becomes to complex, we tune

outmessage overload- multitasking, preoccupiedlack of training-

don't think we are bad listeners bc do it all the time, but is a skill

we can improvelistening gap- gap btwn # words person can say in

a min.(200-250), and amount brain can process(800)Poor listening

habits

selective listening

listen to part of message that interests us

TERM 97

Talking too much

DEFINITION 97

purposefully don't give someone info because you know they

will share, don't have time to get a word in, also selective

listeners

TERM 98

Pseudolistening

DEFINITION 98

pretend to listen

TERM 99

gap filling

DEFINITION 99

fill gap bc are processing info and think you know what other

person is going to say

TERM 100

defensive listening

DEFINITION 100

when person makes the message a personal attack

ambushing

listening to gather info that can later be used against that

person

TERM 102

People centered

listener

DEFINITION 102

concerned about the relationship; try to find common ground

with you, remember what was said in the

pastdrawbacks:people take advantage of you, don;t listen for

content of facts

TERM 103

Action centered

listener

DEFINITION 103

Wants to organize the info so they can perform a task or

move ongrow impatient with asideswant error free messages,

asks a lot of questionsgood at getting the job donespeaker

gets defensive bc of all the questions asked, wall being built

TERM 104

content centered

listener

DEFINITION 104

listens for facts and positionsconcerned with what info there

is and opinions of people involved, not that it is error free

(judge)

TERM 105

time centered

listener

DEFINITION 105

time is most important factordon't waste timecan be bad bc

do not explore issues as much as shouldmay need to be a

diff type of listener due to the situation

4 ways to improve listening

empathy- think about how the other person is looking at the

situation, doesnt always have to be about the big issue, may be

abt small thingNon-judgemental feedback- don't say "you're

wrong", listen and say "have you thought about it this

way"Paraphrase-important when you dont understand what they

are saying, especially in complex message.Dialogue enhancers- "I

understand" "I am listening" "i see your point" "tell me more" be

patient when waiting for response

TERM 107

depth processing

DEFINITION 107

advanced or higher level listening skill

TERM 108

Surface level processing

DEFINITION 108

listener does not have to engage in a search for a deeper ,

underlying meaning

TERM 109

Presage

DEFINITION 109

"personal and contextual preconditions" that influence how

people attend to and process information

TERM 110

metacognitive listening strategies

DEFINITION 110

techniques used to monitor listening behavior and

comprehension

Problem-solving mls

guess what do not understand while listening

TERM 112

planning-evaluation mls

DEFINITION 112

prepare for listening tasks and evaluate results of listening

efforts

TERM 113

directed attention mls

DEFINITION 113

help listeners stay on track and concentrate