Exam 2 Questions with Verified Answers, Exams of Advanced Education

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EXPH 386 Exam 2 Questions with

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What are the contributions from secondary energy metabolism pathways dependent on? - Answer- Intensity and duration of the exercise. Also the fitness level of the individual About how much ATP and PCr is stored within the muscle? - Answer- ~ 3-8 mmol of ATP per kg of muscle. PCr is 4-5 times higher than ATP. Aerobic Metabolism pathways - Answer- Requires oxygen. Krebs, Beta-oxidation, and Electron Transport Chain Where does the energy to replace the high-energy phosphates during strenuous exercise come from? - Answer- Glucose and stored glycogen from the anaerobic pathway of glycolysis What does the anaerobic process of glycolysis primarily result in? - Answer- Formation of lactic acid What is the fastest way to generate energy after using ATP and CP? - Answer- glycolysis Why is glycolysis a disadvantage in generating energy after using ATP and CP - Answer- using glycolysis increases the lactate/pyruvate ratio which means more lactic acid is produced. Glycolysis is also very inefficient resulting in only 2 ATP Does lactic acid appear in the blood during all types of exercise? - Answer- No, only in higher amounts during higher intensity exercises. When is the most rapidly accumulated and highest lactic acid levels reached? - Answer- During maximal exercise that can be sustained for 60-180 seconds High intensity but short duration workouts require what - Answer- immediate energy which comes from ATP and PCr Lowering the intensity of a workout to be able to sustain a longer duration results in what - Answer- decrease in lactate accumulation and overall blood lactic levels What are other names for the threshold for lactic build up? - Answer- anaerobic threshold or blood lactate threshold

Factors that relate to lactate threshold - Answer- low tissue oxygen reliance on glycolysis activation of fast twitch muscle fibers reduced lactate removal for a trained individual, the threshold for lactate build up occurs at ________ ___________ _____ _________ ____________ _____________ __________ - Answer- a higher percentage of the athletes aerobic capacity what are some possibilities for the threshold for lactate build up occurring at a higher percentage of the athletes aerobic capacity due to - Answer- genetic endowment adaptions that cause less lactic acid production greater rate of removal Adaptions and increased removal of lactate may be caused by? - Answer- increased capillary density increased number and size of the mitochondria increase in aerobic enzymes and transfer agents Trained athletes can often perform at what percentage of their maximal capacity for aerobic metabolism before significant increases in blood lactate occur? - Answer- 80- 90% After a well-trained athlete performs maximal short-term exercise, where are their blood lactate levels compared to an untrained subject - Answer- 20-30% higher Steady state (rate) - Answer- balance between the energy required by working muscles and the rate of ATP production via aerobic metabolism. Describes the plateau of the O consumption curve. No blood lactate is accumulated. Oxygen Deficit - Answer- the difference between the total O2 consumed during exercise and the total that would have been consumed had a steady rate of aerobic metabolism been reached The energy for the early stages of exercise represent what type of energy? - Answer- non aerobic energy (stored phosphates and anaerobic glycolysis) Do trained or untrained individuals have a smaller O2 deficit? - Answer- Trained. They will reach a steady state of O2 consumption more rapidly. Fast Twitch Muscle Fibers - Answer- (Type II) -Two subdivisions: IIa or IIb -possess a high capability for anaerobic production of ATP during glycolysis. -Activated during change-of-pace activities and all-out exercise. -Produce more lactic acid when activated than Type I.

Slow Twitch Muscle Fibers - Answer- (Type I) -predominately aerobic fibers -slow speed of contraction -numerous large mitochondria -high level of enzymes -good at metabolizing free fatty acids -primary role is to sustain continuous endurance type activities Peak VO2 - Answer- the highest value of VO2 measured during an exercise test Max VO2 - Answer- the oxygen consumption plateaus with an increase what is generally assumed when a person reaches their maximal oxygen consumption?

• Answer- this represents the person's capacity for the aerobic synthesis of ATP What is Max VO2 dependent on? - Answer- - lung function, capacity, and diffusion
• heart and vascular system
• blood volume
• RBC
• hemoglobin saturation
• skeletal muscle type
• capillary density
• mitochondrial function Cardiorespiratory fitness - Answer- reflects the functional capabilities of the heart, blood vessels, blood, lungs, and muscles during exercise of physical activity what is the importance in determining cardiorespiratory fitness - Answer- - prediction of certain medical conditions
• higher CRF is associated with decreased all-cause mortality
• skeletal muscle type, capillary density, and mitochondrial function Who do you assess VO2 in? - Answer- - athletes (endurance)
• general population
• high risk individuals (pulmonary disease, heart disease, cancer, etc) often CRF is measured to see if treatment modalities are viable options
• Research participants How is oxygen consumption determined in open-circuit spirometry - Answer- by analyzing oxygen (O2) and carbon dioxide (CO2) concentrations during inspiration and expiration of air Predicted max HR - Answer- 220 - age What is the standard error for predicting max HR - Answer- +/- 12 beats per minute

slope - Answer- y = mx + b y is the VO2 variable x is the HR variable m is the slope VO2 = (HR x SV) (A - V)O What are sources of error in estimating and predicting max VO2 - Answer- - prediction of HRmax by age (medication effects)

• calibration of cycle ergometer
• accurate measure of HR during each stage
• having a steady state HR at each stage

What are some factors to consider for selecting a CRF test - Answer- - time

• expense or cost
• personnel needed
• equipment and facilities needed
• physician supervision needed
• population tested
• importance of accuracy What are the advantages of using submaximal tests - Answer- - relatively inexpensive and require less equipment, personnel, and medical supervision
• may allow for mass exercise testing (esp. field test) Disadvantages of using submaximal tests? - Answer- predictions ergometry - Answer- the measurement of work output during a standardized work or exercise test examples of ergometry test - Answer- bicycle ergometry treadmills arm ergometry stepping benches Work output - Answer- resistance x revolutions/min x flywheel travel distance (kp/m/min-1) kilopond and kilogram relation - Answer- 1 kp = 1 kg work - Answer- force x distance rate of work or power - Answer- (force x distance) / time What are the advantages of cycle ergometry - Answer- non-weight bearing

accurate work loads easy to measure HR and BP cheaper in cost than some other modes Disadvantages of cycle ergometry - Answer- non-familiar to many U.S. clients muscular leg fatigue may influence results must keep accurate pedal cadence VO2 max on bike is less than treadmill How can you get the unit Watts from kp/m/min-1 - Answer- dividing by 6 distance of a flywheel - Answer- 6 distance - Answer- speed x distance of flywheel At resting metabolism 1 MET =? - Answer- 3.5 ml O2 / kg of body weight / min What are the common field tests that use a walking or running task to predict aerobic capacity - Answer- - Rockport 1-mile walk test (submaximal)

• Cooper 1.50mile walk/run test (maximal) or 12-min run test.
• Less common: George jog test (submax) Why is the Rockport test useful - Answer- may be useful for those who are unable to run or those with no more than moderate risk interested in starting a moderate, self-directed exercise program How is VO2max measured for the Rockport test? Who should you use this formula for?
• Answer- VO2max = 132.853 - (0.1692 x WTkg) - (0.3877 x AGEyears) + (6.315for men) - (3.2649 x TIMEmin) - (0.1565 x HRbpm) Age range from 30- Where should a clients HR be for the Rockport test - Answer- > 120 bpm What formula should you use for college-aged participants for the Rockport test. Units?
• Answer- VO2max = 88.768 + (8.892for men) - (WTkg x 0.2109) - (walk time min x 1.4537) - (HRbpm x 0.1194) VO2max = (mL / kg / min) Cooper Test - Answer- contraindication for unconditioned beginners, individuals with symptoms of heart disease, and those with known heart disease or risk factors for heart disease. How do you measure VO2max for the Cooper test? - Answer- VO2max = 3.5 + 483/TIMEmin Typical population for the George Jog test? - Answer- fairly fit college-age persons

What is the George Jog test? - Answer- Its a sub maximal 1-mile jogging test that is an alternative to the maximal Cooper run test. The 1 mile jog is a slow to moderate steady pace (8 min mile for males, 9 min for female) How do you calculate VO2max for the George Jog test - Answer- VO2max = 100.5 + (8.344 for men) - (WT x 0.1636) - (TIME x 1.438) - (HR x 0.1928) What is the purpose for maximal exertion for Max VO2 - Answer- - to diagnose coronary artery disease and/or other diseases.

• determine the prognosis of the client as far as CAD and other diseases. Bruce Max VO2 Test - Answer- exercise is performed on a treadmill. The test starts at 1.7mph and at a 10% grade. The percent grade can be modified to start at 0% then 5% for stages 1 and 2. At 3-minute intervals the incline of the treadmill increases by 2% and the speed increases to 2.5, 3.4, 4.3, and then 5.0 and then an increase of 0.5 mph and a 2% incline every 3 minutes What are 3 common approaches to predicting CRF from the Bruce protocol results - Answer- 1. multiplication of the total test time (the longer they last, the higher the VO2)

2. Prediction equation using the total test time cubed
3. MET cost estimates for each minute of the Bruce protocol Bruce Protocol equations - Answer- Men: 2.94 x TIME + 7. Women: 2.94 x TIME + 3. Young Men: 3.62 x TIME + 3. Young Women: 4.38 x TIME - 3. What is the average relative VO2 for college-aged females - Answer- 32 What is the average relative VO2 for college-aged males - Answer- 42. MET x 3.5 =? - Answer- relative VO O2 debt (EPOC) - Answer- the oxygen consumed in excess of the resting value after exercise. EPOC = excess post oxygen consumption Whats an important assumption that underlies the calculations of O2 Debt? - Answer- resting O2 uptake has remained unchanged (constant) during exercise and recovery What is the fast component of oxygen consumption during recovery - Answer- if exercise was almost all aerobic, 1/2 of the total recovery O2 consumption is completed within several minutes

What is the slow component of oxygen consumption during recovery - Answer- in recovery from strenuous exercise where lactic acid and body temperature increase significantly, O2 consumption may remain elevated for several hours or even a day When does blood lactate accumulate and rise in an exponential fashion in a healthy untrained adult - Answer- at 55% of maximal capacity for aerobic metabolism What will cause an increase in the blood lactate threshold - Answer- - increased capillary density

• increased number and size of mitochondria
• increase in aerobic enzymes and transfer agents Does passive recovery or moderate aerobic recovery facilitate more lactate removal? - Answer- Moderate aerobic recovery What happens to HR after SV reaches its maximal level - Answer- HR increases linearly Direct calorimetry - Answer- measures heat production. All the processes that occur in the body ultimately result in heat production Indirect calorimetry - Answer- all energy metabolism in the body ultimately depends on O2 consumptions What are two ways to measure indirect calorimetry - Answer- closed-circuit and open- circuit spirometry How much heat is liberated when a blend of CHO, fats, and protein is burned in 1 L of O2 - Answer- 4.82 kcal/L O Closed-circuit spirometry - Answer- used in resting studies but not exercise studies because of the resistance in the circuit to moving large breathing volumes and because the production of CO2 exceeds the rate at which it can be removed by the soda line absorbent Open-circuit spirometry - Answer- oxygen consumption is determined by analyzing oxygen (O2) and carbon dioxide (CO2) concentrations during inspiration and expiration of air. Most widely used technique to measure oxygen consumption, esp during exercise What are examples of open-circuit spirometry - Answer- - Portable Spirometer
• Douglas Bag Portable spirometer - Answer- calculates volume of air flow, collects a small sample Douglas Bag - Answer- a small sample of expired air is collected and then analyzed for its O2 and CO2 content

what concentration of CO2 will expired air have? - Answer- 2.5-5.0% what concentration of O2 will expired air have? - Answer- 15-18.5% Higher exercise intensity = lower FeO BTPS - Answer- volume of a gas just as it is exhaled. Volume of a gas at body temperature, pressure, saturated. VATPS - Answer- volume of a gas at ambient, temperature, pressure, saturated. Gas volumes measured during open-circuit spirometry are initially measured at ATPS VSTPD - Answer- volume of a gas after it has been standardized for temperature, pressure, and the effect of water vapor has been removed, or the gas has been dried Charles's Law. What happens when temperature increases? - Answer- theres an increase in the speed of the movement of the molecules, expanding the has and increasing the volume proportionately What type of calorimetry measures energy metabolism by measuring the O consumption? - Answer- indirect calorimetry What are the percentages of O2, CO2, and N in ambient air - Answer- O2 = 20.9% CO2 = 0.03% N = 79.04% What does RQ stand for and what is the equation used to obtain this number? - Answer- Vol of CO2 / Vol of O What are the 3 basic components of energy expenditure at rest - Answer- 1. basal metabolic rate

2. Thermogenesis
3. Thermic effect of physical activity What is RQ - Answer- RQ = respiratory Quotient. RQ is the ratio of metabolic gas exchange RQ value of glucose? - Answer- 1. RQ value of fat? - Answer- 0. RQ value of protein? - Answer- 0. Does exercise intensity and duration affect the measure of RQ? - Answer- yes.

An RQ of 0.82 results from the metabolism of a measurement of what percent CHO and what percent fat? - Answer- 40% CHO and 60% fat If there is an increase in intensity, what happens to the RQ value? - Answer- increases Respiratory Exchange Ratio - Answer- term given when the exchange of O2 and CO at the lungs no longer reflects the oxidation of specific foods in the cells. RER = VCO2 / VO What does hyperventilation do to your respiratory rate and R? - Answer- increase in respiration rate. R can become > 1. this is an increase in VCO2 without a similar increase in O2 consumption What is the kcal/L O2, RQ and kcal/g for CHO - Answer- 5.05 kcal/L O

4.2 kcal/g What is the kcal/L O2, RQ, and kcal/g for Fat - Answer- 4.70 kcal/ L O

9.5 kcal/g What is the kcal/L O2, RQ, and kcal/g for Protein - Answer- 4.50 kcal/L O

4.2 kcal/g For a mixed diet, what is the kcal/L O2 and RQ value - Answer- 4.82 kcal/ L O

Under what conditions can R become greater than 1.0? - Answer- hyperventilation Exhaustive exercise obligatory thermogenesis - Answer- an increase in the energy metabolism attributable mainly to the energy-required processes of digesting, absorbing, and assimilating the various nutrients What factors effect obligatory thermogenesis - Answer- size of meal macronutrient composition elapsed time from meal nutritional status health status how much energy does obligatory thermogenesis account for - Answer- 10-15% of our total energy expenditure MET - Answer- a multiple of the resting metabolism.

• Represents an average persons resting metabolism or oxygen uptake 1 MET - Answer- oxygen uptake of 3.5 ml/kg/min How do you solve for a maximal oxygen consumption for someone on a treadmill walking at an unknown % grade - Answer- desired or known VO2 = 3.5 + 2.68 (speed chosen) + 0.48 (speed chosen) (unknown % grade) How do you solve for a maximal oxygen consumption for someone on a treadmill running at a 0% grade - Answer- known VO2 = 3.5 + 5.36 (unknown speed) + 0. (unknown speed) (0% grade) How do you solve for a maximal oxygen consumption for someone on an AirDyne with an unknown work level - Answer- Known VO2 = 3.5 + [2(unknown workload / BW kg) How do you solve for a maximal oxygen consumption for someone on a stair master at unknown settings - Answer- Known VO2 = 3.5 (unknown settings) How do you solve for a maximal oxygen consumption for someone on a stationary bike (unknown resistance) - Answer- Known VO2 = (unknown resistance in kg)(pedal revolutions)(6 meters per revolutions) How do you solve for a maximal oxygen consumption for someone on a Concept II Rower (unknown watts) - Answer- known VO2 = 3.5 + [2(unknown workload in kg.m.min) / Body WT in kg)