Anatomy and Physiology: Terms Relating to the Human Body's Structure and Function, Quizzes of Biology

Download Anatomy and Physiology: Terms Relating to the Human Body's Structure and Function and more Quizzes Biology in PDF only on Docsity!

Dorsal vs Ventral

dorsal - skull and vertebrate, brain and spinal chordventral - thoracic cavity - heart and lungs - abdominopelvic cavity - most organs TERM 2

Peritoneal Cavity

DEFINITION 2 coelomic space TERM 3

Pericardial Cavity

DEFINITION 3 around the heart TERM 4

Pleural Cavity

DEFINITION 4 around the lungs TERM 5

4 Primary Tissues of Adult

Vertebrates

DEFINITION 5

• epithelial- connective- muscle- nerve

Basal Surface vs Apical Surface

basal - secured side of the fibrous membrane in epithelial tissueapical - free side of the fibrous membrane in epithelial tissue TERM 7

5 Types of Epithelial Tissues

DEFINITION 7

• simple - one cell layer thick- squamous - lining of lungs- cubodial - lining of kidney tubules- columnar - lining of the stomach- stratified - several layers thick; type determined by outermost layers TERM 8

Epidermis (Stratified Epithelium)

DEFINITION 8 stratified squamous epithelium- keratinized epithelium - contains keratin which is water resistant TERM 9

Connective Tissue

DEFINITION 9 sparse population of cells scattered about the extra-cellular matrix TERM 10

Where are they derived

from?

DEFINITION 10 the embryonic mesoderm

2 major classes of Connective Tissues

connective tissue proper - loose or densespecial connective tissue - cartilage, bone, or blood - extracellular material known as the matrix TERM 12

Function of Fibroblasts in Connective

Tissues

DEFINITION 12 produce and secrete extracellular matrix TERM 13

Loose Connective Tissue

DEFINITION 13 cells scattered within amorphous mass of proteins that forms ground substance- strengthened by protein fibers- include adipose cells TERM 14

Dense Connective Tissue

DEFINITION 14 Regular - collagen fibers lined up parallel (checkerboard)- tendons and ligamentsIrregular - collagen fibers may have many orientations (bricks) TERM 15

Special Connective Tissues (cartilage)

DEFINITION 15 specialized connective tissue in which fibers are laid down along the lines of stress in long, parallel arrays- firm and flexible- chondrocytes - cartilage cells

Special Connective Tissues (bone)

cartilage matrix calcifies at particular locations TERM 17

Osteoblasts

DEFINITION 17 make bones- secrete collagen organic matrix in which calcium phosphate is later deposited TERM 18

Process of Bone Formation

DEFINITION 18 calcium phosphate cells are encased in spaces called lacunae in the calcified matrix- bone is then constructed in thin concentric layers also called lamellae that are laid down around the Haversian canals that run parallel to the length of the bone -contain nerve fibers and blood vessels TERM 19

Special Connective Tissues (blood)

DEFINITION 19 classified as connective tissue because it contains plasma and platelets (thrombocytes)Types of Blood Cells- erthrocytes - contain hemoglobin- leukocytes - have nuclei and mitochondria but lack hemoglobin - contain neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils - lymphocytes and monocytes TERM 20

Muscle Tissue (3 Types)

DEFINITION 20

• motors of the vertebrate body (ability to contract)Three Types- smooth - usually involuntary- skeletal - striated - voluntary- cardiac - striated - usually involuntary

Smooth Muscle

found in organisms of internal environment TERM 22

Skeletal Muscle

DEFINITION 22 usually attached to to tendons or bones so when muscles contract, it causes the bones to move at the joints- made of long muscle fibers which contain myofibris- myofibris is composed of myofilaments and myofilaments are made up of actin and myosin TERM 23

Cardiac Muscles

DEFINITION 23 composed of smaller interconnected cells, each containing its own nucleus- intercalated disks - enable cardiac muscles to form a single functioning unit - myocardium TERM 24

Nerve Tissue

DEFINITION 24 cells include neurons and neuroglia (supporting cells)(know structure of a neuron) TERM 25

3 Organ Systems Used for Communication

and Intergration

DEFINITION 25

• nervous- endocrine- sensory

Organ System Used for Support and

Movement

musculoskeletal system TERM 27

4 Organ Systems Used for Regulation and

Maintenance

DEFINITION 27

• digestive- circulatory- respiratory- urinary TERM 28

2 Organ Systems Used for Defense

DEFINITION 28

• integumentary- immune TERM 29

Reproduction and Development

DEFINITION 29

• reproductive system TERM 30

Negative Feedback Mechanisms

DEFINITION 30

• changing conditions are detected by sensors, the information goes to the integrating center which compares the conditions to a set point- if conditions are above or below the set point, the integrating center initiates a response

Positive Feedback Mechanisms

enhance a change- do not themselves maintain homeostasis TERM 32

Calculating Body Heat

DEFINITION 32 Body Heat = heat produced + heat transferred TERM 33

Four Mechanism of Heat Transfer

DEFINITION 33

• radiation - by electromagnetic radiation- conduction - directly between two objects- convection - by the movement of a gas or liquid- evaporation - conversion of water to gas TERM 34

Counter current Heat

Exchange

DEFINITION 34 (see and understand picture in notes) TERM 35

Vasodilation vs Vasoconstriction

DEFINITION 35 vasodilation - increasing blood flow inc heat dissipation vasoconstriction - decreases blood flow, thus limiting heat loss

Pyrogens

substances that cause a rise in temperature above the normal set point (fever) TERM 37

Torpor

DEFINITION 37 state of dormancy with a slow of metabolic rate and body temperature allows animal to reduce the need for food intake (hibernation extreme torpor)