exam 3 | Psy 201 - General Psychology, Quizzes of Psychology

Download exam 3 | Psy 201 - General Psychology and more Quizzes Psychology in PDF only on Docsity! TERM 1 circadian rhythm DEFINITION 1 rhythm of activity and inactivity lasting about a day "internal clock" TERM 2 consciousness DEFINITION 2 subjective experience of perceiving oneself and one's surroundings.Consciousness is the quality or state of awareness, or, of being aware of an external object or something within oneself. TERM 3 jet-lag DEFINITION 3 period of discomfort and inefficiency while your internal clock is out of phase with your new surroundings. TERM 4 suprachiasmatic nucleus DEFINITION 4 tiny structure at the base of the brain that generates the circadian rhythm of sleep and wakefullness.-if damages, body's activity cycles become erratic-body's main clock TERM 5 pineal gland DEFINITION 5 produces hormone melatonininvokes drowsinessstarts releasing melatonin 2-1 hours before bedtime TERM 6 sleep fact DEFINITION 6 we spend 1/3 of our life sleepingpredators sleep more than preysleep saves energy TERM 7 sleep deprivation DEFINITION 7 Sleep deprivation is the condition of not having enough sleep; it can be either chronic or acute. A chronic sleep-restricted state can cause fatigue, daytime sleepiness, clumsiness and weight loss or weight gain. vulnerability to illness, especially depression and other mental illnesses. also suffer lapses of attention(REM Rebound) TERM 8 sleep DEFINITION 8 In animals, sleep is a naturally recurring state characterized by altered consciousness, relatively inhibited sensory activity, and inhibition of nearly all voluntary muscles. brain still processes info outside of conscious awareness (rolls around in bed but doesn't fall off)auditory cortex is active (some noises awaken us) TERM 9 Electroencephalograph(EEG) DEFINITION 9 Electroencephalography is the recording of electrical activity along the scalp. EEG measures voltage fluctuations resulting from ionic current flows within the neurons of the brain. Sleep researchers distinguish among sleep stages by recording brain waves with electrodes attached to the scalp. TERM 10 polysomnograph DEFINITION 10 Polysomnography, a type of sleep study, is a multi- parametric test used in the study of sleep and as a diagnostic tool in sleep medicine. Combine EEG measure with simultaneous measure of eye movements. TERM 21 insomnia DEFINITION 21 Insomnia, or sleeplessness, is a sleep disorder in which there is an inability to fall asleep or to stay asleep as long as desired. Treatment for Insomnia medication benzos, antihistamines(behind the counter) non-benzo hypnotics work by increasing GABA( main nerve transmitter) TERM 22 sleep apnea DEFINITION 22 Sleep apnea is a type of sleep disorder characterized by pauses in breathing or instances of shallow or infrequent breathing during sleep. TERM 23 narcolepsy DEFINITION 23 Narcolepsy , also known as hypnolepsy, is a chronic neurological disorder caused by autoimmune destruction of hypocretin-producing neurons inhibiting the brain's ability to regulate sleep-wake cycles normally. sudden attacks of sleepiness during the day TERM 24 lucid dream DEFINITION 24 A lucid dream is any dream in which one is aware that one is dreaming. In relation to this phenomenon, Greek philosopher Aristotle observed: "often when one is asleep, there is something in consciousness which declares that what then presents itself is but a dream". TERM 25 why do we dream? DEFINITION 25 most scientists do NOT believe that dreams have special meaning FREUD: dreams reflect unconsciousness motivations - manifest content: content that appears on surface - latent content: hidden ideas that the dream experience represents symbolically activation synthesis: reflects brain arousal during REM; a lot of action is going on in the brain (eyes will twitch or move rapidly) neurocognitive theory: dreaming is like thinking except we can't control it. We can control thinking-not what we dream TERM 26 Activation Synthesis Theory of Dreams DEFINITION 26 how the brain connects REM activity and what's going on externally with other sense organs (sound,feel) TERM 27 alcohol and sleep medication DEFINITION 27 these will reduce amount of REM sleep you will obtain REM rebound easily develops TERM 28 studying DEFINITION 28 Study skills or study strategies are approaches applied to learning. They are generally critical to success in school, considered essential for acquiring good grades, and useful for learning throughout one's life. all-nighters are terrible. loose info instead of store it DONT study in bed. It will confuse your brain with sleep/everything else TERM 29 sleeping tips DEFINITION 29 keep regular schedule exercise regularly--not right before bed avoid caffeine and big meals at night avoid long naps during day or after 3 pm use bed only for sleep/sex(DONT watch tv in bed) don't watch the clock get out of bed if you don't fall asleep within 20-30 minutes; try going back to bed when you get tired TERM 30 sleep disorders DEFINITION 30 A sleep disorder, or somnipathy, is a medical disorder of the sleep patterns of a person or animal. Some sleep disorders are serious enough to interfere with normal physical, mental, social and emotional functioning. night terrors narcolepsy sleep walking REM behavior disorder sleep apnea insomnia TERM 31 night terrors DEFINITION 31 sudden episodes of screaming, sweating, and confusion, random wakes not nightmares dreamer has no recollection of nightmare because they are in stage 3-4 of REM sleep TERM 32 sleep walking DEFINITION 32 Sleepwalking, also known as somnambulism or noctambulism, is a sleep disorder belonging to the parasomnia family. occurs during non-REM sleep(nREM)(stages 1,2,5) motor cortex active while other parts of your brain are asleep TERM 33 REM behavior disorder DEFINITION 33 Rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder is a sleep disorder (more specifically a parasomnia) that involves abnormal behaviour during the sleep phase with rapid eye movement (REM) sleep. very rare sleepers act out their dreams brain stem structure does not function right TERM 34 hypnosis DEFINITION 34 Hypnosis is a state of consciousness involving focused attention and reduced peripheral awareness characterized by an enhanced capacity for response to suggestion. condition of increased suggestibility that occurs in the context of a special hypnotist-subject relationship Unlike natural sleep, people under hypnosis will tend to walk around and respond to the world as if they are awake but more relaxed. Factors that influence:degree of suggestibility, degree of vivid mental imaging, doubt TERM 35 Anton Mesmer DEFINITION 35 Franz Anton Mesmer (May 23, 1734 - March 5, 1815) was a German physician with an interest in astronomy, who theorized that there was a natural energetic transference that occurred between all animated and inanimate objects that he called animal magnetism, sometimes later referred to as mesmerism. introduced hypnosis TERM 46 Schachter and Singer's Theory DEFINITION 46 The intensity of the physiological state->degree of sympathetic nervous system arousal->determines the intensity of the emotion->BUTcognitive appraisal of the situation->identifies the type of emotion- different emotions sometimes produce similar physiological responses (anger vs fear) TERM 47 basic emotions DEFINITION 47 The means by which we distinguish one emotion from another is a hotly contested issue in emotion research and affective science. should emerge early in life without requiring much experience should be similar across cultures each basic emotion should have it's own facial expression and characteristic physiology TERM 48 anxiety DEFINITION 48 Anxiety is an unpleasant state of inner turmoil, often accompanied by nervous behavior, such as pacing back and forth, somatic complaints and rumination. anxiety can be measured objectively by variations in the startle reflex after a loud noise amygdala and anxiety: variations of anxiety relate to activity in the part of brain called amygdala(emotion and aggression) people with damage to the amygdala have weakened feelings of anxiety TERM 49 stress DEFINITION 49 In psychology, stress is a feeling of strain and pressure. Small amounts of stress may be desired, beneficial, and even healthy. nonspecific response of the body to any demand made upon it response to change, whether positive or negative TERM 50 Selye's concept of stress DEFINITION 50 included any experience that changes a person's life TERM 51 Seyle's General Adaptation Syndrome(GAS) DEFINITION 51 3 PHASES: alarm reaction (mobilize resources) -fight or flight; sympathetic NS 2. resistance (cope with stressors) -HR, BP, resp, stay up, hormones released 3. exhaustion (nerves depleted) - prolonged stresses, very vulnerable to illness TERM 52 criticism of Seyle's Model DEFINITION 52 underestimates the role of psychological factor(appraisal of events_ not all stressors produce the same physiological effects chronic activation(phase 3:resistance phase) is a more potent predictor of health problems than exhaustion TERM 53 Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) DEFINITION 53 profound result of severe stress. marked by prolonged anxiety and depression post war periods "battle fatigue" "shell shock" suffer from intrusive recollection emotional numbing hyperarousal: state or condition of muscular and emotional tensions produced by hormones released during the fight or flight reaction. nightmares, outbursts of anger, anxiety, depression, unhappiness, guilt most PTSD victims have smaller hippocampus and their brains differ from average in several other ways(due to cortisol and high levels of stress) TERM 54 physiology of stress DEFINITION 54 sympathetic NS activation - catecholamine released; increased HR. BP. resp HPA activation - hypothalamus stimulates the pituitary gland- pituitary releases ACTH(adrenocorticotropic hormone) which stimulates the adrenal glands- adrenal glands release cortisol(stress hormone) and catecholamines(epinephrine, norepinepherine) TERM 55 cortisol DEFINITION 55 Cortisol is a steroid hormone, more specifically a glucocorticoid, which is produced by the zona fasciculata of the adrenal cortex. stress triggers release of cortisol hormone that enhances metabolism and increases the supply of sugar and other fuels to the cells brief excretions of cortisl enhance memory and immune function if prolonged by chronic stress it damages hippocampus(memory) and exhausts the immune system TERM 56 indirect effects of stress on health DEFINITION 56 poor diet substance abuse risky behaviors sleep problems depression/anxiety behavior TERM 57 direct effects of stress on health (prolonged SNS and cortisol activation) DEFINITION 57 exhaustion of immune system heart disease(chronic inflammation) damage of hippocampus(memory) increases in blood sugar and central fat-doesnt break down fatty cells TERM 58 stress and heart disease DEFINITION 58 Type A personality:competitive, impatient, always in a rush, hard driving, often very hostile increased risk of heart disease/heart attack pessimism and depression also increase CHD risk social support reduces level TERM 59 types of 'stressful' events DEFINITION 59 negative event (more stressful than positive) uncontrollable(more stressful than predictable) ambiguous(MOST stressful) TERM 60 problem focused coping DEFINITION 60 direct attempts to alleviate stress and tackle the challenge often used when we believe we have control over stress study harder- problem focused method