Exam 3 - BIOS255 / BIOS 255 (Latest 2024 / 2025) : Anatomy & Physiology III with Lab - Cha, Exams of Nursing

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BIOS 255 EXAM 3

1. Functions of the Respiratory Sys- **tem

2. Describe high** compliance as it - Gas exchange - Communication - Olfaction - Acid-Base balance - Blood pressure regulation - Blood and lymph flow - Platelet production - Blood filtration - Expulsion of abdominal contents - ease with which the lungs and thoracic wall can be ex- panded relates to healthy High compliance= easy expansion **functions.
3. Describe IRDS (** Infant respirato- ry distress syn- drome) and de- scribe the in- terventions that would be used to help a new- born premature baby suffering **from IRDS.
4. Define antigens,** epitopes and an- **tibodies.
5. Identify the PO** Low compliance= resisted expansion
   • leading cause of death in premature infants resulting from lack of surfactant production in alveoli
   • treated with artificial surfactant until they can make their own antigens: large molecule capable of binding to an antibody or immune cells and triggering an immune response epitopes: certain regions of an antigen molecule that stim- ulate immune responses antibodies: reacts with an antigen and aids in protecting the body from its harmful effects Respiratory bronchiole: 104mm Hg measurements at Alveolus: 104mm Hg the end of a normal inhala- tion ( breathing Nasal cavity: atmospheric @ 159mm Hg Trachea: 104mm Hg Bronchus: 104mm Hg

BIOS 255 EXAM 3

through the nose ) in each of the following: Respiratory bronchiole Alveolus Nasal cavity Trachea Bronchus

6. Describe the movement of O and CO2 in exter- nal and internal respirations and **define

7. Pulmonary Venti-** **lation
8. Cellular Respira-** **tion
9. Effects of Tem-** perature and pH on Oxygen dis- sociation curves (Figure 22.26 (a) Figure 22.26(b)) internal: exchange of gases between blood in systemic capillaries and tissue cells; blood loses O2 and gains CO external: exchange of gases between the alveoli of the lungs and the blood in pulmonary capillaries across the respiratory membrane; pulmonary capillary blood gains O2 and loses CO2. - breathing - Inspiration (inhaling) & Expiration (exhaling) of air and involves the exchange of air between the atmosphere and the alveoli of the lungs Process that releases energy by breaking down glucose and other food molecules in the presence of oxygen
10. Macrophages - Phagocytize tissue debris, dead neutrophils, bacteria, and other foreign matter
    • Process foreign matter and display antigenic fragments to certain T cells alerting immune system to the presence of the enemy

BIOS 255 EXAM 3

11. T lymphocytes directly attack and destroy diseased or foreign cells, and the immune system remembers the antigens of those invaders and prevents them from causing disease in the future 12. Natural killer cells large lymphocytes that attack and destroy bacteria, trans- planted tissue, host cells infected with viruses or that have turned cancerous
12. B lymphocytes - produce humoral immunity
    • Activated B cells develop into plasma cells
    • Plasma cells secrete antibodies into the blood
    • Circulating antibodies produce humoral immunity
    • directly attack pathogens
13. Eosinophils - Phagocytize antigen-antibody complexes, allergens, and inflammatory chemicals
    • Release enzymes that weaken or destroy parasites
14. Perforins - kill cells in the same manner as NK cells
    • Polymerize a ring and create a hole in its plasma mem- brane 16. Complement pro- teins Aid in destruction of toxins and microorganisms
15. Defensins - peptides in the skin that kill microbes
    • destroy bacteria, viruses, and fungi
16. Interferons infected cell alerts neighboring cells to protect them from becoming infected 19. Describe Boyle's **law
17. Describe the** complement sys- tem in detail
    • pressure of a given quantity of gas is inversely proportion- al to its volume
    • Describes air flow in and out of lungs during ventilation
    • a group of 30 or more globular proteins that make pow- erful contributions to both innate immunity and adaptive immunity
    • complement the action of antibodies

21. Describe the con- trol of the dor- sal respiratory group neurons **on respiration

22. Describe the** processes of exhalation and inhalation dur- ing eupnea (and identify the mus- **cles involved).
23. Anatomy of the** larynx Figure **22.4 (a, b)
24. Primary and sec-** ondary respons- es in humoral immunity (figure 21.28)
    • pathways to complement activation: classical: activates only after an antigen-antibody complex is formed and is part of adaptive immunity alternative and lectin: part of innate immune system and bind directly to tumor cells and pathogens without the need of antibody-antigen complexes
    • enhances chemotaxis, phagocytosis, inflammation, and the destruction of cells via membrane attack complexes
    • Modifies the rate and depth of breathing
    • controls the basic rhythm of breathing by triggering inspi- ratory impulses
    • neurons send impulses to the motor nerves of diaphragm and external intercostal muscles
    • inspiratory neurons fire for about 2 sec, expiratory neu- rons fire for about 3 sec
    • Normal quiet breathing
    • diaphragm and external intercostal muscles
    • Corniculate cartilage
    • Thyroid cartilage
    • Epiglottis
    • Cricoid cartilage

Describe the role of antigen pre- senting cells in immunity

26. Describe the ef- fect of reduced ph due to build - alert the immune system to presence of foreign antigen - detects, engulfs, and informs the adaptive immune re- sponse about an infection - when a pathogen is detected, APCs will phagocytose the pathogen and digest it to form many different fragments of the antigen increase in CO2 results in a decrease in blood pH, result- ing in hemoglobin proteins releasing their load of oxygen - a decrease in carbon dioxide provokes an increase in pH, up of CO2 on oxy- which results in hemoglobin picking up more oxygen gen hemoglobin affinity as well as the delivery of oxygen to tis- **sues.

27. Describe Autoim-** mune diseases and self toler- **ance.
28. Identify and la-** bel components of the lymphatic system. Autoimmune diseases: failures of self-tolerance; Immune system does not correctly distinguish self-anti- gens from foreign ones; Produces autoantibodies that at- tack body's own tissues Self-tolerance: restraint from attacking the body's own tissues Primary:
    • Red bone marrow
    • Thymus Secondary:
    • Lymph nodes
    • Tonsils
    • Spleen

Describe Red bone marrow

30. Describe the **Lymph nodes

31. Describe the Ton-** **sils
32. Describe the thy-** **mus
33. Describe the** **Spleen
34. List and describe** the signs and symptoms of in- **flammation
35. Dalton's law of** **partial pressures
36. Normal PO2 and** PCO2 values in systemic arterial blood.
    • involved in hematopoiesis (blood formation) and immunity
    • Soft, loosely organized, highly vascular material
    • B-cell maturation
    • most numerous lymphatic organs
    • removes unwanted waste
    • B-cells and T-cells activation site
    • found in pharynx
    • helps to trap inhaled or ingested foreign substances
    • Pharyngeal tonsils
    • Palatine tonsils
    • Lingual tonsils
    • shrinks as we age and is replaced with adipose tissue
    • produces hormones that help to mature and grow the T-cell Lymphocytes
    • largest lymphatic tissue in the body
    • phagocytosis of bacteria and old RBCs; acts as a blood reservoir
    • highly vascular and vulnerable to trauma and infection
    • defense response to tissue injury, trauma and infection
    • Limits spread of pathogens, then destroys them
    • Removes debris from damaged tissue
    • Initiates tissue repair
    • Redness, swelling, heat, pain
    • each gas in a mixture of gasses exerts its own pressure as if no other gases were present Pn2 + Po2 + Ph2o + Pco Partial pressure: The separate contribution of each gas in a mixture PCO2 40 mm Hg PO2 100 mm Hg

37. IgA - occurs as monomers and dimers
    • in mucus, saliva, tears, milk, and intestinal secretions
    • Prevents pathogen adherence to epithelia and penetrat- ing underlying tissues
38. IgD - monomer
    • transmembrane protein of B cells
    • activation of B cells by antigens
39. IgG - monomer
    • constitutes 80% of circulating antibodies
    • Crosses placenta to fetus, secreted in secondary immune response, complement fixation
40. IgE - monomer
    • transmembrane protein on basophils and mast cells
    • Stimulates release of histamine and other chemical me- diators of inflammation and allergy
    • Attracts eosinophils to parasitic infections
    • Produces immediate hypersensitivity reactions
41. IgM - pentamer in plasma and lymph
    • Secreted in primary immune response, agglutination, complement fixation
42. Compare and Cytotoxic T cells—kill infected or tumor cells by releasing contrast between a substance that poisons infected or tumor cells Helper T cells and Cytotoxic T Helper T cells—release chemicals that attract and activate macrophages to kill cells by phagocytosis; produce chem- cells icals that help activate B cells
43. Pericardial Mem- brane lines the heart cavity and protects the heart
44. Pleural mem- brane
    • moist, smooth, slippery membrane that lines chest cavity and covers outer surface of lungs
    • reduces friction between the lungs and chest wall during breathing

Peritoneal mem- brane

46. Compare and lines the abdominal cavity and protects the abdominal organs Interstitial: contrast between - any extracellular fluid that is not found in any vessels. **lymph and inter- stitial fluid

47. Describe what** happens in each of the following stages of lym- phocyte matura- tion: clonal activation Clonal matura- tion Clonal presenta- **tion
48. Describe in detail** the effect of the HIV virus on the **immune system
49. Respiratory Vol-** umes and Capac- **ities Figure 22.
50. Minute Ventila-** tion Calcula- Lymph:
    • been absorbed by the lymphatic vessels
    • lymph resembles interstitial fluid since it is essentially the same fluid only in the lymph vessel
    • Lymph is a subdivision of interstitial fluid
    • transmitted through blood, semen, vaginal secretions, breast milk, or across the placenta
    • common transmission: Sexual intercourse, Contaminated blood products, Contaminated needles
    • develops drug resistance so medicines used in combina- tion
    • strikes at the central coordinating agent of innate de- fense, humoral immunity, and cellular immunity Tidal Volume X Respiratory Rate

tion/ Formula for Minute ventila- tion=

51. Describe vacci- nations in detail and explain the purpose of the in- fluenza virus vac- cine. Could the vaccine lead to the development of influenza it- **self?

52. List and describe** the five different variables that in- fluence the oxy- gen affinity of he- moglobin in de- tail.
    • consists of dead or attenuated (weakened) pathogens that stimulate the immune response without causing the disease
    • vaccination results in immunity
    • it could not give you the flu Temperature: Active tissue has ‘ temp; promotes O2 un- loading Ambient pH: Active tissue has ‘ CO2; Lowers pH of blood; Promotes O2 unloading Bisphosphoglycerate (BPG): RBCs produce BPG which binds to Hb; O2 is unloaded; raises body temp (fever), thyroxine, growth hormone, testosterone, and epinephrine all raise BPG and promote O2 unloading Rate of CO2 loading: adjusted to meet needs; Haldane effect; Low level of oxyhemoglobin enables the blood to transport more CO